User:Robertus Pius/sandbox3

List of authoritarian rulers/dictators

State	Portrait	Ruler	Tenure	Title(s)	Notes
First French Empire		Napoleon I (1769-1821)	13 December 1799 - 6 April 1814/22 June 1815	First Consul of the French Republic (1799-1804) Emperor of the French (1804-1814/15)	Forced to abdicate after his defeat by the Sixth Coalition. Escaped from exile and regained his throne for three months in 1815, but was again defeated by the Seventh Coalition at Waterloo. He abdicated for the last time and was exiled to the Pacific Island of Saint Helena. After his final defeat the Bourbons were restored to power. Died in exile, age 51.
Mexican Republic		Porfirio Diaz (1830-1915)	10 January 1876 - 25 May 1911	President of the Mexican Republic	Overthrown by Maderistas during the first stage of the Mexican Revolution. Succeeded by Francisco I. Madero. Died in exile, age 84.
Second French Empire		Napoleon III (1808-1873)	20 December 1848 - 4 September 1870	President of France (1848-1852) Emperor of the French (1852-1870)	Dethroned after being captured by the Prussians at the Battle of Sedan. The Second French Empire was dissolved and replaced by the French Third Republic. Died in exile, age 64.
Kingdom of Italy		Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)	31 October 1922 – 25 July 1943	Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy	Dismissed by Victor Emmanuel III after Italy was invaded by the Allies during World War II. He was made the leader of the Italian Social Republic which was a puppet state of Nazi Germany in 1943. He tried to flee the Allied forces invading but was captured by communists partisans and publicly executed, age 61.
Republic of Zimbabwe		Robert Mugabe (1924-2019)	18 April 1980 – 21 November 2017	Prime Minister of Zimbabwe (1980-1987) President of Zimbabwe (1987-2017)	Ousted in a coup by his own party. Died in exile, age 95.
Nazi Germany		Adolf Hitler (1917-1989)	30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945	Führer and Chancellor of Germany	Defeated by Allied forces towards the end of World War II. Committed suicide in his bunker while Berlin was under siege, age 56.
Republic of the Philippines		Ferdinand Marcos (1889-1945)	30 December 1965 – 25 February 1986	President of the Philippines	Removed from power by the People Power Revolution in 1986. Democracy was restored and he was succeeded by the leader of the revolution, Corazon Aquino. Died in exile, age 72.
Republic of Sudan		Omar al-Bashir (1944-)	30 June 1989 – 11 April 2019	Chairmen of Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (1989-1993) President of Sudan (1993-2019)	Ousted by a military coup after widespread protests across the country demanding his removal from power. He is currently being held in prison after being charged with corruption.
Republic of Cuba		Fidel Castro (1926-2016)	16 February 1959 – 24 February 2008	Prime Minister of Cuba (1959-1976) President of Cuba (1976-2008) First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (1965-2011)	Remained in power until his retirement in 2008. He was succeeded as President and First Secretary of the Communist party by his brother, Raúl Castro. Died in Cuba, age 90.
People's Socialist Republic of Albania		Enver Hoxha (1908-1985)	20 October 1944 – 11 April 1985	Prime Minister of Albania (1944-1954) First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania (1941-1985)	Remained in power until his death. Died in Albania, age 76.
Argentine Confederation		Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793-1877)	First Term: 6 December 1829 – 5 December 1832 Second Term: 7 March 1835 – 3 February 1852	Caudillo and Governor of Buenos Aires Province	After his first term of Governor came to an end and he went into retirement, his supporters staged a coup and he was returned to power in 1835 and remained as governor until he was defeated by the Empire of Brazil in the Platine War. He fled Argentina and absconded to Britain. Died in Britain, age 83.
Republic of Rwanda		Juvénal Habyarimana (1937-1994)	1 August 1973 – 6 April 1994	President of Rwanda	Killed after his plane was shot down by missiles. Died age 57.
Republic of China		Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975)	Mainland China: 15 December 1931 - 21 January 1949 Taiwan: 1 March 1950 – 5 April 1975	Chairman of Military Affairs Commission (1931-1946) Chairman of the Nationalist government (1943-1948) President of the Republic of China (1948-1949, 1950-1975)	Ruled mainland China as a military dictator, using various titles. He was the leader of the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War. His government was defeated by the Communists led by Mao Zedong. He and the rest of the Nationalists fled to the Island of Taiwan, where they formed a government and claimed to be the legitimate government of China. He then ruled Taiwan as President till his death. Died in Taiwan, age 87.
