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Location of Clyde, Ohio, the epicenter of the cancer cluster
A stone in the center of the Clyde Children's Memorial, located in downtown Clyde along the North Coast Inland Trail

The term "Clyde cancer cluster" (as well as other similar terms) refers to an unusual number of children in Clyde, Ohio, United States, as well as in some nearby areas, who were diagnosed with any of several forms of childhood cancer throughout the 2000s. Health officials identified the statistical anomaly as a cancer cluster in 2009. The first known cancer case associated with the cluster was acquired in 1996, and the unusual amount of cancer acquisitions discontinued by the end of the decade. Investigations by governmental agencies began in 2006, and they continued to investigate the Clyde area in regards to the cancer cases until 2012. Despite years of investigation, no definite cause for the unusual rate of cancer diagnoses in the area has been found, but whatever its cause, the unusual amount of cancer acquisitions discontinued by the early 2010s. There is also no evidence that the identified cancer cases were caused by the same carcinogen.

In 2012, the United States Environmental Protection Agency carried out soil tests in fourteen different sites, including Whirlpool Park, a corporate park that was previously owned by the Whirlpool Corporation. Whirlpool has a large facility in Clyde with thousands of employees, and is thus a large portion of the city's economy. The tests at the former park revealed that there were a great amount of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other hazardous metals under the soil. In 2013, tests done by experts hired by the families of the victims and their attorneys revealed troubling amounts of benzaldehyde, a chemical compound that has been classified as a hazardous substance by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, inside the attics of several homes in close proximity to the Whirlpool plant.

Though Whirlpool officials alleged that the company had no records of them dumping hazardous substances at Whirlpool Park, Whirlpool Corporation faced several class-action lawsuits, perhaps the most notable one being Brown v. Whirlpool Corporation, which presented both of these findings as evidence that the corporation was responsible for the cancer cases. This lawsuit was dismissed in 2014, and the most recent lawsuit, Sandusky County v. Whirlpool Corporation, was withdrawn in 2015. cleanup

While investigations were underway, families of victims often complained that the process was too slow, though officials assured them that the cancer cluster investigations were a high priority. Especially after the death of Alexa Brown, her parents, Warren and Wendy Brown, promised to solve the issue. They traveled to Washington, D.C. several times to urge several federal officials, including Senator Sherrod Brown,[note 1] to contribute to federal funding for cancer research. The Brown family and other involved families were very persistent, and were a large source of motivation for the investigations. Several local events also contributed to fundraising. Because of the persistence of the Clyde residents, Alexa Brown and other victims of the cancer cluster received nationwide and federal attention, extensive news coverage, and a wide variety of sympathizers.

Statistics

[edit]

The first known victim of the unusual amount of cancer cases was diagnosed in 1996.[1][2] After numbers gradually inclined throughout the next few years, residents began to fully realize the wide spread of the cancer cases throughout the area in the mid-2000s, when the cases were followed extensively in the media. Federal agencies began investigation of the cases in 2006, after receiving many phone calls regarding the cases.[3] Health officials claimed that the collective cause of the childhood cancer cases, though unknown at the time, was "transient"; that it was very unlikely that the same catalyst would cause newer cases once it left.[4][5] Though most of the cancer cases in the area during this time occurred with children who lived in Clyde, many children who lived in other parts of eastern Sandusky County were affected with cancer as well.

A cancer cluster, by definition, is a type of disease cluster in which a high and unusual number of cancer cases occurs in a group of people in a particular geographic area over a limited period of time.[6] The cancer cases as a whole in Clyde and surrounding areas fall under this definition. State agencies investigating the cases confirmed there were an unusual amount of cases in 2006,[3] but the various cancer cases in the area were not officially and collectively classified as a "cancer cluster" by the Ohio Department of Health until 2009,[7] though the term had been used to refer to the cases even before then.[8] As of the 2000 United States Census, the population of Clyde was 6,064, and in Clyde there were over 20 children diagnosed with cancer in the town in that decade,[3] and in Sandusky County there were almost 40.[3] There were considered to be seven fatalities connected to the cluster, with death dates ranging from 2007 to 2013.[9]

