User:Rhmccullough/Sandbox/mKR

History

Looking at previous generations of Artificial Intelligence languages, there are two features that are clearly missing: easy readability; a solid epistemological foundation for definitions and context.

The readability problem is clearly evident in the Semantic Web environment, and is typified by the contrast between XML^[1] and N3^[2] (aka Notation 3). When writing formal documents, XML is the usual choice. But when people are working together informally, and striving for ease of understanding, N3 is a frequent choice^[3].

The epistemology problem is not as clearly evident, but it has been a thorn in the side of Artificial Intelligence researchers for decades. Terry Winograd, one of the successful early researchers in Natural Language processing, said^[4]:

   Language is a process of communication between people, and is inextricably enmeshed in the knowledge that those people
   have about the world.  That knowledge is not a neat collection of definitions and axioms, complete, concise and consistent.
   Rather it is a collection of concepts designed to manipulate ideas.  It is in fact incomplete, highly redundant, and
   often inconsistent.  There is no self-contained set of "primitives" from which everything else can be defined.
   Definitions are circular, with the meaning of each concept depending on the other concepts.

In other words, Winograd is saying that it is impossible to formulate good definitions. Conceptual Graphs^[5]^[6] appeared to provide a good foundation for defintions. However, visual graphs are just too simple; a written language is needed to express the complexities of the real world. A foundation for context was even more elusive; researchers could not agree on a definition of context^[7].

The mKR language^[8] solved both problems by combining a restricted natural language with a strong epistemology^[9]. This solution might have evolved many years earlier, if not for academia's widespread bias against Ayn Rand. The mKR treatment of actions and methods extends Ayn Rand's brief treatment of actions.

In 2002, the developers of mKR and RDF compared the two languages in a W3C email forum^[10]. This forum produced a better understanding of both languages, but did not lead to any significant changes in either language. The developers later compared the mKR and OWL languages; this time a significant change was made in the OWL language. Property Restrictions were added to emulate the genus-differentia definitions of the mKR language.^{[citation needed]}

At the suggestion of the RDF/OWL developers^[11]^[12], a practical mKR language interface was developed for the Stanford University TAP knowledge base and the OpenCyc knowledge base. A simple mKR language interface was also developed for Amazon.com and Google. mKE (my Knowledge Explorer) was enhanced to read RDF files^[13].

The most recent changes in mKE (my Knowledge Explorer) provide command-line options^[14] to initialiize the knowledge base with concepts from a language chosen by the user. Language options include RDF, OWL, OpenCyc, TAP, Amazon, Google.

References

^ 1998, Tim Bray, The Annotated XML Specification 1.0
^ 1998, Tim Berners-Lee, Notation3 (N3) A readable RDF syntax
^ 2002, N3 example, www-rdf-interest@w3.org
^ 1972, Terry Winograd, Understanding Natrual Language, Academic Press, page 26
^ 1975, Roger C. Schank, Conceptual Information Processing, North Holland Publishing Company and American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc.
^ 1991, John F. Sowa, Editor, Principles of Semantic Networks, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.
^ 1997, AAAI 1997 Fall Symposium, Context in Knowledge Representation and Natural Language, MIT, November 8-10, unpublished proceedings
^ 1997, Richard H. McCullough, Knowledge Explorer, The Icon Newsletter No. 52, page 6.
^ 1990, Ayn Rand, Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology, Expanded Second Edition, Meridian.
^ 2002, mKE vs. RDF discussions, www-rdf-information@w3.org
^ 2002, Danny Ayers, RE: KR & W3C (was KR & Issue/bug tracking terms in RDFS?), 21 Dec 2002.
^ 2002, Seth Russell, RE: CycL vs. KR, 29 Nov 2002.
^ 2003, David Beckett, Resource Description Framework (RDF) Resource Guide, RDF Editors and Tools, McCullough Knowledge Explorer.
^ 2008, KEHOME/help/koptions.html

[1] 1998, Tim Bray, The Annotated XML Specification 1.0

[2] 1998, Tim Berners-Lee, Notation3 (N3) A readable RDF syntax

[3] 2002, N3 example, www-rdf-interest@w3.org

[4] 1972, Terry Winograd, Understanding Natrual Language, Academic Press, page 26

[5] 1975, Roger C. Schank, Conceptual Information Processing, North Holland Publishing Company and American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc.

[6] 1991, John F. Sowa, Editor, Principles of Semantic Networks, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.

[7] 1997, AAAI 1997 Fall Symposium, Context in Knowledge Representation and Natural Language, MIT, November 8-10, unpublished proceedings

[8] 1997, Richard H. McCullough, Knowledge Explorer, The Icon Newsletter No. 52, page 6.

[9] 1990, Ayn Rand, Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology, Expanded Second Edition, Meridian.

[10] 2002, mKE vs. RDF discussions, www-rdf-information@w3.org

[11] 2002, Danny Ayers, RE: KR & W3C (was KR & Issue/bug tracking terms in RDFS?), 21 Dec 2002.

[12] 2002, Seth Russell, RE: CycL vs. KR, 29 Nov 2002.

[13] 2003, David Beckett, Resource Description Framework (RDF) Resource Guide, RDF Editors and Tools, McCullough Knowledge Explorer.

[14] 2008, KEHOME/help/koptions.html

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