User:Rjjiii/sandbox3

Citation Style 1 templates

{{Cite arXiv}}	arXiv preprints
{{Cite AV media}}	audio and visual media
{{Cite AV media notes}}	AV media liner notes
{{Cite bioRxiv}}	bioRxiv preprints
{{Cite book}}	books and chapters
{{Cite CiteSeerX}}	CiteSeerX papers
{{Cite conference}}	conference papers
{{Cite document}}	short, stand-alone, offline documents
{{Cite encyclopedia}}	edited collections
{{Cite episode}}	radio or TV episodes
{{Cite interview}}	interviews
{{Cite journal}}	academic journals
{{Cite magazine}}	magazines, periodicals
{{Cite mailing list}}	public mailing lists
{{Cite map}}	maps
{{Cite medRxiv}}	medRxiv preprints
{{Cite news}}	news articles
{{Cite newsgroup}}	online newsgroups
{{Cite podcast}}	podcasts
{{Cite press release}}	press releases
{{Cite report}}	reports
{{Cite serial}}	audio or video serials
{{Cite sign}}	signs, plaques
{{Cite speech}}	speeches
{{Cite SSRN}}	SSRN papers
{{Cite tech report}}	technical reports
{{Cite thesis}}	theses
{{Cite web}}	web sources not covered by the above
See also	Specific-source templates Citation Style 1 wrapper templates

Citation Style 1 (CS1) is a collection of reference citation templates used on Wikipedia. The various CS1 templates all use Module:Citation/CS1. Its purpose is to provide a set of default formats for references. The use of CS1 or of templates is not required. CS1 also refers to the default style of rendering used by CS1 templates.

CS1's rendered citation is based on Wikipedia's own Manual of Style, elements of The Chicago Manual of Style, and the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, with adaptations.

How the templates work

Further information: WP:CITEHOW

CS1 templates present a citation generally as:

With author

Author (14 November 2024). "Title". Work. Publisher. p. x. Identifiers.

Without author

"Title". Work. Publisher. 14 November 2024. p. x. Identifiers.

Authors

You can add authors to a citation by placing their first and last name into the template's parameters. To add a single author, use |last= and |first=. If a cited source has multiple authors, use |last2= and |first2=, |last3= and |first3=, etc. For symmetry with the other numbered parameters, |last1= and |first1= are available as well, as shown in the following example:

• {{cite book |last1=Hawking |first1=Stephen |last2=Hawking |first2=Lucy |title=George's Secret Key to the Universe}}
• Hawking, Stephen; Hawking, Lucy. George's Secret Key to the Universe.

In situations where "first" and "last" do not fit the authorship of the source you can use |author= and |authorn=. An editor may be cited using separate parameters for the editor's last and first name. A single or first editor would use |editor-last= and |editor-first=; subsequent editors would use |editor2-last= and |editor2-first=, |editor3-last= and |editor3-first=, etc. Similar to the |author= parameter, you can cite editors using |editor= and |editorn=. By default, the templates will use the author parameters to create link anchors for shortened footnotes. If an author parameter is not used, the template will render the editor in the author location and use the editors for shortened footnotes; if neither author nor editor parameters are used, the template will not automatically create an anchor for shortened footnotes. If the cited source does not credit an author, as is common with newswire reports, press releases or company websites use: |author=<!--Not stated-->

Citation Source	CS1 markup	CS1 output	Short citation
Author and editor, using last names	{{cite book |title=Title |last=Last |first=First |editor-first=Editor-First |editor-last=Editor‐Last |date=1999}}	Last, First (1999). Editor‐Last, Editor-First (ed.). Title.	Last 1999
Author and editor	{{cite book |title=Title |author=Author |editor=Editor |date=1999}}	Author (1999). Editor (ed.). Title.	Author 1999
Editor but no author	{{cite book |title=Title |editor=Editor |date=1999}}	Editor, ed. (1999). Title.	Editor 1999
Neither	{{cite book |title=Title |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=1999 |ref={{sfnref|Title|1999}}}}	Title. 1999.	Title 1999

Date

The year or the full date can be placed in the |date= parameter. Available formats are shown in the "Acceptable date formats" table of the Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Dates, months and years. For an approximate year, precede with "c. ", like this: |date=c. 1900. When a source does not have a publication date, use |date=n.d..

