User:Rangi42/Jangli

Jangli is a simple constructed language invented for the 2011 Eton College King's Scholarship Examination.

Parts of speech

There are N parts of speech: nouns, determiners, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions.

Nouns

Nouns are singular by default. They can be made plural by adding the suffix -tin, e.g. waldantin, "writers."

Determiners

Had is like "the."

Verbs

Verbs have suffixes to agree with the person.

	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Singular	-u	-o	-a
Dual	-um	-om	-am
Plural	-un	-on	-an

Tenses are formed by markers after the verb. A verb by itself, without any marker, is in the present indefinite tense, e.g. razu, "I write."

	Simple	Habitual	Progressive	Perfect	Perfect progressive
Past	ga ("I wrote")	ga la ("I used to write")	gan ("I was writing")	ga lo ("I had written")	gan lo ("I had been writing")
Present	ka ("I write")	ka la ("I write")	kan ("I am writing")	ka lo ("I have written")	kan lo ("I have been writing")
Future	fa ("I will write")	fa la ("I will write")	fan ("I will be writing")	fa lo ("I will have written")	fan lo ("I will have been writing")

We need markers for modality (allowed to = may, supposed to = must/should, conditional = would, possible = could, necessary = need/have to, desire = want to, responsibility = allow/cause to, etc).

Adjectives

Adjectives come after the determiner and before the noun, e.g. had dek man, "the tall man."

Morphology

• wal + dan = write + do-er = writer
• wal + om = write + thing = book
• ba + wal = place + write = office
• ba + wal + om = place + write + thing = library

Clause and sentence structure

Jangli is a SOV (subject–object–verb) language. It is also pro-drop; subject pronouns can be omitted when they can be inferred from the verb's conjugation.

Dependent clauses

Dependent clauses come after the determiner and adjectives, but before the noun, and are introduced by ko, which is like "that;" e.g. had dek ko walom wala ga man, "the tall man that wrote a book." Or: Had ko Jane pe it lata ga la at balat maku, "I work at the school that Jane used to teach in."

Vocabulary

Primitive vocabulary: http://www.percepp.com/primvoc.htm

5000 most common words: http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/common-words-5000.htm

Basic English: http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_English_ordered_wordlist

We'll need: numbers, days/months/seasons, family relations, common locations and actions, food, etc.

Shapes and things

Primary visual

dot: ? point: ? line: ? edge: ? curve: ? angle: ? corner: ? square: ? triangle: ? circle: ? hole: ?

bit: ? part: ? piece: ? thing: om surface: ? layer: ? frame: ? shape: ? form: ? size: ? lump: ?

heap: ? pile: ? ball: ? block: ? pole: ? tube: ? brick: ? colour: ? shadow: ? space: ? mirror: ?

Body parts

arm: ? back: ? beard: ? belly: ? body: ? breast: ? cheek: ? chest: ? chin: ? ear: ? elbow: ? eye: ?

face: ? finger: ? foot: ? forehead: ? hair: ? hand: ? head: ? knee: ? leg: ? lip: ? mouth: ?

nail: ? neck: ? nose: ? shin: ? skin: ? thigh: ? thumb: ? toes: ? tongue: ? tooth: ? wrist: ?

Animate

animal: ? ant: ? baby: ? bee: ? bird: ? boy: ? brother: ? cat: ? child: ? claw: ? cow: ?

do-er: dan dog: ? father: ? feather: ? fly: ? frog: ? fur: ? girl: ? hen: ? horn: ? horse: ?

man: man mother: ? people: ? person: ? pig: ? sheep: ? sister: ? snake: ? tail: ? woman: ? worm: ?

Food

apple: ? biscuit: ? bread: ? butter: ? core: ? egg: ?

fruit: ? meat: ? milk: ? nut: ? orange: ? peel: ?

potato: ? salt: ? soup: ? sugar: ? water: ?

Near objects

ash: ? axe: ? bag: ? basket: ? bath: ? bed: ? boat: ? book: ? bottle: ? box: ? brush: ? bucket: ? button: ? car: ? ceiling: ? chair: ? cloth: ? clothes: ? coal: ? coat: ? cup: ? door: ? dress: ?

fire: ? flame: ? floor: ? fork: ? hammer: ? handle: ? hat: ? hook: ? knife: ? knob: ? lamp: ? leaf: ? money: ? needle: ? net: ? pan: ? paper: ? pen: ? pencil: ? pin: ? plate: ? pot: ?

ring: ? room: ? root: ? rope: ? sail: ? saucer: ? scissors: ? ship: ? shirt: ? shoe: ? sock: ? spade: ? spoon: ? stairs: ? stone: ? stool: ? string: ? table: ? towel: ? wall: ? wheel: ? window: ?