Arab Republic of Egypt		Hosni Mubarak (1928-2020)	14 October 1981 – 11 February 2011	President of Egypt	Forced to resign after the 2011 Egyptian revolution began. He was subsequently put on trial for killing peaceful protesters during the 2011 Revolution. He was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment, which was later overturned and he was released in 2017. Died in Egypt, age 91.
Spanish State		Francisco Franco (1892-1975)	1 October 1936 – 20 November 1975	Caudillo and Head of the Spanish state	He led the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War. He successfully overthrew the Second Spanish Republic and installed himself as Head of state. He remained in power till his death. After his death, the fascist Spanish state lead by Franco was dissolved and the Kingdom of Spain was restored, with Juan Carlos I as king. Died in Spain, age 82.
Soviet Union		Joseph Stalin (1878-1953)	21 January 1924 - 5 March 1953	Leader of the Soviet Union (1924-1953) General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922-1952) Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941-1953)	He led the Communist Party of the Soviet Union following the death of its founder, Vladimir Lenin. His political ideologies became known as Stalinism. He remained in power until his death. Died in Moscow, age 74.
Central African Empire		Jean-Bédel Bokassa (1921-1996)	1 January 1966 - 21 September 1979	President of the Central African Republic (1966-1976) Emperor of Central Africa (1976-1979)	He took power after successfully staging a coup against the government of David Dacko. He installed himself as president and ruled through a de-facto military dictatorship. In 1976, he declared himself Emperor of Central Africa reigning as Bokassa I. His government was toppled after a military operation carried out by the French government. He went into exile and was tried in absentia where he was found guilty and sentenced to death. He returned to the CAR and was arrested; his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He was released in 1993 and from then on led a private life. He died in Bangui, age 75.
Portuguese Republic		António de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970)	5 February 1932 – 27 September 1968	Prime Minister of Portugal	He created the Estado Novo regime which ruled Portugal for over 40 years. He was forced to retire due to health complications. Died in Portugal, age 81.
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya		Muammar Gaddafi (c.1942-2011)	1 September 1969 – 20 October 2011	Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council (1969-1977) Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution (1977-2011)	Overthrown by rebel forces during the Libyan Civil War. Following the Battle of Sirte, Gaddaffi was captured and brutally executed by rebel soldiers. Died age 68 or 69.
Republic of Tunisia		Habib Bourguiba (1903-2000)	11 April 1956 – 7 November 1987	Prime Minister of Tunisia (1956-1957) President of Tunisia (1957-1987)	He was made Prime minister by King Muhammad VIII al-Amin. Soon after he dethroned Muhammad VIII and declared Tunisia a republic, installing himself as president for life. He was removed from power by his Prime minister, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. Died in Tunisia, age 96.
Kingdom of Hungary		Miklós Horthy (1868-1957)	1 March 1920 – 16 October 1944	Regent of Hungary	Upon the removal of Charles I as King of Hungary, Hungary was left without a monarch. In 1920, Horthy was chosen to act as regent for the now vacant throne of Hungary. Attempts were made by the former king, Charles I, to regain his throne but they were stopped by Horthy. He joined the Axis powers in World War II, led by Nazi Germany. He remained in power until he declared an armistice with the Soviet Union, after which he was arrested and forced to resign by the Germans. After the war he lived the remainder of his life in exile. Died in exile, age 88.
People's Republic of China		Mao Zedong (1893-1976)	1 October 1949 – 9 September 1976	Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (1941-1976) Chairmen of the Central People’s Government (1949-1954) Chairmen of the People’s Republic of China (1954-1959) Chairman of the Central Military Commission (1954-1976)	He led the Communists during the Chinese Civil War. He successfully defeated the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek, forcing them to retreat to the island of Taiwan. He then proclaimed the foundation of the Peoples Republic of China. His political philosophies became known as Maoism. He remained in power till his death. Died in China, age 82.
Republic of Zaire		Mobutu Sese Seko (1930-1997)	24 November 1965 – 16 May 1997	President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965-1971) President of Zaire (1971-1997).	After the Congo Crisis, he successfully took power and declared himself President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which he renamed Zaire. He was overthrown during the First Congo War by rebel leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila. He went into exile and died three months later from cancer. Died, age 66.
