User:Raekai/sandbox
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Hi hiii, sorry I'm a bit late!
In class you said you were going to rewrite the crossed-off section in your own words? I believe that would then take care of the length requirement Prof. Bunger set. The citations look great and you clearly marked in correct format where each one fits.
You'll probably get to this later, of course, but just to make sure, I want to point out that what you write would need a proper "title" (for lack of a better term) denoting what you will be explaining.
I think the writing is good, so no complaints there and the information is accurate, as far as I can tell. For the sentences marked by [5], I was wondering: when you say further analysis shows that Broca's area "may not be" as involved....etc., how sure is that hypothesis? Is it a determined fact or is it something that a research is theorizing?
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I want to cover the article about language processing for our class. It looks like it needs some updated information, so I imagine that I can find plenty to contribute.
Environmental effects, such as social and economic factors, affect the development language processing. Differences in family socioeconomic status affects language development, leading to those from high-socioeconomic-status families having greater efficiency with language processing. These differences in language processing are evident in children as young as 18 months.[1] Children from lower socioeconomic statuses who receive less cognitive stimulation from their environment are at a greater disadvantage with language processing.[2] Furthermore, the use of child-directed speech affects this development in children. Those who are exposed to a greater quantity of child-directed speech develop greater proficiency with language processing.[3]
Research on bilingual speakers shows that information about both languages is activated in the brain even when a speaker is only using one language. Because bilingual speakers access linguistic information in their brain differently from monolingual speakers, they have an advantage in language processing, and they outperform monolingual speakers in reaction times for language processing and then producing relevant language in certain tasks.[4]
Further analysis shows that Broca's area may have less involvement with information for producing individual words, but, instead, Broca's area is shown to coordinate language processing information for speech production on a greater scale.[5]
"Auditory word-form recognition was originally proposed by Wernicke to occur within left superior temporal gyrus (STG), later further specified to be in posterior STG. To account for clinical observations (specifically paraphasia), Wernicke proposed his sensory speech center was also essential for correcting output from frontal speech-motor regions. Recent work, in contrast, has established a role for anterior STG, part of the auditory ventral stream, in the recognition of species-specific vocalizations in nonhuman primates and word-form recognition in humans. Recent work also suggests monitoring self-produced speech and motor control are associated with posterior STG, part of the auditory dorsal stream. Working without quantitative methods or evidence of sensory cortex’ hierarchical organization, Wernicke co-localized functions that today appear dissociable. "Wernicke's area" thus may be better construed as two cortical modules, an auditory word-form area (AWFA) in the auditory ventral stream and an "inner speech area" in the auditory dorsal stream."[6]
- ^ Fernald, Anne; Marchman, Virginia A.; Weisleder, Adriana (2013). "SES differences in language processing skill and vocabulary are evident at 18 months". Developmental Science. 16 (2): 234–248. doi:10.1111/desc.12019. ISSN 1467-7687. PMC 3582035. PMID 23432833.
{{cite journal}}: no-break space character in|title=at position 78 (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Fernald, Anne (2010). "Getting beyond the "convenience sample" in research on early cognitive development". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 33 (2–3): 91–92. doi:10.1017/s0140525x10000294.
- ^ Weisleder, Adriana; Fernald, Anne (2013). "Talking to Children Matters". Psychological Science. 24 (11): 2143–2152. doi:10.1177/0956797613488145.
- ^ Kroll, Judith F.; Bialystok, Ellen (2013). "Understanding the Consequences of Bilingualism for Language Processing and Cognition". Journal of cognitive psychology (Hove, England). 25 (5). doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.799170. ISSN 2044-5911. PMC 3820916. PMID 24223260.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Flinker, Adeen; Korzeniewska, Anna; Shestyuk, Avgusta Y.; Franaszczuk, Piotr J.; Dronkers, Nina F.; Knight, Robert T.; Crone, Nathan E. (2015). "Redefining the role of Broca's area in speech". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (9): 2871–2875. doi:10.1073/pnas.1414491112. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4352780. PMID 25730850.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ DeWitt, Iain; Rauschecker, Josef P. (2013). "Wernicke's area revisited: Parallel streams and word processing". Brain and Language. 127 (2): 181–191. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2013.09.014.