User:Rod57/sandbox
User:Rod57/sandbox
todo
[edit]autonomously guided parafoil system ? or some other parent for Talk:Joint Precision Airdrop System & Onyx ? re reverted Onyx(disamb)
∆v
create Oncotripsy wiktionary 2015, & eg [1]
Add More {{short description| text}} for {{annotated link| article}} to show eg in See also
older
[edit]User:Rod57/sandbox/Cochrane-access
User:Rod57/sandbox/HST instrument graphic
ferropnictide currently redirects to iron-based superconductor
{{cn|date=February 2016}} {{reflist|close=1}}
File (image) test
C3H5O3 a small SIA page for molecules. See Wikipedia:Set_index_articles use {{set index article}}
<ref name= >{{cite journal |url= |title= |author= et al. |year=2015 |doi= |journal= }}</ref>
http://online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys598sc/fall08/SC2L13.pdf Timing is critical. Feb 2009. Nature Physics
hydrid nuclear compare with fission-fusion and fusion-fission and Nuclear fusion–fission hybrid
Wikipedia:List_of_Wikipedians_by_article_count
Study hyphen/dash rules eg Talk:Allan_variance#-_vs._.E2.80.93
Switendick criterion
[edit]Minimum hydrogen spacing in hydrides. Could mention in hydride ? -
Spacecraft designed for extreme conditions
[edit]Make sortable table inc year
- MESSENGER, Mercury orbiter, high temperature - add thermal design from SA
- Venus landers, High temp and pressure - Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus
- Galileo (spacecraft) Jupiter orbiter, high radiation
- Juno_(spacecraft)#Orbit_and_environment Jupiter orbiter, high radiation (1cm Ti radiation vault) (not as bad as Galileo)
- Galileo probe, Atmosphere probe, High G, temp, pressure
- Parker Solar Probe - some parts high temp - eg some niobium wiring
- Europes Solar Orbiter
(all are designed for cold and vacuum)
High temperature electronics
[edit](Clarify analog (eg rf amps RX/TX), power switching or digital logic)
Semiconductor electronics can fail at high temperatures. Standard silicon based devices are often rated to run at up to 85°C.
Bulk silicon devices can be designed to operate (derated) to about 150°C.
Silicon on insulator can be made to operate at 225°C or 250°C[2] up to about 300°C (depending on the acceptable failure rate). [3][4]
Silicon carbide devices can operate at up to 500°C[5] (perhaps 600°C in theory).
Junction temperatures will be higher than packaging case temperatures.
Applications
[edit](are device specs (below) quoting case temps or junction temps ?)
- Automotive
- up to 125°C
- Military
- up to 125°C
- Aerospace
- Well drilling
- Down hole devices may be exposed to 250°C.[2]
- Spacecraft
- The hottest environment that has been attempted is the surface of Venus, (mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F ), by the Russian landers: The Venera 13 lander functioned for 127 minutes at 457 °C (855 °F). Venera 14 survived 57 minutes at a temperature of 465 °C (869 °F). The coolest place on Venus is the highest point, Maxwell Montes, with a temperature of about 655 K (380 °C).
Low orbits of Mercury are challenging as well eg to MESSENGER. Mercury has a maximum surface temperature of 695 K (420 °C).Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).
Materials and technology
[edit]Wide-bandgap semiconductor materials can operate (electronically) at higher temperatures,[6]
Gallium nitride transistors can operate effectively up to ~400°C (~400°C[7])
- experiments from 2004 : GaN HFET digital circuit technology - just SSI, eg 217 transistors, 31 stage ring oscillator, gates ~ 3x4 μm, gate delays increase at higher temps.
- Maybe up to 1000°C Faster, smaller and more economical gallium nitride transistors says "Gallium nitride transistors, on the other hand, can withstand temperatures of up to 1000°C"
Gallium Arsenide GaAs can operate to ~175°C[7]
Silicon transistors (~150°C[7])
| Material | Bandgap | Max operating temp | notes/refs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Silicon | 1.12 V | ~150°C | [7] |
| Gallium Arsenide | 1.43 | ~175°C | [7] |
| Gallium nitride | 3.44 V | ~400°C | [7] |
| Silicon carbide 3C-SiC | 2.3 V | ||
| Silicon carbide 6H-SiC | 3.0V | ||
| Silicon carbide 4H-SiC | 3.3 V | ||
| Indium phosphide | 1.35 V | not used ? | |
| Gallium phosphide | 2.26 V | not used ? |
See List_of_semiconductor_materials#Table_of_semiconductor_materials
Although diamond can be used to make FETs; in air it starts to convert to graphite at ~700°C
Diamond based electronics (when developed) may be usable above 400°C.[8]
Non-semiconductor components
[edit]alnico usable permanent magnets to 538°C (or more : curie point up to 800°C )
- Substrates
- epoxy laminates ... ceramic?,
- Solders
- Valves
- sensors
- digital camera CCD or orthicon tube ?