Republic of Nicaragua		Anastasio Somoza García (1896-1956)	1 January 1937 – 29 September 1956	President of Nicaragua (1937-1947, 1950-1956)	He seized power after launching a coup against the government of Juan Bautista Sacasa. He served two terms as president but when he wasn’t president he was still the de facto head of state as a military dictator. He served as patriarch of the Somoza Family dictatorship. He remained in power until he was assassinated by Rigoberto López Pérez in León, Nicaragua. Died age 60.
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea		Kim Il Sung (1912-1994)	9 September 1948 – 8 July 1994	Supreme Leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1948-1994) Premier of North Korea (1948-1972) Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea (1949-1966) General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (1966-1994) President of North Korea (1972-1994)	After Japan ruled Korea collapsed following the Japanese surrender in World War II, Korea was eventually divided in two. He became the leader of the Soviet backed North Korea thus founding the Kim dynasty dictatorship. He attempted to invade South Korea to unify the peninsula under communist rule, but the war ended in a stalemate. He remained in power until his death and was succeeded by his son, Kim Jong Il. He died age 82.
Republic of Kazakhstan		Nursultan Nazarbayev (1940-)	24 April 1990 – 20 March 2019	President of the Kazakh SSR (1990-1991) First Secretary of the Central Commitee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan (1989-1991) President of Kazakhstan (1991-2019)	Before the collapse of the Soviet Union he served as the final leader of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. Upon Kazakhstan's independence he continued to rule as an autocratic leader. He remained in power until he was forced to resign amid protests against his government. He currently resides in Kazakhstan.
Republic of Chile		Augusto Pinochet (1915-2006)	11 September 1973 – 11 March 1990	President of the Government Junta of Chile (1973-1981) President of Chile (1974-1990) Commanders-in-Chief of the Chilean Army (1973-1998)	He took power in a US backed coup which ousted newly elected socialist president, Salvador Allende. After the coup he was chosen by the military junta to serve as Supreme Head of the State and President. In 1988, a referendum was held to decide whether Pinochet will be allowed 8 more years in power, he lost the vote. This led to a democratic election in 1990 and his resignation as President, though he remained as Commander-in-Chief of the Army until 1998. In 1998, he was arrested in London on an international arrest warrant, following a legal battle he was allowed to return to Chile on the grounds of ill-health. In 2004, a Chilean judge ruled he was fit to stand trial and was placed under house arrest. By the time of his death in 2006, there were over 300 pending charges against him for crimes committing by him and his regime. Died age 91.
Syrian Arab Republic		Hafez al-Assad (1930-2000)	14 March 1971 – 10 June 2000	President of Syria	In 1971, he was chosen by the Ba’th party to be its new leader and subsequently President of Syria. He quickly made Syria into a dictatorship. He was the patriarch of the Al-Assad family, which still rules Syria to this day. He remained in power till his death and was succeeded by his son, Bashar al-Assad. He died age 69.
Socialist Republic of Romania		Nicolae Ceaușescu (1918-1989)	19 March 1965 – 22 December 1989	General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party (1965-1989) President of the State Council of Romania (1967-1989) President of the Socialist Republic of Romania (1974-1989)	In 1965, he was chosen as the new leader of the Romanian Communist Party. He created a cult of personality in Romania as a way for his regime to stay in power. In 1989, protests began against his government, he ordered the military to fire upon the demonstrators. This received public outcry and only worsened the situation, which evolved into the Romanian Revolution and he was subsequently overthrown. He attempted fo flee Romania with his wife, Elena, but was captured by the military that had now joined the rebels. He and Elena were executed by firing squad on live television 3 days later by the military. He died age 71.
Republic of Paraguay		Alfredo Stroessner (1912-2006)	15 August 1954 – 3 February 1989	President of Paraguay	He took power in a coup which was supported by the military. He then declared himself President and quickly formed into a dictatorship. He remained in power until he was overthrown by coup led by one of his close advisers, Andrés Rodríguez. He died in exile, age 93.
Democratic Republic of Vietnam		Hồ Chí Minh (1890-1969)	2 September 1945 – 2 September 1969	President of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945-1969) Chairman of the Workers Party of Vietnam (1951-1969)	In 1930, he founded the Communist Party of Vietnam. He led the August Revolution against the Empire of Vietnam and Japan. His forces won the war and the Vietnamese monarchy was abolished. He founded the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, more commonly known as North Vietnam. He led the Communists during much of the Vietnam War, which was his attempt to invade the non-communist South Vietnam. The communists would eventually win the war after his death. He remained in power till his death. Died age 79.
