User:Robert E Osborne/sandbox/Black-holes and Quantum Dynamics

New article name goes here new article content ... Black-holes and Quantum Dynamics

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The continued contraction of a normal star, compressed by an unrelenting level of gravity, can be arrested by restrictions imposed by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (HUP). Gravitational energy acting on a star is normally transformed into a star’s internal particle-energy, which opposes a star’s contraction. Prevailing black-hole theory asserts that an unsuppressed level of gravitational energy can overwhelm a star’s internal-energy, thereby producing a black-hole “singularity” of infinite density. However, HUP restrictions will not allow this to happen.

The internal particle dynamics of a star are initially random and constituted by multiple degrees of dimentional freedom. But particle collisions gradually assume an oscillatory momentum indicative of a wave.

The critical point at which a star is transformed into a black-hole is triggered by the HUP wave-equation relating the uncertainty of a particle’s position ‘Δx’ to its range of momentum ‘Δp’: ΔxΔp ≥ h, where ‘h’ is the Planck constant. When the product of particle uncertainty approaches the value of ‘h’, Newtonian physics no longer works as a description for particle dynamics.

The reason for this is that the distance between particle collisions, driven by gravity, approaches zero. As the volume of a star is compressed by gravity, the degrees of freedom available for particle motion decreases, and particle dynamics can be described by a one dimensional, quasi-harmonic motion, whereby a particle’s wave-function assumes the form of a planck-level ‘spike’.

The width of this spike represents the extreme limit of particle frequency, as well as particle wavelength, velocity and momentum. As particle velocity approaches the speed of light, the rate-of- change of momentum (dp/dt) approaches zero, and particles assume the form of unaccelerated objects, dp/dt=0; particles thereby attain a state of definite energy.

Although a reservoir gravitational potential may still exists, its action on particle dynamics can no longer have an effect, since Δx (collision distance) approaches zero, and particle KE has reached a maximum value. The potential energy term disappears from the Schrodinger equation, and a particle’s momentum can be expressed in terms of its energy, p = E/c. This equation represents a photon. Details governing a particle’s change-of-state from a material object to a photon will, hopefully, be forthcoming in the near future.

A black-hole is unique; it presumably represents the maximum energy-density (E/r) that nature is capable of producing (energy-density is defined as ‘E/r’: energy/radius). Since particle energy-density, restricted by HUP, cannot get larger, Newtonian physics can no longer translate gravitational energy into particle kinetic energy. At this point, a star is transformed into a black-hole.

But unrelenting gravitational energy persists in acting on a black-hole. Nature solves this problem by a change-in-state in particle dynamics; Newtonian dynamics is replaced by quantum-dynamics. Inertial particles, with an indeterminable energy of p²/2m, are replaced by a wave-function, ‘Ψ’, presumably in the form of photons with a precise energy (pc} but with a location that’s largely indeterminable.

The QM change-of-state in a star’s Newtonian principles is coincident with the formation of an event-horizon (EH) envelope, governed by the laws of general relativity. The total energy of quanta trapped within the EH is equal to the initial total, particle kinetic-energy of a star prior to its change-of-state: Σ(n)pc = 1/2(Σp/m), where ‘n’ represents the number of interior particles. The resulting black-hole consists of an object composed of emprisoned photons but with the properties of mass and momentum in the classical sense.

As additional gravitational energy is acquired by an expanding black-hole, its volumetric energy will increase. However, it’s expansion (its radius) is a unique function of its energy-density. This, together with its escape-velocity, will remain constant: MG/r = E/r = c² = constant. A black-hole has the greatest energy-density (E/r) for any object produced by nature. This concentration of energy-per-unit-radius cannot increase or decrease as a BH get bigger; black-holes cannot get smaller.

Additional gravitational-energy acquired by a black-hole serves as work to increase its size, rather than contributing to an increase in gravitational force, as in a normal star. The energy-density of an expanding black-hole is a function of its radius; energy-density determines the gravitational properties of a black-hole; therefore, gravity should remain at a constant, maximum value allowed by quantum mechanics, regardless of the size of a black-hole. This is because the gravitational force at the boundary of a BH does not change as it expands: the additional energy absorbed by a black-hole serves to expand its dimensions, rather than contribute to its boundary forces, as in a normal star.

Black-hole gravitational force is the same for all black-holes, regardless of their size. This property should be varifiable by astronomical observation; the velocity of object’s orbiting very close to a black-hole should approach the speed of light.