Cancer studies in Clyde have shown various types of cancer. These include brain tumors,[10][11] leukemia,[10][12] lymphoma,[10] and melanoma.[10] The ages of the victims are somewhat diverse, and range from toddlers to teenagers, but the cases are still referred to as childhood cancer nonetheless.[10] Victims were also locationally diverse within the area, as many victims had been raised in different neighborhoods and attended different schools.[10][13]

Investigations

[edit]

Non-physical investigations

[edit]

In 2006, after receiving several telephone calls that year from families and school nurses, the Ohio Department of Health (ODH), the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Sandusky County Health Department (SCHD) started to investigate the cases in order to find links between them. The ODH confirmed that year that there indeed was an unusual amount of cases.[10] The agencies began to survey the victims' families numerous times, which they continued to do throughout the investigations.[14]

Before 2009, representatives of the Ohio EPA had looked through company history and records in order to find possible causes of the cancer cases in the city. No physical tests were being carried out throughout that time, which caused Clyde residents to become skeptical and to more anxiously yearn for results. The EPA continued to assert that the local cancer investigations were among its highest priorities, as well as that the legal process leading to such physical investigations was long and tedious.[8][15][16][17]

Throughout all of the investigations, government agencies also extended their general research throughout the investigations[18] to include, for instance, the victims' activities and residential locations since birth, statistical aspects of the city, and health history of the victims and their families.[10] Besides searching historical records, they also conducted this research through health questionnaires sent to involved families.[19] With all of this information, the Ohio EPA created spatial analysis maps, which, for both legal and privacy reasons, they would not completely release to the public.[3]

Tests by state agencies

[edit]

The Ohio EPA began to monitor the air and water in the city in January of 2009.[10][15][20] Ultimately, the tests concluded that the water and air both appeared to be safe.[21][22][23][24] Later, in the summer, there were additional tests carried out by the Ohio EPA to determine if certain pesticide compounds were present in the Clyde water.[22][25] They found that there were troubling levels of phosphorus and nitrate in the tributaries, but that the water was free of any known cancer agents.[26]

In September of 2010, investigators for the ODH tested several areas in the town, including homes, schools, and factories, for radiation. They found no signs that there was significant enough radiation to affect community health.[27][28][29][30] In the spring of 2011, the Ohio EPA conducted a survey of several soil samples, none of which came from dumping sites or major companies, and again found no clues.[31][32]

Federal involvement

[edit]

By 2012, after years of requests from Clyde residents and the media, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, which is a federal agency, became physically involved with the investigations.[33][34]

In Febraury of 2012, the EPA identified 14 specific sites in the area to test for hazardous substances.[35] The testing locations mostly included dump sites, some of which were obsolete.[36] These locations were all previously identified in a 2009 assessment by state agencies.[37][38][39] The EPA examined water, soil, and air samples from these sites, and used ground-penetrating radar to detect possible waste burial locations.[40][41][42] On July 11, the EPA reported that 13 out of the 14 sites posed no threat to human health, but that one site was still being investigated due to a dispute between the EPA and the owners of that property.[43][44][45][46][47]

Whirlpool Park discovery

[edit]
A view of the playground equipment at the property which once was Whirlpool Park as of 2017

Whirlpool Park was a park located just north of Green Springs that was owned by the Whirlpool Corporation. The park was proximal to the town of Clyde, in which there exists a large Whirlpool plant. The park was intended for employees of that plant, but park admission policies were lenient enough to allow in almost anyone local. It had several recreational features, including a playground slide, swingsets, a picnic area, and a swimming pool. Whirlpool Park was opened in 1953 and was closed in 2006. Since the property was closed, its status as a recreational park has been ceased, and has not since been reinstated. In 2008, the property was sold to Jonathan and Robert Abdoo, who live in Fremont and still currently own the property.

