User:Pteridaceae/sandbox
Echinothrips americanus
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Thysanoptera |
| Suborder: | Terebrantia Haliday, 1836 |
| Family: | Thripidae Stephens, 1829 |
| Subfamily: | Thripinae Karny, 1921 |
| Genus: | Echinothrips Moulton, 1911 |
| Species: | E. americanus
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| Binomial name | |
| Echinothrips americanus Morgan, 1913
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Echinothrips americanus is a species of thrips (the taxonomic order Thysanoptera) in the family Thripidae, the second largest order of Thysanoptera.[1][2] It is found in North America, Europe, and Asia.[3][4][5] E. americanus was first described in 1913 by entomologist A.C. Morgan in Quincy, Florida, where he found the insect on a Veratrum viride plant (common name green false-hellebore).[6][7] Suggested common names include Poinsettia thrips and Impatiens thrips.[7][8] Since their spread throughout Europe as early as 1995, and subsequently China, E. americanus has been called an "upcoming pest." [8]
Etymology
[edit]Insects belonging to the order Thysanoptera were named thrips meaning "woodworm," by Carl Linnaeus. [9]
Physical appearance
[edit]Thrips, including E. americanus, are usually no longer than 1mm. Individual E. americanus are generally brown or black.[6] A.C. Morgan provides a detailed description of several individuals in his publication declaring his discovery of the species.[6] Males are generally smaller, thinner, and lighter in colour than females.[6] Morgan described E. americanus as having a red hypodermal pigmentation. Thrips are known for their asymmetrical mouthparts that distinguish them from other orders.[9] They are also known for their fringed wings.
Distribution
[edit]As its name suggests, E. americanus is native to the United States. E. americanus has been documented in the following countries: China, Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland[10], Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Bermuda, Canada, Guadeloupe, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Australia.[3] An unconfirmed observation of E. americanus was made in Denmark.[3]
E. americanus has been recorded in 10 U.S. states (Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Missouri, New York, Tennessee, and Virginia) as well as the District of Columbia.[3]
E. americanus is known to occur in British Columbia as well as Ontario.[3]
Habitat
[edit]E. americanus' are leaf dwelling thrips.[11]
Lifecycle and reproduction
[edit]Most species of thrips have a haplo-diploid reproductive mode and reproduce via arrhenotoky (a form of parthenogenesis).[12] Kreuger et al. (2015) report a mean lifespan of 10 - 14 days.[13] As a species in the order Thysanoptera, E. americanus are hemimetabolous insects, meaning they undergo incomplete metamorphosis and have three distinct life stages: egg, nymph, and adult (also called imago). As a member of the suborder Terebrantia, E. americanus has two nymph instars as well as two pupal instars.[2] The mating pattern followed by E. americanus is called assortative mating and . E. americanus exhibit assortative mating by body size. [14]
Sex determination
[edit]E. americanus reproduce via arrhenotoky, meaning fertilized eggs develop into females while unfertilized eggs develop into males.[12][14]
Human impact
[edit]Many species of thrips are polyphagous and feed extensively on foliage of both crops and ornamental plants.[11]
Biological control
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Echinothrips americanus Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
- ^ a b "Terebrantia | Oz Thrips". Retrieved 2021-11-07.
- ^ a b c d e "Echinothrips americanus". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
- ^ "Echinothrips americanus". GBIF. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
- ^ "Echinothrips americanus species Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
- ^ a b c d Morgan, A C; Morgan, A. C. (1913). "New genera and species of Thysanoptera, with notes on distribution and food plants". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 46: 1–55.
- ^ a b "EENY-730/IN1246: Poinsettia Thrips, Impatiens Thrips (suggested common names) Echinothrips americanus Morgan (Insecta: Thysanoptera: Thripidae)". edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
- ^ a b Ghasemzadeh, Somayyeh; Leman, Ada; Messelink, Gerben J. (2017-10-01). "Biological control of Echinothrips americanus by phytoseiid predatory mites and the effect of pollen as supplemental food". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 73 (2): 209–221. doi:10.1007/s10493-017-0191-1. ISSN 1572-9702.
