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User:Pseudo-Richard/Beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church

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See also: Roman Catholic theology

The Catholic Church is a trinitarian Christian church whose beliefs are detailed in the Catechism of the Catholic Church.[1][2] Catholic teachings have been refined and clarified by major councils of the Church, convened by Church leaders at important points throughout history.[3] The first such council, the Council of Jerusalem was convened by the apostles around the year 50.[4] The most recent was Vatican II, which closed in 1965.

The Catholic Church believes that it is guided by the Holy Spirit, and that it is protected by divine revelation from falling into doctrinal error. It bases this belief on biblical promises that Jesus made to his apostles.[5] In the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus tells Peter, "... the gates of hell will not prevail against" the church,[6] and in the Gospel of John, Jesus states, "I have much more to tell you, but you cannot bear it now. But when he comes, the Spirit of truth, he will guide you to all truth".[7] According to the church, the Holy Spirit reveals God's truth through Sacred Scripture, Sacred Tradition and the Magisterium. Sacred Tradition consists of those beliefs handed down through the church since the time of the Apostles.[8] Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition are collectively known as the deposit of faith. This is in turn interpreted by the Magisterium, or the teaching authority of the Church. The Magisterium includes those pronouncements of the pope that are considered infallible,[9] as well as the pronouncements of ecumenical councils and those of the college of bishops in union with the pope when they condemn false interpretations of scripture or define truths.[9]

According to the Catechism, Christ instituted seven sacraments and entrusted them to the Church.[10] These are Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance, the Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders and Holy Matrimony. They are vehicles through which God's grace is said to flow into all those who receive them with the proper disposition.[11] The Church encourages individuals to engage in adequate preparation before receiving certain sacraments.[12]

The beliefs of other Christian denominations differ from those of Catholics in varying degrees. Eastern Orthodox belief differs mainly with regard to papal infallibility, the filioque clause and the immaculate conception of Mary, but is otherwise quite similar.[13][14] Protestant churches vary in their beliefs, but they generally differ from Catholics regarding the authority of the pope and church tradition, as well as the role of Mary and the saints, the role of the priesthood, and issues pertaining to grace, good works and salvation.[15] The five solas were one attempt to express these differences.

Nicene Creed

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Main article: Nicene Creed

The Nicene Creed, an expansion of the Apostles' Creed, sets out the main principles of Catholic Christian belief.[16] This creed is recited at Sunday Masses and is the core statement of belief in many other Christian churches as well.[16][17] It states:

We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, one in Being with the Father. Through him all things were made. For us men and for our salvation he came down from heaven: by the power of the Holy Spirit he was born of the Virgin Mary, and became man. For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered, died, and was buried. On the third day he rose again in fulfillment of the Scriptures; he ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again to judge the living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end. We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son. With the Father and the Son he is worshiped and glorified. He has spoken through the Prophets. We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins. We look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come.

— Nicene Creed[18]

God, the Father

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We believe in one God, the Father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is, seen and unseen.

Catholics believe that God is not a part of nature, but that he created nature and all that exists. He is viewed as a loving and caring God who is active both in the world and in people's lives.[19] He desires his creatures to love him and to love one another.[20]

The Fall and Original Sin

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Main article: The Fall
Main article: Original Sin
Saint Michael—one of three archangels—defeating Lucifer

Before the creation of mankind, God made spiritual beings called angels. In an event known as the "fall of the angels", a number of them chose to rebel against God and his reign.[21] The leader of this rebellion has been given many names including "Lucifer" (meaning "light bearer" in Latin), "Satan" and the devil. The sin of pride, considered one of seven deadly sins, is attributed to Satan for desiring to be God's equal.[22] A fallen angel tempted the first humans, Adam and Eve, who then committed the original sin which brought suffering and death into the world. This event, known as the Fall of Man, left humans separated from their original state of intimacy with God, a separation that can persist beyond death.[23][24] The Catechism states that "the account of the fall in Genesis 3 uses figurative language, but affirms ... a deed that took place at the beginning of the history of man" resulting in "a deprivation of original holiness and justice ..." that makes each person "subject to ignorance, suffering, and the dominion of death: and inclined to sin ..."[21]

Jesus Christ

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Main article: Jesus Christ
A 19th century painting by Carl Heinrich Bloch showing Jesus preaching the Sermon on the Mount
We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, Light from Light, true God from true God, begotten, not made, one in Being with the Father. Through him all things were made.

In the messianic texts of the Jewish Tanakh, which make up much of the Christian Old Testament, God promised to send his people a savior.[25] The Church believes that this savior was Jesus whom John the Baptist called "the lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world". In a supernatural event called the Incarnation, Catholics believe that God the Son came down from heaven and was made man, born of a virgin Jewish girl named Mary. They believe that Jesus' mission on earth included giving people his word and example to follow, as recorded in the four Gospels.[26] The Church teaches that following the example of Jesus helps believers to grow more like him, and therefore to true love, freedom, and the fullness of life.[27][28]


Soteriology

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For us men and for our salvation he came down from heaven: by the power of the Holy Spirit he was born of the Virgin Mary, and became man. For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate; he suffered, died, and was buried. On the third day he rose again in fulfillment of the Scriptures; he ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again to judge the living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end.