During the investigation into the Clyde cancer cluster, the EPA set up a tip line where people with any significant information regarding the cancer cluster could give them anonymous tips. The reason that the EPA investigated the Whirlpool Park site is because several callers alleged that they witnessed dumping of toxic waste and sludge at the park during the 1950s, around the time the park was opened.[48][49] Specifically, they alleged that drums were buried there, and that toxic sludge of some sort was dumped near where the basketball court at the park was laid out, and by a pond at the park that, for a number of years, provided water for the swimming pool.[50]

In August of 2012, after investigating 13 other sites in the area that the EPA claimed were safe, the EPA announced that they had found polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are considered to be carcinogens that can affect humans, and other hazardous substances buried in several portions of the property that was once Whirlpool Park.[51][52][53] They found up to nine feet of sludge containing PCBs that was buried beneath the soil of the property.[54] The EPA found that four soil samples taken from the site were contaminated with PCBs that exceeded the regional screening levels for residential areas.[55] As would also support the allegations by the tipsters, drums were also found at some point under the property during this investigation.[56]

Shortly after the initial findings at Whirlpool Park, Whirlpool Corporation officials expressed interest in having some of their own employees carry out secondary tests at the park.[57][58] These plans were delayed by the Abdoos, the current owners of the property, who initially denied Whirlpool permission to access it.[59][60] Later, in 2013, after much persistence from Whirlpool officials, an agreement was reached between Whirlpool and the property owners to access the property. Whirlpool also promised that it would pay to clean the property of any hazardous substances after their testing was completed.[61][62]

[63][64] Buy it back[65]

Verbal agreement, but still paperwork[66][67][68]approval from both agencies[69][70]

Actual testing by Whirlpool[71][72][73][74]

Private investigation

[edit]
The chemical compound benzaldehyde was found inside several homes after testing.

In-home radiation testing[75]

In-home dust testing[76][77][78][79][80][81][82]

Benzaldehyde revealed[83][84][85][86][87][88]

[89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98]

additional sediment sampling[99]

families expressed interest in doing their own testing of Whirlpool Park[100]

Other hypotheses

[edit]

Various theories have been devised about the causes of the cluster, but no one has found a definite cause. This is not abnormal for cancer cases, as the cause of childhood cancer cases in general are usually unknown.[10] The geographic and medical diversity of the cases were also disadvantageous to investigations.[10] There is also a possibility that the cancer cases may not actually be scientifically linked, but this is very unlikely due to the circumstances.[10][101]

The most well known and most widely accepted theory is Whirlpool's dumping of polychlorinated biphenyls in Whirlpool Park,


Releasing of benzaldehyde

Vickery waste plant[102]

the dirt[10]

traffic on roads after toll raised[15]

schools were unchecked[103]

pesticides unchecked[104][105]

magnesium theory[106]

Well issues[107][108]

An early theory was that the link between the cancers was the possibility of a problem with the cleanliness of the Clyde water,[15], but after testing both the well and city water in early 2009, the Ohio EPA concluded that nothing suspicious could be found there.[21][22] Water problems, still not a known cause[109] air?

Support and reactions

[edit]

Many members of the Clyde community were extremely active in both the participation in and encouragement of investigations involving the origin of the cancer cases. Families of the victims on many occasions have expressed frustration with government agencies for carrying out the investigations very slowly.[110] Several local meetings between government officials and residents of the town were held throughout the years of the investigations in public facilities throughout the area such as various high schools and the Clyde Public Library.[16][111][112][17][113] Additionally, numerous petitions have been sent by Clyde locals to government agencies involved in the case.[16] Despite the fear of the cancer catalyst, few families moved away from Clyde; the number of people who distanced themselves from the town was apparently not significantly large.[114]

[115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134]

he considers US senate run[135][136]

Sen. Brown asks for CDC and US EPA investigators[137][138][139][140]

[141]

[142]

[143][144][145][146][147][148][149]

This talks about Warren and Wendy Brown taking a trip to Washington DC to try to encourage politicians to pay the bill of the Childhood Cancer Act. It also talks about the act itself and what it is and what it's for and blablabla. Also talks about other specific fundraisers.