- ^ a b Chiasson, Helene (1985). A Synopsis of the Canadian Thysanoptera. McGill University.
- ^ Dunne, R.; O'Connor, J. P. (1997). "Echinothrips americanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) New to Ireland". The Irish Naturalists' Journal. 25 (11/12): 412–413. ISSN 0021-1311.
- ^ a b Ghasemzadeh, Somayyeh; Leman, Ada; Messelink, Gerben J. (2017-10-01). "Biological control of Echinothrips americanus by phytoseiid predatory mites and the effect of pollen as supplemental food". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 73 (2): 209–221. doi:10.1007/s10493-017-0191-1. ISSN 1572-9702.
- ^ a b Krueger, Stephanie; Jilge, Marcus; Mound, Laurence; Moritz, Gerald B. (2017-04-28). "Reproductive Behavior of Echinothrips americanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)". Journal of Insect Science. 17 (2). doi:10.1093/jisesa/iex043. ISSN 1536-2442. PMC 5469385. PMID 28931160.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b Krueger, S.; Mound, L. A.; Moritz, G. B. (2016). "Offspring sex ratio and development are determined by copulation activity in Echinothrips americanus MORGAN 1913 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)". Journal of Applied Entomology. 140 (6): 462–473. doi:10.1111/jen.12280. ISSN 1439-0418.
- ^ a b c Krueger, Stephanie; Jilge, Marcus; Mound, Laurence; Moritz, Gerald B. (2017-07-01). "Size Matters – Correlation of Body Size, Structure of Sternal Glands and Mating Success in Echinothrips Americanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)". Journal of Insect Behavior. 30 (4): 409–419. doi:10.1007/s10905-017-9627-z. ISSN 1572-8889.
- ^ Krueger, Stephanie; Moritz, Gerald; Lindemann, Peter; Radisch, Diana; Tschuch, Gunther (2016-04-01). "Male Pheromones Influence the Mating Behavior of Echinothrips americanus". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 42 (4): 294–299. doi:10.1007/s10886-016-0685-z. ISSN 1573-1561.
- ^ Krueger, Stephanie; Müller, Britta; Moritz, Gerald (2020). "Olfactory and physical manipulation by males on life-history traits in Echinothrips americanus MORGAN 1913 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)". Journal of Applied Entomology. 144 (1–2): 64–73. doi:10.1111/jen.12703. ISSN 1439-0418.
- ^ Zhu, Liang; Wang, Ze-Hua; Gong, Ya-Jun; Cao, Li-Jun; Wei, Shu-Jun (2017-12-01). "Effect of temperature on the development of Echinothrips americanus Morgan (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) with special reference to the number of generations". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 20 (4): 1197–1203. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2017.09.002. ISSN 1226-8615.
- ^ Li, Xiao-Wei; Jiang, Hong-Xue; Zhang, Xiao-Chen; Shelton, Anthony M.; Feng, Ji-Nian (2014-01-29). "Post-Mating Interactions and Their Effects on Fitness of Female and Male Echinothrips americanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a New Insect Pest in China". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e87725. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087725. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3906220. PMID 24489956.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Further reading
[edit]- Jacot-Guillarmod, C. F. (1971). "Catalogue of the Thysanoptera of the world (Pt. 2)". Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (Natural History). 7: 217–515.
- Hoddle, M.S.; Mound, L.A.; Paris, D.L. (2012). "Thrips of California". Retrieved 2019-07-02.
- Jacot-Guillarmod, C. F. (1970). "Catalogue of the Thysanoptera of the world (Pt. 1)". Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (Natural History). 7: 1–8.
- Mound, L. A.; Kibby, G. (1998). Thysanoptera: An Identification Guide. CABI. ISBN 978-0851992112.
- Cavalleri, Adriano; Masumoto, Masami; Minaei, Kambiz; Mound, Laurence; et al. (2018). "ThripsWiki - providing information on the World's thrips". Retrieved 2019-07-02.