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British Civil War with Foreign Intervention
Part of the Atlantic Revolutions, American Revolution

Clockwise from top left: Surrender of Lord Cornwallis after the Siege of Yorktown, Battle of Trenton, The Death of General Warren at the Battle of Bunker Hill, Battle of Long Island, and the Battle of Guilford Court House
DateApril 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783[10]
(8 years, 4 months and 15 days)
Ratification effective: May 12, 1784
Location
Eastern North America, North Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean
Result
One group of Ex-Britih People's Victory
Territorial
changes		 Great Britain cedes generally, all mainland territories east of the Mississippi River, south of the Great Lakes, and north of the Floridas to the United States
Belligerents

Co-belligerents

Combatants

  • Br. Canadien, Cong. rgts.[a]
  • Br. Canadien mil., Fr. led[b]

Treaty belligerents

Commanders and leaders
Strength
Casualties and losses
  • United States:
    • 6,800 dead in battle
    • 6,100 wounded
    • 17,000 disease dead[33]
    • 25–70,000 war dead[34]
    • 130,000 smallpox dead[35]
  • France:
  • Spain:
    • 371 dead – W. Florida[38]
    • 4,000 dead – prisoners[39]
  • Native Americans: Unknown
  • Great Britain:
  • Germans:
    • 7,774 total dead
    • 1,800 dead in battle
    • 4,888 deserted[12]
  • Loyalists:
    • 7,000 total dead
    • 1,700 dead in battle
    • 5,300 dead of disease[41]
  • Native Americans
  1. ^ Smith 1907, p. 86
  2. ^ Everest 1977, p. 38
  3. ^ Seineke 1981, p. 36, fn
  4. ^ Tortora, Daniel J. (February 4, 2015). "Indian Patriots from Eastern Massachusetts: Six Perspectives". Journal of the American Revolution.
  5. ^ a b Bell 2015, Essay
  6. ^ Axelrod 2014, p. 66
  7. ^ Eelking 1893, p. 66
  8. ^ a b Atwood 2002, pp. 1, 23
  9. ^ Lowell 1884, pp. 14–15
  10. ^ A cease-fire in America was proclaimed by Congress on April 11, 1783, pursuant to a cease-fire agreement between Great Britain and France on January 20, 1783. The final peace treaty was signed on September 3, 1783, and ratified on January 14, 1784, in the U.S., with final ratification exchanged in Europe on May 12, 1784. Hostilities in India continued until July 1783.
  11. ^ Simms 2009, pp. 615–618
  12. ^ a b Duncan, L. 1931, p. 371
  13. ^ Lanning 2009, pp. 195–196
  14. ^ a b Greene & Pole 2008, p. 328
  15. ^ U.S. Merchant Marine 2012, "Privateers and Mariners"
  16. ^ Simmons 2003
  17. ^ Paullin 1906, pp. 315–316
  18. ^ Keiley 1912, "Rochambeau"
  19. ^ "Rochambeau", Dictionary of American Biography
  20. ^ a b c Beerman 1979, p. 181
  21. ^ Britannica 1911, "C. H. Estaing"
  22. ^ "F. J. P. de Grasse", Encyclopædia Britannica
  23. ^ Dull 1987, p. 110
  24. ^ Gayarré 1867, pp. 125–126
  25. ^ Beerman 1979, pp. 177–179
  26. ^ Rinaldi, "British Army 1775–1783"
  27. ^ Chartrand 2006, p. 63
  28. ^ a b Winfield 2007
  29. ^ Mackesy 1993 [1964], pp. 6, 176
  30. ^ Savas & Dameron 2006, p. xli
  31. ^ Knesebeck 2017 [1845], p. 9
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference Greene p. 393 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Burrows 2008a, "Patriots or Terrorists"
  34. ^ Peckham (ed.) 1974
  35. ^ a b c Clodfelter 2017, pp. 133–134
  36. ^ Rignault 2004, pp. 20, 53
  37. ^ Clodfelter 2017, pp. 75, 135
  38. ^ Otfinoski 2008, p. 16
  39. ^ Archuleta 2006, p. 69
  40. ^ Clodfelter 2017, p. 134
  41. ^ Burrows 2008b, Forgotten Patriots


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