Maps[150][151][3][152][153]

?????[154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162]

2010, waste-to-energy, draft proposal[163][164]

age criticism [165][166][167]

fundraiser for Isaac Advey[168]

top priority emotions EPA director[169] ODH director[170]

Clyde High School volleyball[171][172]

Several local fundraisers and events were held in the city to sympathize for residents with cancer.[12][8] One fundraiser in late 2008 was held in honor of Cole Keller, the grandson of a retired[173] basketball coach, in the form of a basketball exhibition game in Sandusky between Sandusky High School and Perkins High School.[174]

3 Baldies[175]

https://www.stbaldricks.org/fundraisers/mypage/830/2015

[176]

[177]


A Ride for Clyde [178]

[179]

Golf course[180][181][182]

Erin Brockovich?[183][184]

Hitting to Heal[185]

Alexa's Butterflies of Hope

[186]

Alexa 5K[187][188][189][190][191]

Taylor Norman[192][193][194][195]

real estate in Clyde goes down, economics[196]

cancer family trouble selling house[197]

JACKSON????[198][199][200][201][202][203]

Children's memorial planned[204][205][206]

[edit]

Almost immediately after it was announced that the EPA found PCBs at Whirlpool Park in August 2012, families of the cancer victims and others hired attorneys to represent their interests.[207] It was not until later, however, that lawsuits were filed in court against Whirlpool Corporation and other parties.

Lagrou v. Whirlpool Corporation

[edit]

$750 million class-action lawsuit[208][209][210][211][212][213][214]

working to drop[215][216]

drop without prejudice[217][218][219][220]

Brown v. Whirlpool Corporation

[edit]

Abdoo family and lawyers, residents and lawyers[221]

Family hires Utah lawyers[222][223][224]

Boyk[225]

Lawsuit[226][227][228][229][230][231][232][233][234][235][236][237][238][239][240][241]

Moving to drop the lawsuit[242][243][244][245][246][247]

15 of 17 counts dismissed[248][249][250][251]

Attempt to restore?[252]

Bowlus disputed...[253]

Abdoo family joins cause against Whirlpool, reluctantly[254][255]

2015, dropped completely (from the Browns, not Abdoos) without prejudice[256][257][258][259][260][261]

Dropped by Abdoos[262][263]

Cleanup

[edit]

agreed to[264][265][266][267][268][269]

Documentaries

[edit]

There are several documentary films that cover the history of the Clyde cancer cluster in great detail. The mentioned films all include interviews with the victims, their families, and other involved parties.

In early 2010, students of a journalism class at Clyde High School created a short documentary about the cancer cluster. Their documentary was submitted to the Ohio Environmental Justice Short Video Contest, a video contest intended for students that was sponsored by the EPA, and their film won the third place award.[270]

Later that year, Adan Garcia, who is originally from Fremont but was by this time living in New Mexico,[271] released a 46-minute independent documentary called Fighting for Answers. The film describes the situations of three Clyde families with cancer victims. Garcia personally sold copies of the film,[272][273][274] and showed the film at several festivals across the United States.[275] All of the film's proceeds were donated to fund for cancer research.[276]

The Clyde cancer cluster was intended to be one of the topics discussed in one of the three episodes of the 2015 documentary film Cancer: The Emperor of All Maladies. The film is loosely based on the 2010 book The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer by Dr. Siddhartha Mukherjee, and was directed by Barak Goodman and produced by Ken Burns. Filmmakers for this documentary came to Clyde in late 2013, almost two years before the documentary was released.[277][278]

See also

[edit]
[edit]

OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS[279] (THIS IS THE OFFICIAL ODH DOCUMENT SOIL INVESTIGATION)

http://www.sanduskycohd.org/Clyde/July%202011%20Clyde%20HAS%20soil%20pres.pdf

https://www3.epa.gov/region5/cleanup/easternsandusky/index.html THIS SITE IS FULL OF TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS

[280]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Though the senator and Warren have the same surname, Brown, and are both politicians, there is no apparent family connection between them.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jackson, Tom (25 November 2012). "Brown asks U.S. EPA to keep cancer cluster families informed". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-03-16. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  2. ^ Stuart, Hunter (5 March 2013). "Clyde, Ohio, 'Cancer Cluster' Families Pay For Toxicity Tests Of Their Homes". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f Michael, Scott (9 November 2009). "Families in 'Clyde cancer cluster' grow more frustrated". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  4. ^ Michaels, Justin (29 May 2009). "Health Dept: Clyde cancer cluster confirmed but cause unknown". WTOL. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  5. ^ Seewer, John (30 December 2010). "Child cancer cluster confounds tiny Ohio town". Associated Press. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  6. ^ Cancer Cluster FAQ. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  7. ^ "Cancer Clusters, Disease, and the need to Protect People from Toxic Chemicals" (PDF). Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  8. ^ a b c Walsh, Jonathan (6 November 2008). "News 11 Special Report: Cancer Cluster". WTOL. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  9. ^ Topey, Melissa (25 April 2017). "Memorial to remember Clyde children who died of cancer". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2017-08-09. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Ohio EPA to check water, air for possible cancer link". The Columbus Dispatch. 22 December 2008. Retrieved 2016-01-07. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  11. ^ "Cancer Clusters, Disease, and the need to Protect People from Toxic Chemicals" (PDF). Natural Resources Defense Council. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  12. ^ a b Dutton, Nick (12 October 2008). "Hundreds attend fundraiser for Clyde cancer kids". WTOL. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  13. ^ Weber, Sarah (6 August 2010). "Clyde cancer cluster is Ohio EPA's top priority". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-03-18. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  14. ^ Weber, Sarah (14 November 2012). "GOLDEN CHILDREN: Cancer Cluster families, communities still seek answers". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-03-18. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  15. ^ a b c d Henry, Tom (1 February 2009). "Questions outweigh clues to cancer cluster in Clyde". The Blade. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  16. ^ a b c Walsh, Jonathan (8 November 2008). "Woman takes action in Clyde cancer cluster study". WTOL. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  17. ^ a b "WTOL Editorial: Clyde parents deserve answers". WTOL. 18 December 2008. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  18. ^ Michaels, Justin (29 May 2009). "Health Dept: Clyde cancer cluster confirmed but cause unknown". WTOL. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  19. ^ Weber, Sarah (16 November 2010). "Clyde cancer cluster grows by another child". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-03-18. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  20. ^ Walsh, Jonathan (4 February 2009). "Cancer Cluster: Clyde finally seeing some action on cancer triggers". WTOL. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  21. ^ a b "EPA finds nothing suspicious in Clyde water". WTOL. 17 April 2009. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  22. ^ a b c "EPA found nothing suspicious in Clyde". WTOL. 21 April 2009. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  23. ^ "WTOL Editorial: We'll continue fight for answers in Clyde". WTOL. 22 April 2009. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  24. ^ Weber, Sarah (6 August 2010). "Clyde cancer cluster is Ohio EPA's top priority". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-03-18. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  25. ^ Michaels, Justin (10 June 2009). "UPDATED: EPA testing drinking water in Clyde". WTOL. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  26. ^ Weber, Sarah (28 June 2010). "Ohio EPA finds water quality problems in Sandusky Bay tributaries". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-03-18. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  27. ^ Weber, Sarah (22 September 2010). "State study can't uncover carcinogens in Sandusky County". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-03-18. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  28. ^ Weber, Sarah (16 November 2010). "Clyde cancer cluster grows by another child". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-03-18. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  29. ^ Seewer, John (30 December 2010). "Child cancer cluster confounds tiny Ohio town". Associated Press. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  30. ^ Dapra, Steven (2 January 2011). "Radsafe Ohio Cancer Cluster". Illinois Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  31. ^ Henry, Tom (16 May 2011). "Clyde child-cancer cluster likely to remain a mystery". The Blade. Retrieved 2015-12-30. