User:Przemysław Leniak/Horwitz-en

Maksymilian Horwitz
Maksymilian Horwitz
	Maksymilan Horwitz 1937. Official photo made by NKVD in prison
Born	September 6, 1877; Warsaw, Poland
Died	September 20, 1937 (aged 60); Moscow, USSR
Nationality	Polish

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Maksymilian Horwitz (pseudonym: Henryk Walecki; 1877-1937) was a leader and theoretician of the Polish communist movement.

Biography

Parentage and family connections

Born in Warsaw, into a Jewish family originating from the tribe of Levi^{[note 1]}. He was the son ^{[note 2]} of Gustav Horwitz (1844 - 1882) and Julia Horwitz (maiden name Kleinmann) (1845 - 1912). Grandson of Lazar (Eleazar) Horowitz (1804-1868), the rabbi of the Jewish commune in Vienna (since 1828) and his wife Carolina . Maximilian's mother was the daughter of Isaac Kleinman a rich salt merchant (monopolist of the Wieliczka salt trade in the area of the Kingdom of Poland) and his wife Miriam.
His aunt - mother's sister - Masha Amelia Kleinman was the mother of André Citroën.
Hortwitz's sister Janina Mortkowicz and her daughter Hanna Mortkowicz-Olczakowa and granddaughter, Joanna Olczak-Ronikier are writers.

Childhood

The language spoken at Maksymilian's home was German - the mother tongue of his father. The situation has changed however gradually after the death of his father what happened when Maximilian was 5 years old. After the untimely death of her husband - young because she 37 years old - Julia Horwitz (the mother of nine children) abandoned Jewish religious practices and began to use the Polish language at home. The reason for this changes which had having major consequences, was the grief associated with premature death of a spouse. This changes caused a significant Polonization of Horwitz's family.
With the death of her father - grandfather of Maksymilian, which happened soon, ended the period of prosperity of the family.
The primary source of family support has become usury.

workarea

He was a member of the Polish Socialist Party - Left (PPS-Lewica) from 1906 and the Communist Party of Poland (KPP) from 1918 and sat on its Central Committee (1918–20, 1923–24) and politburo (1923–24). Starting from 1921 he was a senior officer of the Communist International, working in Spain, Belgium and Greece. During The Great Purge, He was arrested by the NKVD on 21 June 1937 and executed on 20 September 1937.^[1]

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Genealogy

		? Lazar Horowitz (1803-1868)



	Gustaw Horwitz (ok. 1900-?)



		Karolina Horowitz (...)



Maksymilian Horwitz (1897-1837)



		Izaak Kleinmana (...)



	Julia Horwitz d. Kleinmann (1845-1912)



		Miriam Kleinman (...)

Notes

^ Historical derived from the medieval form of the name was Halevi - the name Horwitz - with his grandfather Maximilian even in the form of Horowitz took from the name of Czech town Horowitz in which they lived Maximilian ancestors who lived in the late eighteenth century and which the Austrian authorities have given it just the name.
^ Maximilian was the seventh child and second son of his parents. Siblings are Flora (1868), Rose (1867), Giselle, Henrietta Jeanette -Janiana (1873), Lazar-Louis (1875), Maximilian (1877), Kamil (1879) and Stanislaw (1881)