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Historiography

The expression "Crisis of the Late Middle Ages" is used commonly in western historiography,^[1] especially in English and German historiography, and somewhat less among other western European scholarship to refer individually or collectively to different crises besetting Europe in the 14th century. The expression often carries a modifier to refer more specifically to one or another aspect of Late Middle Age crisis, such as the Urban Crisis of the Late Middle Ages, or the Cultural, Monastic, Religious,^[2] Social,^[2] Economic,^[2] Intellectual,^[2] or Agrarian crisis of the Late Middle Ages. It is sometimes pluralized (The Crises...) but more often is found in the singular as a collective term for the various crises.^{[citation needed]}

By 1929, French historian Marc Bloch was already writing about the effects of the crisis of the Late Middle Ages.^{[citation needed]}

Arno Borst (1992) says that it "is a given that fourteenth century Latin Christianity was in a crisis", and goes on to say that the intellectual aspects and how universities were affected by the crisis is underrepresented in the scholarship hitherto: "When we discuss the crisis of the Late Middle Ages, we consider intellectual movements beside religious, social, and economic ones", and gives some examples.^[2]

In his "Introduction to the History of the Middle Ages in Europe", Mitre Fernández wrote in 2004 that "[t]o talk about a general crisis of the Late Middle Ages is already a commonplace in the study of medieval history." ^[1]

Heribert Müller, in his 2012 book on the religious crisis of the late Middle Ages, discussed whether the term itself was in crisis, saying,

No doubt the thesis of the crisis of the late Middle Ages has itself been in crisis for some time now, and hardly anyone considered an expert in the field would still profess it without some ifs and buts, and especially so in the case of German Medieval historians.^[3]

^ ^a ^b Mitre Fernández, Emilio (2004) [1st pub. 1976:Istmo]. "1 La Crisis Economica y Social de la Baja Edad Media". Introducción a la historia de la Edad Media europea [Introduction to the History of the Middle Ages in Europe]. Colección fundamentos, 56. Madrid: Ediciones AKAL. p. 289. ISBN 978-84-7090-479-0. OCLC 819718540. Retrieved 2 November 2018. Hablar de crisis general de la Baja Edad Media europea resulta ya un lugar común dentro de los estudios de Historia medieval. Los siglos XIV y XV (el «otoño de la Edad Media», según la expresión de Huizinga) son el período de desgaste de unas estructuras materiales y mentales configuradas en las anteriores centurias y el puente hacia el Modernidad. De ahí que en distantas ocasiones se les haya querido negar una presonalidad propia. Crisis política (Guerra de los Cien Años), crisis espiritual (Cisma de Occidente, conciliarismo, movimientos heterodoxos que preludían la Reforma protestante, etc.) y, sobre todo, por lo que concierne a este capítulo, crisis económica y social.[To talk about a general crisis of the Late Middle Ages is already a commonplace in the study of medieval history. The 14th and 15th centuries (the "autumn of the Middle Ages", according to Huizinga) are the period of the superannuation of some of the physical and mental structures configured in prior centuries and teh bridge toward Modernity. To the extent that it was even denied its own personality. Political crisis (the Hundred Years War) spiritual crisis (the Western Schism, conciliarism, heterodox movements which were a prelude to the Protestant Reformation, etc.) and above all, as far as this chapter is concerned, economic and social crisis.]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Borst, Arno (15 April 1992) [1st pub. R. Piper:1988]. "10. Crisis and Reform in the Universities of the Late Middle Ages". Medieval Worlds: Barbarians, Heretics and Artists in the Middle Ages. Translated by Eric Hansen. University of Chicago Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-226-06656-1. OCLC 644552210. Retrieved 2 November 2018. When we discuss the crisis of the Late Middle Ages, we consider intellectual movements beside religious, social, and economic ones, but universities are given attention only in passing, as in the collection of essays of 1984 edited by Fernand Seibt and Winfried Eberhard, Europa 1400, Die Krise des Spaetmittelalters.
^ Müller, Heribert (18 September 2012). "1. Einleitung: Krise des Spätmittelalters? – Krise der Kirche [1. Introduction: Crisis of the late Middle Ages? – Crisis of the Church]". Die kirchliche Krise des Spätmittelalters: Schisma, Konziliarismus und Konzilien [The Religious Crisis of the Late Middle Ages: Schism, Conciliarism, and Councils]. Encyclopedia of German History, 90. Munich: De Gruyter. p. 1. ISBN 978-3-486-71350-3. OCLC 843181757. Retrieved 2 November 2018. Krise—beginnt das Buch gleich mit einem ungebrachten, ja falschen Begriff? Denn zweifellos ist die These von der Krise des Spätmittelalters seit längerem ihrerseits in der Krise, und wohl kaum ein Kenner der Materie dürfte sich heute noch ohne Wenn und Aber zu ihr bekennen, was ihm besonderer für deutsche Mittelalthistoriker gilt. [Crisis—does the book start out with an unfounded, even incorrect term? For no doubt the thesis of the crisis of the late Middle Ages has itself been in crisis for some time now, and hardly anyone considered an expert in the field would still profess it without some ifs and buts, and especially so in the case of German Medieval historians.]