Larger scale objects

arch: ? berry: ? branch: ? bridge: ? cloud: ? dark: ? day: ? earth: ? field: ? flower: ? garden: ? grass: ? house: ?

island: ? lake: ? light: ? mist: ? moon: ? night: ? path: ? place: ba plant: ? rain: ? river: ? road: ? sand: ?

seed: ? sky: ? smoke: ? star: ? steam: ? stem: ? street: ? sun: ? tree: ? wave: ? way: ? wood: ?

Auditory

air: ? name: ? sound: ?

thunder: ? voice: ?

winds: ? word: ?

Temporal

after: ? before: ? future: fa

now: ? past: ga soon: ?

sudden: ? then: ? time: ?

Movements, actions, qualities, and relations

Primary

begin: ? change: ? end: ? find: ? flow: ? hear: ?

is: raz join: ? listen: ? look: ? lose: ? move: ?

search: ? see: ? smell: ? start: ? stop: ? taste: ?

Body parts

ask: ? bite: ? blow: ? breathe: ? call: ? chew: ? cough: ? cry: ?

drink: ? eat: kaw kiss: ? laugh: ? lick: ? say: ? shout: ? sing: ?

smile: ? sneeze: ? speak: ? suck: ? swell: ? talk: ? tell: ? yawn: ?

Arm

break: ? bring: ? carry: ? crack: ? crush: ? cut: ? fold: ? get: ? give: ? grasp: ? grip: ?

have: ? hit: ? hold: ? keep: ? let: ? lift: ? mix: ? pierce: ? prick: ? pull: ? push: ?

put: ? rub: ? shake: ? smash: ? split: ? spread: ? stretch: ? take: ? throw: ? touch: ? twist: ?

Whole body

act: ? attack: ? catch: ? climb: ? come: ? dance: ? drive: ? drop: ? fall: ? fight: ?

go: ? jump: ? kick: ? lead: ? lie: ? meet: ? rest: ? roll: ? run: nar sit: ?

skip: ? sleep: ? slip: ? stand: ? step: ? swim: ? teach: lat turn: ? wait: ? walk: ?

Complex

choose: ? cook: ? copy: ? cover: ? draw: ? fear: ? hurt: ? know: ? like: ?

love: ? make: ? may: ? must: ? need: ? pain: ? play: ? read: ? send: ?

sew: ? think: ? try: ? want: ? wash: ? will: ? work: mak write: wal

Visual

bent: ? big: ? black: ? blue: ? bright: ? brown: ? clean: ? dark: ? deep: ? dirty: ? flat: ?

full: ? green: ? grey: ? high: ? hollow: ? long: ? low: ? narrow: ? pointed: ? red: ? round: ?

sharp: ? short: ? small: ? straight: ? tall: dek thick: ? thin: ? white: ? wide: ? yellow: ?

Other

bad: ? bitter: ? cold: ? dry: ? good: ? hard: ? heavy: ? hot: ? hungry: ? light: ? loose: ?

loud: ? old: ? quick: ? quiet: ? rough: ? sick: ? slow: ? smooth: ? soft: ? solid: ?

sour: ? sticky: ? stiff: ? still: ? strong: ? sweet: ? tired: ? weak: ? wet: ? young: ?

Relational

a: ? about: ? across: ? against: ? all: ? among: ? and: sa at: ? back: ? behind: ? between: ? bottom: ? by: ? different: ? down: ? far: ? from: ? front: ? he: ? here: ?

how: ? in: pe it: ? left: ? like: ? many: ? me: ? middle: ? near: ? of: ? off: ? on: ? one: ? opposite: ? out: ? over: ? parallel: ? right: ? same: ? several: ?

she: ? side: ? some: ? that: ? the: had there: ? they: ? this: ? through: ? to: ? top: ? two: ? under: ? up: ? we: ? what: ? who: ? why: ? with: ? you: ?