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  32. ^ "Soil sample test results in Clyde cancer cluster investigation". WOIO. 29 August 2011. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  33. ^ "Cancer Cluster: EPA to test over a dozen sites in Sandusky County". WOIO. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  34. ^ Kelly, Erin (13 February 2012). "EPA begins to study Clyde Cancer Cluster". WTOL. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  35. ^ Zinni, Mark (13 February 2012). "EPA Investigates Possible Cancer Cluster in Clyde". WJW. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  36. ^ Kelly, Erin (13 February 2012). "EPA begins to study Clyde Cancer Cluster". WTOL. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  37. ^ Zinni, Mark (13 February 2012). "EPA Investigates Possible Cancer Cluster in Clyde". WJW. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  38. ^ "EPA sampling 14 sites in Clyde, OH Monday". WTOL. 13 February 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  39. ^ Jackson, Tom (14 February 2012). "U.S. EPA testing 14 sites near cancer cluster". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-03-16. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  40. ^ Zinni, Mark (13 February 2012). "EPA Investigates Possible Cancer Cluster in Clyde". WJW. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  41. ^ "EPA sampling 14 sites in Clyde, OH Monday". WTOL. 13 February 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  42. ^ Jackson, Tom (14 February 2012). "U.S. EPA testing 14 sites near cancer cluster". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-03-16. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  43. ^ "Clyde Cancer Cluster: Federal EPA soil results". WOIO. 26 July 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  44. ^ {{cite web | title = EPA Clears 13 Cancer Cluster Test Sites |publisher=[[WJW (TV)|WJW|last=Buckingham|first=Lindsay|date= 26 July 2012| url = http://fox8.com/2012/07/26/epa-clears-13-cancer-cluster-test-sites/ | accessdate = 2015-12-31 }}
  45. ^ "EPA: Dump sites not to blame for Clyde Cancer Cluster". WTOL. 26 July 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  46. ^ Jackson, Tom (31 July 2012). "EPA study of dumps reveals no cancer cluster answers". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-03-16. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  47. ^ "Fundraiser being held for Clyde child diagnosed with cancer". WTOL. 6 September 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  48. ^ Jackson, Tom (3 August 2012). "U.S. EPA finds PCBs at now-closed Whirlpool Park". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-03-16. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  49. ^ Buxton, Madeline (20 August 2012). "Clyde residents deal with cancer in children". The Blade. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  50. ^ Taylor, Lorrie (14 November 2012). "One Step Closer to Solving Cancer Cluster Mystery". WJW. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  51. ^ "Clyde Cancer Cluster clue". WOIO. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  52. ^ "U.S. EPA: Whirlpool Park has high levels of PCBs, metals". Sandusky Register. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 2016-03-16. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  53. ^ "Whirlpool Park near Clyde, Ohio found to be toxic dumping ground". Newton Independent. 14 November 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  54. ^ Taylor, Lorrie (14 November 2012). "One Step Closer to Solving Cancer Cluster Mystery". WJW. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  55. ^ Taylor, Lorrie (14 November 2012). "One Step Closer to Solving Cancer Cluster Mystery". WJW. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  56. ^ Delcamp, Chris (15 May 2013). "Federal lawsuit against Whirlpool for Clyde Cancer Cluster". WNWO-TV. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  57. ^ O'Brien, Dan (14 November 2012). "Clyde Nov. 14 Employee Letter". WTOL, Whirlpool Corporation. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  58. ^ Jackson, Tom (15 November 2012). "Cancer cluster families: 'We're going to get some answers'". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  59. ^ O'Brien, Dan (14 November 2012). "Clyde Nov. 14 Employee Letter". WTOL, Whirlpool Corporation. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  60. ^ Jackson, Tom (15 November 2012). "Cancer cluster families: 'We're going to get some answers'". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  61. ^ O'Brien, Dan (14 November 2012). "Clyde Nov. 14 Employee Letter". WTOL, Whirlpool Corporation. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  62. ^ Jackson, Tom (15 November 2012). "Cancer cluster families: 'We're going to get some answers'". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  63. ^ Jackson, Tom (15 November 2012). "Cancer cluster families: 'We're going to get some answers'". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  64. ^ Jackson, Tom (21 November 2012). "Whirlpool, land owners seeking agreement for testing". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-03-16. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  65. ^ Henry, Tom (1 December 2012). "Clyde's cancer-cluster mystery continues, as does its pain". The Blade. Retrieved 2016-01-07. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  66. ^ Jackson, Tom (5 December 2012). "Whirlpool Park agreement will allow testing to go forward". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-03-16. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  67. ^ Feehan, Jennifer (6 December 2012). "Whirlpool says it plans to do environmental study of site it formerly owned linked to cancer cluster". The Blade. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  68. ^ Stuart, Hunter (5 March 2013). "Clyde, Ohio, 'Cancer Cluster' Families Pay For Toxicity Tests Of Their Homes". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  69. ^ Jackson, Tom (29 March 2013). "Lawsuit blames Whirlpool for cancer cluster". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  70. ^ Jackson, Tom (9 April 2013). "Clyde Cancer Cluster lawsuit pushed, pushed back". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-01-07. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  71. ^ "Clyde Cancer Cluster clue". WOIO. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
  72. ^ Stuart, Hunter (5 March 2013). "Clyde, Ohio, 'Cancer Cluster' Families Pay For Toxicity Tests Of Their Homes". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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  238. ^ Henry, Tom (11 November 2013). "Whirlpool contractor exonerates Clyde site". The Blade. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
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  243. ^ Delcamp, Chris (6 September 2013). "Whirlpool files motion to dismiss lawsuit against them". WNWO-TV. Retrieved 2016-01-01.
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  246. ^ Smith, Kristina (9 November 2013). "One of Two Lawsuits against Whirlpool for Clyde cancer cluster dismissed". Fremont News Messenger. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  247. ^ Jackson, Tom (24 November 2013). "Attorney: Test results show cause for concern". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  248. ^ "Judge rules on charges against Whirlpool in Clyde Cancer Cluster case". WNWO-TV. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
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  251. ^ Jackson, Tom (12 February 2014). "Family optimistic for answers". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  252. ^ Jackson, Tom (11 February 2014). "Some of lawsuit to go forward". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  253. ^ Jackson, Tom (1 November 2013). "Report: PCBs found in Whirlpool Park". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2016-01-01. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  254. ^ Jackson, Tom (13 August 2014). "Whirlpool Park owners join lawsuit". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  255. ^ "Landowners in northern Ohio join cancer-cluster suit against Whirlpool". The Columbus Dispatch. 18 August 2014. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  256. ^ Smith, Kristina (18 February 2015). "Cancer cluster lawsuit against Whirlpool dropped". Fremont News Messenger. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  257. ^ Henry, Tom (18 February 2015). "Whirlpool cancer lawsuit in Clyde area withdrawn". The Blade. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  258. ^ "Ohio families drop cancer cluster suit against Whirlpool". The Washington Times. 21 February 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  259. ^ "Ohio Cancer Cluster Suit Against Whirlpool Dropped". Insurance Journal. 22 February 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  260. ^ Jackson, Tom (25 February 2015). "Cancer families mum on dropped lawsuit". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  261. ^ "EPA should bird-dog cause Clyde cancer cluster". Sandusky Register. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  262. ^ Jackson, Tom (5 August 2015). "Whirlpool clean up former Whirlpool Park". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  263. ^ Seewer, John (10 August 2015). "Ohio Land Owners Settle Whirlpool Pollution Lawsuit". Associated Press. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
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  265. ^ Smith, Kristina (9 November 2013). "One of Two Lawsuits against Whirlpool for Clyde cancer cluster dismissed". Fremont News Messenger. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  266. ^ Jackson, Tom (25 February 2015). "Cancer families mum on dropped lawsuit". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  267. ^ Smith, Kristina (31 July 2015). "Whirlpool agrees to clean up toxic former park". Fremont News Messenger. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  268. ^ Jackson, Tom (5 August 2015). "Whirlpool clean up former Whirlpool Park". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  269. ^ Seewer, John (10 August 2015). "Ohio Land Owners Settle Whirlpool Pollution Lawsuit". Associated Press. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
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  278. ^ Jackson, Tom (23 October 2013). "Filmmaker Ken Burns eyes Clyde Cancer Cluster". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 2015-12-31. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  279. ^ "HEALTH CONSULTATION". Ohio Department of Health. July 28, 2011. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
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