Citation Style 1 and 2 templates automatically render dates in the style specified by the article's {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} template. See those templates' documentation for details.

Title

The title of the source will be displayed in italics or "quotes" depending on the type of source. Templates for longer works, like {{cite book}} will render the title in italics. Templates for shorter works, like {{cite journal}}, will render the title in quotation marks.

The title of the source should be placed in the |title= parameter. For periodicals or web sources, this will be the name of the individual article. The name of the publication containing the article belongs in the |work= parameter. When citing a smaller section within a book or other longer source, use the |section= parameter or one of its aliases. See below:

{{Cite book}}

{{cite book |title=Title |date={{date}} |section=Section}}

"Section". Title. 14 November 2024.

{{Cite journal}}

{{cite journal |title=Title |date={{date}} |work=Work}}

"Title". Work. 14 November 2024.

Work

The |work= is the name of the larger work containing the cited source. It is used in templates that create citations to shorter pieces like articles in a journal, newspaper, magazine, or website. Do not confuse this with the "publisher" parameter, which is for the publishing organization. Some templates have descriptive aliases for the "work":

Aliases for "work"

Template	Work alias
{{cite journal}}	|journal=
{{cite magazine}}	|magazine=
{{cite news}}	|newspaper=
{{cite web}}	|website=

For websites, "work" is usually the name of the website. Do not append ".com" or the like if the site's actual title does not include it (thus |work=[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]], not Salon.com). Many journals use highly abbreviated titles when citing other journals because specialists in the field the journal covers usually already know what these abbreviations mean. Our readers usually do not, so these abbreviations should always be expanded. For example, use |work=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association rather than J. Am. Vet. Med. for the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association.

Publisher

The |publisher= is the organization that publishes the source. If the publisher has an article on Wikipedia, the parameter can include a wiki-link to that article, but should never externally link to the publisher's website. If the source is self-published, "self-published" can be placed into the parameter.

The publisher is an optional part of a citation. The type of source and the notability of the publisher are used to determine whether to include it. WP:Citing sources and off-Wikipedia citation guides suggest including the publisher of books. Periodicals, especially scholarly journals, may not need the publisher in the citation. The parameter should not be included for widely-known periodicals or when the publisher is synonymous with the publication; the publication itself will be in the |work= parameter. For example, the "publisher" parameter should be omitted in these examples:

• |work=[[Amazon.⁠com]]|publisher=Amazon Inc.
• |newspaper=The Aberdeen Times|publisher=The Aberdeen Times
• |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=The New York Times Company
• |newspaper=[[USA Today]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]
• |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|publisher=[[Nature Research]]

Pages

One of several parameters can indicate a location within a source. Only one of the parameters listed below can be used in a single citation.

|p=

For a single page. For example, using |p=52 or |p=viii would generate p. 52 or p. viii

|pp=

For multiple pages. For example, using |pp=236-239 or |pp=157, 159 would generate pp. 236–239 or pp. 157, 159

|at=

For locations that cannot be adequately described in page numbers. Examples include |at=Column 2, |at=Back cover, or |at=Act III, Scene 2. It will rendered as typed so |at=Paragraph 5 generates Paragraph 5, and |at=para. 5 generates para. 5

Non-textual citation templates may accept other in-source location parameters including |minutes=, |time=, |event=, or |inset=.

Identifiers

A unique identifier is a number, name, or code assigned to one specific version of a specific source. Several types of identifiers can be included within a citation including ISBN, DOI, OCLC, and PMID. Any identifiers are appended to the end of the citation in alphabetic order. They are automatically linked to services that aid in locating the source.

CS1 style in other templates

Apply CS1 to a single "Citation" template

By default, the {{Citation}} template uses CS2 formatting. To use CS1 formatting, add |mode=cs1 to the template's parameters. For example, {{Citation}} uses CS2 formatting, but {{Citation |mode=cs1}} uses CS1 formatting.

Apply CS1 to all "Citation" templates in an article

Add {{cs1 config |mode=cs1}} to the article, preferably near the top of the page, to apply CS1 formatting to all citations on a page using Module:Citation/CS1.