At a critical point in the internal-dynamics of a star, contraction is reversed and the radius of a star is allowed to expand as a black-hole.

The continued contraction of a normal star, compressed by an unrelenting level of gravity, can be arrested by restrictions imposed by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle (HUP). Gravitational energy acting on a star is normally transformed into a star’s internal particle-energy, which opposes a star’s contraction. Prevailing black-hole theory asserts that an unsuppressed level of gravitational energy can overwhelm a star’s internal-energy, thereby producing a black-hole “singularity” of infinite density. However, HUP restrictions will not allow this to happen.

The internal particle dynamics of a star are initially random and constituted by multiple degrees of dimentional freedom. But particle collisions gradually assume an oscillatory momentum indicative of a wave.

The critical point at which a star is transformed into a black-hole is triggered by the HUP wave-equation relating the uncertainty of a particle’s position ‘Δx’ to its range of momentum ‘Δp’: ΔxΔp ≥ h, where ‘h’ is the Planck constant. When the product of particle uncertainty approaches the value of ‘h’, Newtonian physics no longer works as a description for particle dynamics.

The reason for this is that the distance between particle collisions, driven by gravity, approaches zero. As the volume of a star is compressed by gravity, the degrees of freedom available for particle motion decreases, and particle dynamics can be described by a one dimensional, quasi-harmonic motion, whereby a particle’s wave-function assumes the form of a planck-level ‘spike’.

The width of this spike represents the extreme limit of particle frequency, as well as particle wavelength, velocity and momentum. As particle velocity approaches the speed of light, the rate-of- change of momentum (dp/dt) approaches zero, and particles assume the form of unaccelerated objects, dp/dt=0; particles thereby attain a state of definite energy.

Although a reservoir gravitational potential may still exists, its action on particle dynamics can no longer have an effect, since Δx (collision distance) approaches zero, and particle KE has reached a maximum value. The potential energy term disappears from the Schrodinger equation, and a particle’s momentum can be expressed in terms of its energy, p = E/c. This equation represents a photon. Details governing a particle’s change-of-state from a material object to a photon will, hopefully, be forthcoming in the near future.

A black-hole is unique; it presumably represents the maximum energy-density (E/r) that nature is capable of producing (energy-density is defined as ‘E/r’: energy/radius). Since particle energy-density, restricted by HUP, cannot get larger, Newtonian physics can no longer translate gravitational energy into particle kinetic energy. At this point, a star is transformed into a black-hole.

But unrelenting gravitational energy persists in acting on a black-hole. Nature solves this problem by a change-in-state in particle dynamics; Newtonian dynamics is replaced by quantum-dynamics. Inertial particles, with an indeterminable energy of p²/2m, are replaced by a wave-function, ‘Ψ’, presumably in the form of photons with a precise energy (pc} but with a location that’s largely indeterminable.

The QM change-of-state in a star’s Newtonian principles is coincident with the formation of an event-horizon (EH) envelope, governed by the laws of general relativity. The total energy of quanta trapped within the EH is equal to the initial total, particle kinetic-energy of a star prior to its change-of-state: Σ(n)pc = 1/2(Σp/m), where ‘n’ represents the number of interior particles. The resulting black-hole consists of an object composed of emprisoned photons but with the properties of mass and momentum in the classical sense.

As additional gravitational energy is acquired by an expanding black-hole, its volumetric energy will increase. However, it’s expansion (its radius) is a unique function of its energy-density. This, together with its escape-velocity, will remain constant: MG/r = E/r = c² = constant. A black-hole has the greatest energy-density (E/r) for any object produced by nature. This concentration of energy-per-unit-radius cannot increase or decrease as a BH get bigger; black-holes cannot get smaller.

Additional gravitational-energy acquired by a black-hole serves as work to increase its size, rather than contributing to an increase in gravitational force, as in a normal star. The energy-density of an expanding black-hole is a function of its radius; energy-density determines the gravitational properties of a black-hole; therefore, gravity should remain at a constant, maximum value allowed by quantum mechanics, regardless of the size of a black-hole. This is because the gravitational force at the boundary of a BH does not change as it expands: the additional energy absorbed by a black-hole serves to expand its dimensions, rather than contribute to its boundary forces, as in a normal star.

Black-hole gravitational force is the same for all black-holes, regardless of their size. This property should be varifiable by astronomical observation; the velocity of object’s orbiting very close to a black-hole should approach the speed of light.