User:RockMagnetist/Drafts/Primulaceae

RockMagnetist/Drafts/Primulaceae
	Primula vulgaris 'rubra'
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Primulaceae; Batsch ex Borkh., nom. cons.
Synonyms
	Myrsinaceae R. Br. Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 532. 1810 [27 Mar 1810] (as "Myrsineae") (1810); Theophrastaceae;

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The Primulaceae, commonly known as the primrose family (but not related to the evening primrose family),^[3] are a family of herbaceous and woody flowering plants including some favorite garden plants and wildflowers. Most are perennial though some species, such as scarlet pimpernel,^[4] are annuals.^[5] In the broad sense, which includes the former families Myrsinaceae, Theophrastaceae and Measacea, all the genera have a common ancestor.

Taxonomy

Primulaceae is one of 22 families in the order Ericales. Formerly, this order included some closely related families: Myrsinaceae (myrsine family), Theophrastaceae and Maesaceae (which contained only one genus, Maesa). However, morphological and molecular data strongly support their membership in the primuloid clade, which corresponds to the Primulales order in the 1981 Cronquist system. The four families have been re-circumscribed into a more broadly defined family referred to as Primulaceae s. l.. The two uniting features of this clade are a free central placenta and one stamen opposite each of the corolla lobes.^[6]^[7]^[1]

Below is a proposed cladogram for Primulaceae s.l. based on genetic analyses. The names on the branches correspond to the older family definitions.^[6]^[8]

Maesaceae

Maesa

Theophrastaceae

	Clavija

	Samolus

Primulaceae

Primula

Myrsinaceae

	Lysimachia

	Myrsine

In 2016, estimates of the number of genera and species were 53 and 2790,^[9] but as of 2017 there were 55 accepted genera:^[2]

Aegiceras Gaertn.
Amblyanthopsis Mez
Amblyanthus A.DC.
Androsace L.
Antistrophe A.DC.
Ardisia Sw.
Ardisiandra Hook. f.
Badula Juss.
Bonellia
Bryocarpum Hook. f. & Thomson
Clavija
Conandrium (K.Schumann) Mez
Coris L.
Ctenardisia
Cybianthus Mart.
Cyclamen L.
Deherainia
Dionysia Fenzl
Discocalyx Mez
Elingamita G.T.S. Baylis
Embelia Burm.f.
Emblemantha B.C.Stone
Fittingia Mez
Geissanthus Bentham & Hooker
Heberdenia Banks ex A.DC.
Hottonia Boehr. ex L.
Hymenandra A.DC.
Jacquinia L.
Kaufmannia Regel
Labisia Lindley
Loheria Merrill
Lysimachia Tourn. ex L.
Maesa Forssk.
Mangenotiella M.Schmid
Microconomorpha (Mez) Lundell
Monoporus A.DC.
Myrsine L.
Neomezia Votsch
Oncostemum A. de Jussieu
Omphalogramma Franch.
Parathesis J.D.Hooker f.
Pleiomeris A.DC.
Primula L.
Sadiria Mez
Samolus L.
Soldanella L.
Solonia Urban
Stimpsonia C.Wright ex A.Gray
Stylogyne A.DC.
Systellantha B.C.Stone
Tapeinosperma Hook.f.
Theophrasta L.
Vegaea Urban
Votschia B.Ståhl
Wallenia Sw.

Description

Stems

Primulaceae are mostly herbaceous, having no woody stem, except that some form cushions (spreading mats a few inches high) and their stems are stiffened by lignin. The stems can grow upright (erect) or spread out horizontally and then turn upright (decumbent).^[11]^[12]

Leaves

Leaves are simple, being directly attached to the stem by a petiole (stalk), but unlike the leaves of most flowering plants they have no stipules. The petiole is short or the leaf tapers gradually towards the base. Leaf arrangement is typically alternate but some are opposite or whorled, and there is generally a rosette at the base of the stem. The edges are toothed (dentate) or sawtoothed. New leaves in the bud are usually involute (rolled towards the upper surface) or conduplicate (folded upwards), but a few species roll downwards.^[11]^[12]

Flowers

Each flower is bisexual, having both stamens and carpels. They have radial symmetry; the petals can be separate or partially or fully fused together to form a tube-shaped corolla that opens up at the mouth to form a bell-like shape (as in item 8 in the figure) or a flat-faced flower. Opposite each lobe is a stamen. By contrast, in most other families of Ericales, staments alternate with lobes.^[11]

The calyx has 4 to 9 lobes and persists after flowering.^[12] They are grouped in unbranched, indeterminate clusters such as racemes, spikes, corymbs or umbels.^[11]

Reproductive anatomy

The fruit of Primulaceae begins as an ovary and inside it are the future seeds (ovules). These are attached to a central axis without any partitions between them (an arrangement called free central placentation; see item 7 in the figure), and they are bitegmic (having a double protective layer around each ovule). Unlike in most other families of Ericales, both layers form the opening at the top (the micropyle).^[11]

Examples

References

^ ^a ^b The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group; Chase, M. W.; Christenhusz, J. M.; Fay, M. F.; Byng, J. W.; Judd, W. S.; Soltis, D. E.; Mabberley, D. J.; Sennikov, A. N.; Soltis, P. S.; Stevens, P. R. (May 2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
^ Elpel, Thomas J. "Primulaceae: Primrose Family. Identify plants and flowers". Wildflowers-and-Weeds.com. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
^ "Primulaceae". University of California, Davis. Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
^ "Primulaceae - Primrose Family". PlantLife.org. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
^ ^a ^b Soltis, Douglas; Soltis, Pamela; Endress, Peter; Chase, Mark W.; Manchester, Steven; Judd, Walter; Majure, Lucas; Mavrodiev, Evgeny (2018). Phylogeny and evolution of the angiosperms (Revised and updated ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 266, 269–271. ISBN 9780226441757.
^ The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (October 2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
^ Anderberg, A. A.; Rydin, C.; Kallersjo, M. (1 April 2002). "Phylogenetic relationships in the order Ericales s.l.: analyses of molecular data from five genes from the plastid and mitochondrial genomes". American Journal of Botany. 89 (4): 677–687. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.4.677. PMID 21665668. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
^ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
^ Thomé, Otto Wilhelm (1903). Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Gera, Zezschwitz. pp. 23, plate 472. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Anderberg, A. A. (2013). "Primulaceae". In Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.). Flowering plants - Dicotyledons : Celastrales, oxalidales, rosales, cornales, ericales. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. 6. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 313–319. ISBN 9783662072578.
^ ^a ^b ^c Xu, Zhenghao; Chang, Le (2017). "2. Primulaceae". Identification and control of common weeds. Volume 3. Springer. pp. 51–82. ISBN 9789811054037.