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Grammar Notes

Prepared By Sayed Abdul Saboor

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Grammar Notes For Learners

Grammar:

The rule by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences is called grammar.

Parts of speech:

     		All the words in the English language are divided into eight main classes. These classes are called the Parts of Speech.

They are Noun, Adjective, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction and Interjection. Of these, the Noun is the most important, as all the others are more or less dependent upon.

Noun: Noun is the name of Person, Place or Thing. Example: Ali, Peshawar Book Person Place Thing

Singular Noun: Those nouns which denotes one thing is called singular noun. Ex: a pen Plural Noun: Those nouns which denotes more then one thing is called plural noun.Ex: Pens

Adjective: Adjective is a word which gives quality to a Noun or Pronoun. Example: Ali is a good student. Adj Noun

Pronoun: A word that used instead of a noun is called Pronoun. It avoids the repetition of a noun in a sentence. Example: Ali is a boy. He is a good boy Noun Pro Adj

Verb: It’s taken from a Latin word verbum. That means verb.

1) It shows an action Ex: She plays Soccer.

                                                    Verb

2) It shows state of being Ex: He is a boy.

                                                   Verb

3) It shows ownership Ex: I have a pen.

                                                   Verb

1st verb 2nd verb 3rd verb Verb + ing Base form of verb Past participle verb Progressive verb Simple verb Passive verb Present participle verb Adverb: Is a word, which modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb and a complete Sentence

Example: 1) Zainab speaks beautifully. Verb Adverb

2) Naveed is a very honest person.

              Adverb  Adj

3) Unfortunately, he passed away. Adverb Complete sentence

Preposition: Is a word, which shows relationship between Noun and Pronoun.

Ex: On, from, at, in, etc.

Example: Farid is from Afghanistan. She is running on the Road Noun Pre Noun Pro Pre Noun

Conjunction: Is a word, which joins two words, two phrases, two clauses and two Sentences

Example: Ali plays, but Jawad sings Saboor and Naveed etc Clause Conj Clause Conj

Interjection: It shows suddenly happened. Or when a person shocked by some thing.

Yahooo! I have won the match 		Hip Hip Horryyy! I have passed the exam
 Interj					Interj

Tenses Tense: It taken from a Latin word “Tempus” which means time and there are three 3 kind of times. 1) Present 2) Past 3) Future

    Present

 Present continues tense  Simple present tense  Present perfect tense  Present perfect continues tense

Present continues tense: 1) It shows which is happening right now

2) It shows an action which is at the moment of the speaking

3) It shows temporary actions Example: She is watching TV. Are they praying together? Isn’t he running on the Road? We are not going to school

Structure Positive: Subject + Tobeverb + Verb + ing + Complement

           She                 is                     playing           game.

Negative: Subject + Tobe-verb + Not + Verb + ing + Complement They are not talking to me.

Interrogative: Tobeverb + Subject + Verb + ing + Complement +?

	 Is 		he	working        at night?

Negative Interrogative: Tobeverb + Not + Subject + Verb + ing + Complement +? Are not you studying at Peshawar university?

Simple present tense: It shows habitually actions, Daily actions, naturally actions, and facts.

Examples: She works hard. They don’t study hard at home Does he go to collage? Don’t you love you life? Structure

Positive: singular Subject + 1st verb + s, es + complement She loves her life.

Positive: Subject + 1st verb + complement We eat simple food

Negative: Subject + Do/does + Not + 1st verb + complement They do not go to bazaar. (Plural)

        Laila       does              not      go to bazaar        (singular)

Interrogative: Do/does + Subject + 1st verb + complement +?

            Do            they           pray     five times a day?
	     Does           she             write     a latter?

Negative interrogative: Do/does + Not + Subject + 1st verb + Complement +? Do not you drink water?

         Does         not       he               speak           English?

Present perfect tense: 1) It shows an action which started in the past and finished in the past, but the time is unclear. Ex: I have gone to UK.

2) It shows repetition of an action Ex: She has played soccer many times

3) It shows an action which started in the past and continues to the present may or may not go to future. Ex: I have lived in Pakistan since 1992.

4) It shows an action which started in the past and finished in the past, but the result is in the present. Ex: She has broken her lag. They have read the news paper. Structure

Positive: Subject + Have/has + 3rdverb + Complement I have done my homework

Negative: Subject + Have/has/ + Not + 3rdverb + complement She has not written a latter

Interrogative: Have/has + Subject + 3rdverb + complement +? Have you gone to Saudi Arabia?

