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User:Rhian07na/Solid lipid nanoparticle

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Characteristics

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A lipid nanoparticle is typically spherical with an average diameter between 10 and 1000 nanometers. LNPs are comprised of: Phospholipids, cholesterols, ionizable lipids, and polyethylene glycol-derived lipids (PEG-lipids).[1] LNPs can be further classified based on their internal component. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are both commonly used LNPs.[2]

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) possess a solid lipid core matrix that can solubilize lipophilic molecules. The lipid core is stabilized by surfactants (emulsifiers). The emulsifier used depends on administration routes and is more limited for parenteral administrations.[3] The term lipid refers to a broader class of molecules and includes triglycerides (e.g. tristearin), diglycerides (e.g. glycerol bahenate), monoglycerides (e.g. glycerol monostearate), fatty acids (e.g. stearic acid), steroids (e.g. cholesterol), and waxes (e.g. cetyl palmitate). All classes of emulsifiers (with respect to charge and molecular weight) have been used to stabilize the lipid dispersion. It has been found that the combination of emulsifiers might prevent particle agglomeration more efficiently.[3] The core lipids can be fatty acids, acylglycerols, waxes, and mixtures of these surfactants. Biological membrane lipids such as phospholipids, sphingomyelins, bile salts (sodium taurocholate), and sterols (cholesterol) are used as stabilizers. Biological lipids having minimum carrier cytotoxicity and the solid state of the lipid permit better controlled drug release due to increased mass transfer resistance.[4] Shah et al. in their book Lipid Nanoparticles: Production, Characterization and Stability discuss these in detail.[5]

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are LNPs that contain a mixture of solid and liquid lipids in the central core of the lipid carrier. NLCs are derived from SLNs by injecting liquid lipids into the solid core, resulting in a non-uniform internal core.[2][6] This modification allows for higher drug capacity and more controlled drug delivery.[2]

There are four main components of LNPs used in mRNA vaccines for that target SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19): are made of four types of lipids: an ionizable cationic lipids that bind to mRNA, (whose positive charge binds to negatively charged mRNA), a PEGylated lipids that stabilize the LNPs, (for stability), a and phospholipids (for structure) and cholesterol (for structure) that give LNPs their structure.[7] Because of rapid clearance by the immune system of the positively charged lipid, neutral ionizable amino lipids were developed. A novel squaramide lipid (that is, partially aromatic four-membered rings, which can participate in pi–pi interactions) has been a favored part of the delivery system used, for example, by Moderna.[8]

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Solvent-emulsification LNP synthesis method. Created in BioRender.com

Work Cited

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References

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  1. ^ Mehta, Meenu; Bui, Thuy Anh; Yang, Xinpu; Aksoy, Yagiz; Goldys, Ewa M.; Deng, Wei (2023-11-08). "Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Drug/Gene Delivery: An Overview of the Production Techniques and Difficulties Encountered in Their Industrial Development". ACS Materials Au. 3 (6): 600–619. doi:10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00032. ISSN 2694-2461. PMC 10636777. PMID 38089666.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  2. ^ a b c Tenchov, Rumiana; Bird, Robert; Curtze, Allison E.; Zhou, Qiongqiong (2021-11-23). "Lipid Nanoparticles─From Liposomes to mRNA Vaccine Delivery, a Landscape of Research Diversity and Advancement". ACS Nano. 15 (11): 16982–17015. doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c04996. ISSN 1936-0851.
  3. ^ a b Mehnert, Wolfgang; Mäder, Karsten (2001-04-25). "Solid lipid nanoparticles: Production, characterization and applications". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. Lipid Assemblies for Drug Delivery. 47 (2): 165–196. doi:10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00105-3. ISSN 0169-409X.
  4. ^ Manjunath, K.; Reddy, J.S.; Venkateswarlu, V. (2005). "Solid lipid nanoparticles as drug delivery systems". Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 27 (2): 127. doi:10.1358/mf.2005.27.2.876286.
  5. ^ Shah, Rohan, ed. (2015). Lipid nanoparticles: production, characterization and stability. Springer Briefs in Pharmaceutical Science & Drug Development. Cham Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-10710-3.
  6. ^ Khan, Shadab; Sharma, Ajay; Jain, Vikas (2023-07-10). "An Overview of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers and its Application in Drug Delivery through Different Routes". Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 13 (3): 446–460. doi:10.34172/apb.2023.056. ISSN 2228-5881. PMC 10460807. PMID 37646052.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  7. ^ Cross, Ryan (March 6, 2021). "Without these lipid shells, there would be no mRNA vaccines for COVID-19". Chemical & Engineering News. American Chemical Society. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  8. ^ Cornebise, Mark; Narayanan, Elisabeth; Xia, Yan (November 12, 2021). "Discovery of a Novel Amino Lipid That Improves Lipid Nanoparticle Performance through Specific Interactions with mRNA". Advanced Functional Materials. 32 (8). Wiley: 2106727. doi:10.1002/adfm.202106727. S2CID 244085785.