Republic of Tunisia		Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (1936-2019)	7 November 1987 – 14 January 2011	President of Tunisia	He was appointed Prime minister by President Habib Bourguiba, after which he overthrew Bourguiba after declaring him incompetent and unable to remain serving as president. He then created an authoritarian regime in Tunisia. He remained in power until he was overthrown in the Tunisian revolution. He died in exile, age 83.
Republic of Angola		José Eduardo dos Santos (1942-2022)	21 September 1979 – 25 September 2017	President of Angola	After the death of the first president and founder of the ruling party of Angola, Agostinho Neto, dos Santos was chosen by the party to succeed him. He remained in power until his retirement. He was the second longest serving dictator in African history. He died in Spain, age 79.
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma		Ne Win (1911-2002)	4 July 1962 – 23 July 1988	Chairman of the Burma Socialist Programme Party (1962-1988) Chairman of the Union Revolutionary Council (1962-1974) President of Burma (1974-1981)	He launched a coup against the government of U Nu. His party, the Burma Socialist Programme Party, served as the ruling party after the coup and Nu Win as chairman was the de facto leader of the country. He remained in power until he and his party were overthrown by the military in a coup after the 8888 Uprising. He died under house arrest, age 92.
Dominican Republic		Rafael Trujillo (1891-1961)	16 August 1930 – 30 May 1961	President of the Dominican Republic (1930-1938, 1942-1952) Generalissimo of the Democratic Republic (1930-1961)	He was elected in a fraudulent election in 1930 and from then on served as a military dictator for 30 years. When he wasn’t serving as president he was the de facto leader while a figurehead had the actual title of president. He remained in power until he was assassinated by a group of gunmen. He died age 69.
Republic of Indonesia		Sukarno (1901-1970)	18 August 1945 – 12 March 1967	President of Indonesia	He lead the independence movement against the Dutch, which was successful. Upon Indonesia’s independence he became president. He quickly created an authoritarian government. He was forcibly ousted from his position by General Suharto. He was placed under house arrest where he died. Died age 69.
Republic of Finland		Urho Kekkonen (1900-1986)	1 March 1956 – 27 January 1982	President of Finland	After winning the Finnish election in 1956, he progressively became more autocratic. He kept a strong grip on Finnish politics for over 30 years. He remained in power till he was forced to resign due to ill-health. He died in Finland, age 85.
Republic of Uzbekistan		Islam Karimov (1938-2016)	23 June 1989 – 2 September 2016	First Secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan (1989-1991) President of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (1990-1991) President of Uzbekistan (1991-2016)	He served as the last communist leader of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic before the Soviet Union collapsed. However, he stayed in power and served as the first president of the now independent Republic of Uzbekistan. He remained in power till his death. He died age 78.
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia		Mengistu Haile Mariam (1937-)	3 February 1977 – 21 May 1991	Chairman of the Derg (1977-1987) General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (1984-1991) President of Ethiopia (1987-1991)	He took power after the overthrow of Emperor Haile Selassie and the abolishment of the Ethiopian monarchy. He led the military Junta, the Derg; then founded the socialist state, the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. He remained in power until he was forced to flee the country because of the advance of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front forces towards the capital, Addis Ababa. He remains in exile, living in Zimbabwe.
Republic of Iraq		Saddam Hussein (1938-2016)	16 July 1979 – 9 April 2003	President of Iraq (1979-2003) Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council (1979-2003) Secretary General of the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party (1992-2006)	He was chosen by Ba’athist party leaders to replace Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr. He led Iraq through many wars and military conflict's, including the Iran–Iraq War, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the Gulf War, and lastly the 2003 invasion of Iraq. After United States forces successfully invaded Iraq Saddam went into hiding, being captured on December 13th, 2003. He was subsequently put on trial by the Iraqi Interim Government after being found guilty of crimes against humanity, he was sentenced to death by hanging. His execution took place on December 30th, 2006, which was filmed by the new Iraqi government. He died age 69.
Democratic Republic of the Sudan		Gaafar Nimeiry (1930-2009)	25 May 1969 – 6 April 1985	Chairman of the National Revolutionary Command Council (1969-1971) President of Sudan (1971-1985)	He took power in coup along with other military officers. They formed the National Revolutionary Command Council, of which Nimeiry was Chairman. However, after two years of council rule, he declared himself president. He remained in power until he was ousted in a coup. He went into exile but was eventually allowed to return. He died in Sudan, age 79.