Holy Spirit

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We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son. With the Father and the Son he is worshiped and glorified. He has spoken through the Prophets.

Jesus told his apostles that after his death and resurrection he would send them the "Advocate," the "Holy Spirit," who "will teach you everything and remind you of all that I told you".[29][30] In the Gospel of Luke, Jesus tells his disciples "If you then, who are evil, know how to give good gifts to your children, how much more will the heavenly Father give the Holy Spirit to those who ask him!"[31] To the Catholic, receiving the Holy Spirit is receiving God, the source of all that is good.[32] Catholics formally ask for and receive the Holy Spirit through the sacrament of Confirmation. Sometimes called the sacrament of Christian maturity, Confirmation is believed to bring an increase and deepening of the grace received at Baptism.[31] Spiritual graces or gifts of the Holy Spirit can include wisdom to see and follow God's plan, right judgment, love for others, courage in witnessing the faith, knowledge, reverence, and rejoicing in the presence of God.[33] The corresponding fruits of the Holy Spirit are love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self control.[33] To be validly confirmed, a person must be in a state of grace, which means that they cannot be conscious of having committed a mortal sin. They must also have prepared spiritually for the sacrament, chosen a sponsor or godparent for spiritual support, and selected a saint to be their special patron and intercessor.[31]


One holy, catholic and apostolic church

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We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church.

Catholics believe that the Church is the continuing presence of Jesus on earth.[34] Jesus told his disciples "Abide in me, and I in you ... I am the vine, you are the branches".[35] Thus, for Catholics, the term "Church" refers not only to a building but also to the people of God who abide in Jesus and form the different parts of his spiritual body.[36][37] Catholic belief holds that the Church exists simultaneously on earth (Church militant), in purgatory (Church suffering), and in heaven (Church triumphant); thus Mary, the mother of Jesus, and the other saints are alive and part of the living Church.[38] This unity of the Church in heaven and on earth is called the "communion of the saints".[39][40] Although the Catholic Church believes and teaches that it is the one, holy, Catholic, and apostolic Church founded by Jesus,[41] it also believes that the Holy Spirit can make use of other churches to bring people to salvation.[42] In its apostolic constitution, the church acknowledges that the Holy Spirit is active in Christian churches and communities separated from itself, and that Catholics are called by the Holy Spirit to work for unity among all Christians.[43]

Baptism and forgiveness of sins

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Main article: Original sin
We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.

Sinning is the opposite of following Jesus, robbing people of their resemblance to God while turning their souls away from God's love.[44] People can sin by failing to obey the Ten Commandments, failing to love God, and failing to love other people. Some sins are more serious than others, ranging from lesser, venial sins, to grave, mortal sins that sever a person's relationship with God.[45][44] Through the passion of Jesus and his crucifixion, it is taught that all people have an opportunity for forgiveness and freedom from sin, and so can be reconciled to God.[25][46]

Baptism

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Main article: Baptism

People can be cleansed from this original sin and all personal sins through Baptism.[47] This sacramental act of cleansing admits one as a full member of the natural and supernatural Church and is only conferred once in a person's lifetime.[47]

Penance

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Main article: Penance

Since Baptism can only be received once, the sacrament of Penance is the principal means by which Catholics may obtain forgiveness for subsequent sin and receive God's grace and assistance not to sin again. This is based on Jesus' words to his disciples in the Gospel of John 20:21–23.[48] A penitent confesses his sins to a priest who may then offer advice or impose a particular penance to be performed. The penitent then prays an act of contrition and the priest administers absolution, formally forgiving the person of his sins.[49] A priest is forbidden under penalty of excommunication to reveal any matter heard under the seal of confession. Penance helps prepare Catholics before they can validly receive the Holy Spirit in the sacraments of Confirmation and the Eucharist.[50][51]


Eschatology

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The Last Judgment—Fresco in the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo
We look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come.

According to the Church, each soul will appear before the judgment seat of Christ immediately after death and receive a particular judgment based on the deeds of their earthly life.[52] Chapter 25:35–46 of the Gospel of Matthew underpins the Catholic belief that a day will also come when Jesus will sit in a universal judgment of all mankind.[53][54] The final judgment will bring an end to human history. It will also mark the beginning of a new heaven and earth in which righteousness dwells and God will reign forever.[55]

There are three states of afterlife in Catholic belief. Heaven is a time of glorious union with God and a life of unspeakable joy that lasts forever.[52] Purgatory is a temporary place for the purification of souls who, although saved, are not free enough from sin to enter directly into heaven. It is a state requiring penance and purgation of sin through God's mercy aided by the prayers of others.[52] Finally, those who freely chose a life of sin and selfishness, were not sorry for their sins and had no intention of changing their ways go to hell, an everlasting separation from God. The church teaches that no one is condemned to hell without freely deciding to reject God and his love.[52] He predestines no one to hell and no one can determine whether anyone else has been condemned.[52] Catholicism teaches that God's mercy is such that a person can repent even at the point of death and be saved, like the good thief who was crucified next to Jesus.[52][56]

