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Paraujano is an Arawakan language spoken by the Paraujano, or Anu͂, people of Venezuela. The Paraujano live by Lake Maracaibo, Zulia State, in Northwest Venezuela[1].
General Information
[edit]The Paraujanos call themselves the Anu͂, which means ‘people’. They received the name Paraujano from the neighboring Guajiros. The combination of palaa, meaning ‘sea’, and anu͂ literally means ‘people of the sea’, or fishermen. The Paraujano live in palafittes and are skilled at fishing at boating. According to a 2011 census, more than 21,000 people identify as Paraujano[2].
Classification
[edit]Paraujano is a Northern Arawakan, or Maipuran, language. It is derived from Gaujiro, yet is a distinct language and not a dialect of Gaujiro. The two languages are closely related. According to lexicostatistical analysis conducted by Oliver (1989) the two languages must have diverged around A.D. 900[3].
Status and Speakers
[edit]Paraujano is critically endangered[4] and nearly extinct.[1] The Maracaibo region began transforming into a largely populated industrial center in the early 1900s, as petroleum was extracted from the Maracaibo Lake. As the Paraujano mingled with others early on, their language was spread and spoken by some newcomers. However, by the 1970s there were only thirteen speakers remaining. Today there is one surviving fluent speaker, a thirty-year-old by the name of Yofri Márquez, who learned the language from his grandmother. There are a few partial speakers, most of whom are elderly. Revitalization efforts include Paraujano instruction in six regional elementary schools and the establishment of various cultural organizations[2].
Lexicon
[edit]Paraujano has incorporated some Spanish words into its vocabulary. Out the eighty-nine available words from the Swadesh list, six are Spanish substitutes.[3]
Phonology
[edit]The Paraujano phoneme contains 14 pulmonic consonants and 11 vowels.
| Consonants | Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop/Affricate | p | t | tʃ | k | ||
| Fricative | ʃ | h | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||
| Tap, Flap | ɾ | |||||
| Lateral | l |
| Vowels | Front | Central | Back |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i i: | ɨ ɨ: | u u: |
| Mid | e e: | o o: | |
| Low | a a: |
[5] The Paraujano phoneme differs from closely related Guajiro, mainly in vowels and due to the incorporation of Spanish lexicon. There are a number of allophones in Paraujano. Among these allophones, there is a tendency toward palatization or nasalization.[3]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (eds.). "Paraujano". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Eighteen. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
{{cite journal}}: no-break space character in|editor1-first=at position 3 (help); no-break space character in|editor2-first=at position 5 (help); no-break space character in|editor3-first=at position 8 (help); no-break space character in|publisher=at position 4 (help) - ^ a b Sabogal, Andrés Mauricio. "The revival of Añunnükü or Paraujano language". Proceedings of the High Desert Linguists Society. 10.
- ^ a b c Oliver, José R. (1989). The Archaeological, Linguistic and Ethnohistorical Evidence for the Expansion of Arawakan into Northwestern Venezuela and Northeastern Colombia. Urbana, Illinois.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Paraujano". The Endangered Languages Project. The Alliance for Linguistic Diversity. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ "Parujano". South American Phonological Inventory Database. Retrieved 4 May 2016.