[Fernández-2004-1] Mitre Fernández, Emilio (2004) [1st pub. 1976:Istmo]. "1 La Crisis Economica y Social de la Baja Edad Media". Introducción a la historia de la Edad Media europea [Introduction to the History of the Middle Ages in Europe]. Colección fundamentos, 56. Madrid: Ediciones AKAL. p. 289. ISBN 978-84-7090-479-0. OCLC 819718540. Retrieved 2 November 2018. Hablar de crisis general de la Baja Edad Media europea resulta ya un lugar común dentro de los estudios de Historia medieval. Los siglos XIV y XV (el «otoño de la Edad Media», según la expresión de Huizinga) son el período de desgaste de unas estructuras materiales y mentales configuradas en las anteriores centurias y el puente hacia el Modernidad. De ahí que en distantas ocasiones se les haya querido negar una presonalidad propia. Crisis política (Guerra de los Cien Años), crisis espiritual (Cisma de Occidente, conciliarismo, movimientos heterodoxos que preludían la Reforma protestante, etc.) y, sobre todo, por lo que concierne a este capítulo, crisis económica y social.[To talk about a general crisis of the Late Middle Ages is already a commonplace in the study of medieval history. The 14th and 15th centuries (the "autumn of the Middle Ages", according to Huizinga) are the period of the superannuation of some of the physical and mental structures configured in prior centuries and teh bridge toward Modernity. To the extent that it was even denied its own personality. Political crisis (the Hundred Years War) spiritual crisis (the Western Schism, conciliarism, heterodox movements which were a prelude to the Protestant Reformation, etc.) and above all, as far as this chapter is concerned, economic and social crisis.]

[Borst-1992-2] Borst, Arno (15 April 1992) [1st pub. R. Piper:1988]. "10. Crisis and Reform in the Universities of the Late Middle Ages". Medieval Worlds: Barbarians, Heretics and Artists in the Middle Ages. Translated by Eric Hansen. University of Chicago Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0-226-06656-1. OCLC 644552210. Retrieved 2 November 2018. When we discuss the crisis of the Late Middle Ages, we consider intellectual movements beside religious, social, and economic ones, but universities are given attention only in passing, as in the collection of essays of 1984 edited by Fernand Seibt and Winfried Eberhard, Europa 1400, Die Krise des Spaetmittelalters.

[Müller-2012-3] Müller, Heribert (18 September 2012). "1. Einleitung: Krise des Spätmittelalters? – Krise der Kirche [1. Introduction: Crisis of the late Middle Ages? – Crisis of the Church]". Die kirchliche Krise des Spätmittelalters: Schisma, Konziliarismus und Konzilien [The Religious Crisis of the Late Middle Ages: Schism, Conciliarism, and Councils]. Encyclopedia of German History, 90. Munich: De Gruyter. p. 1. ISBN 978-3-486-71350-3. OCLC 843181757. Retrieved 2 November 2018. Krise—beginnt das Buch gleich mit einem ungebrachten, ja falschen Begriff? Denn zweifellos ist die These von der Krise des Spätmittelalters seit längerem ihrerseits in der Krise, und wohl kaum ein Kenner der Materie dürfte sich heute noch ohne Wenn und Aber zu ihr bekennen, was ihm besonderer für deutsche Mittelalthistoriker gilt. [Crisis—does the book start out with an unfounded, even incorrect term? For no doubt the thesis of the crisis of the late Middle Ages has itself been in crisis for some time now, and hardly anyone considered an expert in the field would still profess it without some ifs and buts, and especially so in the case of German Medieval historians.]

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