Negative Interrogative: Have/has + Not + Subject + 3rdverb + complement +? Have not we eat the dinner before?

Since: It shows starting of an action I have lived in Pakistan since 1992

For: It shows duration of an action I have lived in Pakistan for 18 years

Present perfect continues tense: It shows an action that started in the past, still continues, but not completed yet

Positive: Subject + Have/has + been + verb + ing + Complement They have been eating apples for 20 minutes

Negative: Subject + Have + has + Not + been + verb + ing + complement She has not been waiting for the bus since 12: O clock

Interrogative: Have/has + subject + been + verb + ing + complement +? Have you been writing for 2 hours?

Negative Interrogative: Have/has + not + Subject + been + verb + ing + complement? Have not we been reading since morning?

Past

        Past tense
        Past progressive tense
        Past perfect tense
        Past perfect progressive tense

Simple past tense: It shows an action which started in the past and finished in the past, but the time is clear. Structure

Positive: Subject + 2ndverb + complement Farid went to UK last year.

Negative:

Subject + did + Not + 1stverb + complement. / Saboor did not buy a mobile last night Interrogative:

Did + subject + 1stVerb + complement +? Did you study last night?

Negative interrogative: Did + Not + Subject + 1stverb + complement +?

 Did      not      Laila           go      to       hospital   yesterday?

Past continues tense:

1) It shows progressive past an action Ex: She was playing soccer.

2) It shows two progressive past action at the time. Ex: While Ali was swimming, the boys were fighting.

3) It shows progressive past an action which was stop by another action in the past Ex: I was teaching English. She came Structure

Positive: Subject + was/were + verb + ing + complement She was working at office.

Negative: Subject + was/were + Not + Verb + ing + complement They were not painting the house

Interrogative: Was/were + Subject + Verb + ing + complement +? Was Saboor studying hard at school?

Negative interrogative: Was/were + Not + subject + Verb + ing + complement +? Were not you eating dinner at KFC?

When: Simple past tense / Past continues tense.

While: Past continues tense.

Past perfect tense: It shows an action which was completed before another action in the past. Ex: I had eaten lunch, when she came.

Structure Positive: Subject + had + 3rdverb + complement She had done her home work Negative: Subject + had + Not + 3rdverb + complement They had not read the book Interrogative: Had + sub + 3rdverb + complement +? Had you bought a computer, when you were in UK? Negative interrogative: Had + Not + Subject +3rdverb + complement +?

	 Had      not      they        chatted   with each other before?

Past perfect progressive tense: It shows the duration of an action which was progressive before another action in the past. Ex: I had been sleeping since 9:00 pm. When you ringing me.

Positive: Subject + had + been + verb + ing + complement You had been working here since 1998. Negative: Subject + had + Not + been + verb + ing + complement She had not been eating meal for 2 days Interrogative: Had + Subject + been + verb + ing + complement +? Had you been waiting for 10 minutes? Negative interrogative: Had + Not + subject + been + verb + ing + complement +? Had not Nizam been writing a Topic about Darra-e-khayber?

Future

     Simple Future tense
     Future continues tense
     Future Perfect Tense
     Future perfect progressive tense

Simple future tense: 1) It shows an action that will be happen in the future. Ex: I will pass the test. 2) It shows an action that we can’t stop. Ex: All people will die one day.

Structure Positive: Subject + will + 1stverb + complement She will play in stadium Negative: Subject + will + Not + 1stverb + complement She will not call to the telephone office. Interrogative: Will + subject + 1stverb + complement +? Will they win the final match?

Negative interrogative:

Will + Not + Subject + 1stverb + complement +? Will not you write a story next Monday?

Future progressive tense: It shows an action that will be progressive in the future. Ex: She will be going to Lahore tomorrow.

Structure Positive: Subject + will + be + verb + ing + complement I will be teaching English tomorrow in this time. Negative: Subject + will + be + Not + verb + ing + complement We will be not driving together. Interrogative: Will + subject + be + verb + ing + complement +? Will Rabia be singing at the concert? Negative interrogative: Will + Not + Subject + be + verb + ing + complement +? Will not they be running on the road?

Future perfect tense: It shows an action that will be happen before another action in the future. Ex: She will have eaten the dinner

Structure Positive: Subject + will + have + 3rdverb + complement They will have read the news paper Negative: Subject + will + Not + 3rdverb + complement We will not done our work Interrogative: Will + Subject + have + 3rdverb + complement +? Will you have written an application for me? Negative interrogative: Will + Not + Subject + have + 3rdverb + complement +? Will not Naveed have eaten the dinner?