Social teaching

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Catholic social teaching is based on the teaching of Jesus and commits Catholics to the welfare of others. Although the Catholic Church operates numerous social ministries throughout the world, individual Catholics are also required to practice spiritual and corporal works of mercy. Corporal works of mercy include feeding the hungry, welcoming strangers, immigrants or refugees, clothing the naked, taking care of the sick and visiting those in prison. Spiritual works require the Catholic to share their knowledge with others, to give advice to those who need it, comfort those who suffer, have patience, forgive those who hurt them, give correction to those who need it, and pray for the living and the dead.[53] The sacrament of Anointing of the Sick, however, is performed by a priest, who will anoint with oil the head and hands of the ill person and pray a special prayer for them while laying on hands.[57]

  1. ^ Marthaler, Introducing the Catechism of the Catholic Church, Traditional Themes and Contemporary Issues (1994), preface
  2. ^ John Paul II, Pope (1997). "Laetamur Magnopere". Vatican. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference McManners371 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference McManners37 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Barry, One Faith, One Lord (2001), pp. 37, 43–4
  6. ^ Matthew 16:18–19
  7. ^ John 16:12–3
  8. ^ Schreck, The Essential Catholic Catechism (1997), pp. 16–9
  9. ^ a b Schreck, The Essential Catholic Catechism (1997), p. 30
  10. ^ Paragraph number 1131 (1994). "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 2008-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Kreeft, Catholic Christianity (2001), p. 298
  12. ^ Mongoven, The Prophetic Spirit of Catechesis: How We Share the Fire in Our Hearts (2000), p. 68
  13. ^ Langan, The Catholic Tradition (1998), p. 118
  14. ^ Parry, The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity (1999), p. 292
  15. ^ McManners, Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity (2002), pp. 254–60
  16. ^ a b Schaff, Creeds of Christendom, With a History and Critical Notes (1910), pp. 24, 56
  17. ^ Richardson, The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology (1983), p. 132
  18. ^ Barry, One Faith, One Lord (2001), p. 119
  19. ^ Barry, One Faith, One Lord (2001), p. 7
  20. ^ Matthew 22:37–40
  21. ^ a b Paragraph numbers 390, 392, 405 (1994). "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 2008-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Schreck, The Essential Catholic Catechism (1997), p. 57
  23. ^ Barry, One Faith, One Lord (2001), pp. 18–9
  24. ^ Romans 5:12
  25. ^ a b Kreeft, Catholic Christianity (2001), pp. 71–2
  26. ^ McGrath, Christianity: An Introduction (2006), pp. 4–6
  27. ^ John 10:1–30
  28. ^ Schreck, The Essential Catholic Catechism (1997), p. 265
  29. ^ John 14:15
  30. ^ Barry, One Faith, One Lord (2001), p. 37
  31. ^ a b c Schreck, The Essential Catholic Catechism (1997), pp. 230–1
  32. ^ Kreeft, Catholic Christianity (2001), p. 88
  33. ^ a b Schreck, The Essential Catholic Catechism (1997), p. 277
  34. ^ Schreck, The Essential Catholic Catechism (1997), p. 131
  35. ^ John 15:4–5
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference Norman12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ Paragraph numbers 777–8 (1994). "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 2008-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ Kreeft, Catholic Christianity (2001), pp. 113–4
  39. ^ Kreeft, Catholic Christianity (2001), p. 114
  40. ^ Paragraph number 956 (1994). "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 2008-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ Paragraph number 750 (1994). "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 2008-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  42. ^ Barry, One Faith, One Lord (2001), p. 46
  43. ^ "Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, Chapter 2 paragraph 15". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1964. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
  44. ^ a b Paragraph numbers 1850, 1857 (1994). "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 2008-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  45. ^ Barry, One Faith, One Lord (2001), p. 77
  46. ^ Paragraph number 608 (1994). "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 2008-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  47. ^ a b Kreeft, Catholic Christianity (2001), p. 308
  48. ^ Kreeft, Catholic Christianity (2001), p. 336
  49. ^ Kreeft, Catholic Christianity (2001), p. 344
  50. ^ Paragraph number 1310 (1994). "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 2008-02-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ Paragraph numbers 1385, 1389 (1994). "Catechism of the Catholic Church". Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Retrieved 2008-02-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ a b c d e f Schreck, The Essential Catholic Catechism (1997), pp. 379–86
  53. ^ a b Barry, One Faith, One Lord (2001), p. 98, quote: "Come, you who are blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world; for I was hungry and you gave me food, I was thirsty and you gave me drink, a stranger and you welcomed me, naked and you clothed me, ill and you cared for me, in prison and you visited me ... amen I say to you, whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine, you did for me."
  54. ^ Matthew 25:35–6
  55. ^ Schreck, The Essential Catholic Catechism (1997), p. 397
  56. ^ Luke 23:39–43
  57. ^ Kreeft, Catholic Christianity (2001), p. 373
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