- wiring
- Parker Solar Probe used niobium [alloy?] (mp=2480°C) for some HT wiring
- flexible insulation
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ https://phys.org/news/2020-01-ultrasound-cancer-cells-tuned-frequencies.html
- ^ a b Updated Results from Deep Trek High Temperature Electronics Development Programs
- ^ "HiTEC 300°C sensor module".
- ^ Honeywell HTSOI CMOS
- ^ a b c HIGH TEMPERATURE ELECTRONICS ( > 485 °C) FOR VENUS EXPLORATION. Cilio
- ^ Kirschman, Randall, ed. (1999), High-Temperature Electronics, NY: IEEE Press, ISBN 0-7803-3477-9
- ^ a b c d e f Why Gallium Nitride?
- ^ Breakthrough gives diamond electronics sparkle. 2002
Further reading
[edit]- HIGH TEMPERATURE ELECTRONICS ( > 485 °C) FOR VENUS EXPLORATION. Cilio ran a SiC FET at 500°C, NPO and COG capacitors to 500°C - magnetics to ~ 400°C
- High-Temperature Electronics Pose Design and Reliability Challenges eg for down-hole logging, automotive - over 200°C to about 250°C
- Honeywell HTMOS rated to 225°C - tested at 250°C
- Honeywell HTSOI CMOS Si-on-insulator - graph: 1% failure after a month at 350°C
- Website PDFs/High Temperature Electronics/HiTempElec Tech Articles/HiTEC 300°C sensor module hybrid sensor module 300°C
- Gallium Nitride as an Electromechanical Material. R-Z. IEEE 2014 Table IV (p 5) show Tmax°C Si=300, GaAs=300, SiC=600, GaN=700
- NASA Preps Venus ICs Ozark IC to supply 932 degree (F) PDK. 2015 Ozark to develop process design kit for 500 °C microprocessor & memory for NASA Venus landsail
- [2] overseen by NASA’s Planetary Science Division
WP:PHARMOS suggestions
[edit]Talk goes on about notability - but content only needs to be balanced and verifiable
Different suggested sections for :
- long approved drug (pre-2000) (as per PHARMOS ?)
- include off-label use subsection
- include early approvals (maybe in history ?)
- Recently approved drug (see stub below)
- Approvals and indications
- investigational drug (always notable)
- Clinical trials
- preclinical 'drug' (if notable)
- Mechanism of action
ano-drug stub
[edit]{{[[Template:Infobox drug |Infobox drug ]]}} for medications
- {{Infobox drug class}} for classes of medication
is a
Approvals and indications
[edit]Mechanism of action
[edit]Clinical trials
[edit]References
[edit] | This oncology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
 | This pharmacology-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
other
[edit]Devaluation[s] of sterling
[edit]- 1931
- 1947 loan in $
- 1949
- 1967 Wilson down to 17s6d $2.40, IMF-loan in $?
- 1985 ? before UK/Lawson started to shadow Mark (2.9 DM - 3.0 DM) ?
- 1989 -20%
- joined ERM Oct 1990 at 2.95DM +-6% floor = 2.77 left 16 Sept 1992 after spending £6Bn [3]
- ( Sale of UK gold reserves, 1999–2002 "Brown's bottom" )
For pre 1968 See external link in London Gold Pool :
- HL Deb 21 November 1967 vol 286 cc904-1036, House of Commons Lords Sitting on the devaluation of the Sterling
Comparision with Kepler
[edit]( add to Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite )
table : Nr of stars to be monitored % of full sky Duration of mission Duration of orbits detectable
Civil engineering project fatalities
[edit]- Great Wall of China
- older, Qin sections, Ming sections ...
- Suez canal "thousands"wp
- Great Bitter lake to Nile canal ~1880 BC "100,000"(Wonders of the World)
- cathederals...
- Taj Mahal wp-
- Panama canal French phase:"over 20,000", US phase:"almost 6000"(Wonders of the World)
- Eiffel Tower 1 (Wonders of the World)
- tunnels
- Brooklyn bridge wp-
- Golden Gate Bridge 11 (19 others saved by netting) (Wonders of the World)
- Hoover Dam 112 +42"pneumonia"/?CO poisoning?
- Itaipu Dam wp-
- Forth rail bridge 73
cf deaths on voyages of discovery
- Cook-1/2/3
- Magellan
- Drake ?
oldest functioning ... : power stations/planes ...
- Hoover Dam 1936
- Super Guppy ~1965
- bridge ? Pont du Gard ~50 AD
- Steam locomotive ?
- artificial satellite
Flyback F-1
[edit]- redirectSpace Shuttle design process
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[4] says "The Flyback F-1 (fig. 6-8) is a winged, recoverable derivative of the Saturn V first stage. It was studied extensively in 1971 and Boeing proposed it for use as the first stage of the shuttle. Its development was estimated to cost $5 billion and to require a 7-yr lead time. It would replace the solid motors as the first stage of the HLLV. The propellants are mainly kerosene and oxygen."
To do : Find more RS, then (maybe) convert this to stub with more RS, Mention in target SSDP? Saturn, F-1?
Drug salts
[edit]References
[edit]