Tools

Main page: Help:Citation tools

CS1 templates may be inserted manually or by use of tools:

• RefToolbar is part of the the default source code editor. It include a "Templates" menu with {{cite web}}, {{cite journal}}, {{cite book}}, and {{cite news}}. When filling out a template from the RefToolbar, select the magnifying glass icon to autofill the template's parameters.
• The default citation option in the Visual Editor attempts to build a full citation based on a URL or other identifier. It will automatically select a citation template.
• ProveIt provides an optional graphical interface for editing, adding, and citing references.
• Citation expander adds a button to pass the current article to the Wikipedia citation bot, a tool that will automatically fill out additional parameter of existing citations.
• reFill Adds references to templates while updating/filling-in title/dates/publisher/accessdates etc.
• Zotero can export citations in Wikipedia-ready format.
• Citer – generates full citation, shortened citation, and named reference for a given Google Books URL, ISBN, or DOI. It also supports some major news websites.

General-use CS1 templates

Template	Use	RefToolbar	ProveIt	Citation expander
{{Cite arXiv}}	arXiv preprints
{{Cite AV media}}	audio and visual sources		supported
{{Cite AV media notes}}	liner notes from albums, DVDs, CDs and similar audio-visual media
{{Cite book}}	books	supported	supported	supported
{{Cite conference}}	conference papers		supported
{{Cite encyclopedia}}	edited collections		supported
{{Cite episode}}	television or radio programs and episodes		supported
{{Cite interview}}	interviews
{{Cite journal}}	academic and scientific papers published in journals	supported	supported	supported
{{Cite magazine}}	magazines and newsletters		supported
{{Cite mailing list}}	archived public mailing lists
{{Cite map}}	maps
{{Cite news}}	news articles in print, video, audio or web	supported	supported	Partially supported
{{Cite newsgroup}}	online newsgroups
{{Cite podcast}}	audio or video podcast
{{Cite press release}}	press releases		supported
{{Cite report}}	reports by government departments, instrumentalities, operated companies, etc.		supported
{{Cite serial}}	audio or video serials
{{Cite sign}}	signs, plaques and other visual sources		supported
{{Cite speech}}	speeches
{{Cite tech report}}	technical reports
{{Cite thesis}}	theses		supported
{{Cite web}}	web sources not characterized by another template	supported	supported	supported

Error checking scripts:

• User:Trappist the monk/HarvErrors is a script that may be enabled to display errors and warnings for potential issues when using shortened footnotes.
• User:Svick/HarvErrors is very similar, but only shows confirmed errors. It does not warn when a long citation has been added but not linked from a short one (using {{sfn}} or {{harvnb}}).
• User:BrandonXLF/CitationStyleMarker highlights inconsistent (CS1 vs CS2) citation styles used in the same article. Only works with templated citations.

Reliability scripts:

• User:Headbomb/unreliable color codes URLs and DOIs in gray/red/pink/yellow depending on their broad reliability
• User:Novem Linguae/Scripts/CiteHighlighter color codes URLs and DOIs according to Wikipedia:Reliable sources/Perennial sources#Legend
• User:SuperHamster/CiteUnseen adds icons to citations that indicate the type of source

Other:

• Wikipedia:OABOT adds open access links to existing citations
• User:Nardog/RefRenamer replaces generic named reference names (like ":0") with descriptive names drawn from CS1 parameters (like "Doe-1999")

Common issues

|access-date= does not show.

If |url= is not supplied, then |access-date= does not show; by design.

The bare URL shows before the title.

If the |title= field includes a newline or an invalid character then the link will be malformed; see Web links.

The title appears in red.

If URL is supplied, then the title cannot be wikilinked.

The URL is not linked and shows in brackets.

The URL must include the URI scheme in order for MediaWiki to recognize it as a link. For example: www.example.org/ vs. http://www.example.org/.

A field is truncated.

A pipe (|) in the value will truncate it. Use {{!}} instead.

The template markup shows.

Double open brackets [[ are used in a field without closing double brackets ]].

The author shows in brackets with an external link icon.

The use of an URL in |author-link= will break the link; this field is for the name of the Wikipedia article about the author, not a website.

Multiple author or editor names are defined and one or more does not show

The parameters must be used in sequence, i.e. if |last= or |last1= is not defined, then |last2= will not show. By design.

|page=, |pages= or |at= do not show.

These parameters are mutually exclusive, and only one will show; by design.

See also

• Help:Citation Style 2
• Help:CS1 errors
• Help:Citation merging (bundling)