Mongolian People's Republic		Khorloogiin Choibalsan (1895-1952)	24 March 1939 – 26 January 1952	Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1939-1952) Commander in-chief of the Mongolian People's Army (1937-1952)	He partly led the communist revolution against the Republic of China, with the help of the Soviet Union. He was one of the founders of the new communist state, the Mongolian People's Republic. He remained as leader until his death in Moscow from cancer. He died age 56.
Somali Democratic Republic		Siad Barre (1909-1995)	21 October 1969 – 26 January 1991	President of Somalia (1969-1991) Chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Council (1969-1976) General Secretary of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (1976-1991)	He took power after a military coup. He led the new ruling council and was made president. He turned Somalia into a socialist state and founded the Somali Democratic Republic. He remained in power till he lost a twelve yearlong rebellion against his regime. Shortly after his ouster the Somali Civil War began, which is still ongoing. He died in exile, age 85.
Republic of Yemen		Ali Abdullah Saleh (1947-2017)	18 July 1978 – 27 February 2012	President of Northern Yemen (1978-1990) President of Yemen (1990-2012)	He served as the final president of the Yemen Arab Republic, more commonly known as Northern Yemen. Upon the unification of Yemen, Saleh was chosen to serve as president. He remained in power until the Yemeni revolution, which led to his removal from power. Five years later, with the Yemeni Civil War ravaging the country, Saleh was captured during the Battle of Sanaa and killed by Houthi forces. He died age 70.
Islamic Republic of Pakistan		Ayub Khan (1907-1974)	27 October 1958 – 25 March 1969	President of Pakistan (1958-1969) Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army (1951-1958)	He took power in a coup and deposed the government of Iskandar Ali Mirza. He remained in power until he was forced to resign after the people started revolution against his regime. He died age 66.
Republic of Korea		Park Chung Hee (1917-1979)	3 July 1961 – 26 October 1979	Chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction (1961-1963) President of South Korea (1962-1979)	He took power after staging the May 16 coup. He then led the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction and then assumed the presidency. He transformed South Korea into a military dictatorship. He remained in power until he was betrayed and [[assassinated by one of his closest allies, Kim Jae-gyu. He died age 61.
Republic of Haiti		François Duvalier (1917-1979)	22 October 1957 – 21 April 1971	President of Haiti	After winning the 1957 Haitian general election, Duvalier was sworn in as president. After the military attempted a coup again his government, which ultimately failed; his regime became more and more autocratic. He remained in power until his death and was succeeded by his son, Jean-Claude Duvalier
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia		Josip Broz Tito (1892-1980)	29 November 1945 – 4 May 1980	President of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939-1980) Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1945-1963) President of Yugoslavia (1953-1980)	Following the liberation of Yugoslavia after the end of World War II, Tito, who led a resistance against the Nazis, was chosen as Prime Minister. He subsequently installed an authoritarian socialist government, with him in charge. Different from other socialist dictators, Tito was loved by his people and by people abroad. He still remains in high regard in Eastern Europe till this day. He remained in power until his death. He died age 87.
Republic of Chad		Idriss Déby (1952-2021)	28 February 1991 – 20 April 2021	President of Chad	He took power after staging a coup against the government of Hissène Habré. He led the government forces during the Chadian Civil War, which he won. In 2021, the rebel group, FACT, launched the Northern Chad offensive. Déby personally led government forces in pushing back the rebels. He was shot during an exchange of fire between rebel and government forces. He died the following day from his injuries. He died age 68.
People's Democratic Republic of Algeria		Houari Boumédiène (1932-1978)	19 June 1965 – 27 December 1978	Chairman of the Revolutionary Council (1965-1976) President of Algeria (1976-1978)	He took power in a bloodless coup against his former ally, Ahmed Ben Bella. He led the Revolutionary Council and then was chosen as president. He suffered from a rare form of blood cancer towards the end of his tenure and died from his illness while still in power. He died age 46.
People's Republic of Bangladesh		Hussain Muhammad Ershad (1930-2019)	11 December 1983 – 6 December 1990	President of Bangladesh	He took power after staging a coup against President Abdus Sattar. He remained in power as a military dictator until he was forced to resign after pro-democracy protests led by Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina swept the country. He died age 89.
Togolese Republic		Gnassingbé Eyadéma (1935-2005)	14 April 1967 – 5 February 2005	President of Togo