User:Praseodymium-141/Neodymium/properties

Isotopes of neodymium (₆₀Nd)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Nd)
	144.242±0.003; 144.24±0.01 (abridged);
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Characteristics

Physical properties

Neodymium is the fourth member of the lanthanide series. It has a melting point of 1,024 °C (1,875 °F) and a boiling point of 3,074 °C (5,565 °F). Metallic neodymium has a bright, silvery metallic luster.^[1]

Neodymium commonly exists in two allotropic forms, with a transformation from a double hexagonal to a body-centered cubic structure taking place at about 863 °C.^[2] Neodymium, like most of the lanthanides, is paramagnetic at room temperature and becomes an antiferromagnet upon cooling to 20 K (−253.2 °C).^[3]

Neodymium is a rare-earth metal that was present in the classical mischmetal at a concentration of about 18%. To make neodymium magnets it is alloyed with iron, which is a ferromagnet.^[4]

Electron configuration

In the periodic table, it appears between the lanthanides praseodymium to its left and the radioactive element promethium to its right, and above the actinide uranium. Its 60 electrons are arranged in the configuration [Xe]4f⁴6s². Like most other metals in the lanthanide series, neodymium usually only uses three electrons as valence electrons, as afterwards the remaining 4f electrons are strongly bound: this is because the 4f orbitals penetrate the most through the inert xenon core of electrons to the nucleus, followed by 5d and 6s, and this increases with higher ionic charge. Neodymium can still lose a fourth electron because it comes early in the lanthanides, where the nuclear charge is still low enough and the 4f subshell energy high enough to allow the removal of further valence electrons.^[5]

Chemical properties

Neodymium, like other lanthanides, usually has the oxidation state +3, but it can also form in the +2 and +4 oxidation states, and even, in very rare conditions, +0.^[6] Neodymium metal quickly oxidizes at ambient conditions,^[2] forming an oxide layer like iron rust that spalls off and exposes the metal to further oxidation; a centimeter-sized sample of neodymium corrodes completely in about a year. Like its neighbor praseodymium, it readily burns at about 150 °C to form neodymium(III) oxide; the oxide peels off, exposing the bulk metal to the further oxidation:^[2]

4Nd + 3O₂ → 2Nd₂O₃

Neodymium is a quite electropositive element, and it reacts slowly with cold water, or quickly with hot water, to form neodymium(III) hydroxide:

2Nd (s) + 6H₂O (l) → 2Nd(OH)₃ (aq) + 3H₂ (g)

Neodymium metal reacts vigorously with all the stable halogens:^[7]

2Nd (s) + 3F₂ (g) → 2NdF₃ (s) [a violet substance]

2Nd (s) + 3Cl₂ (g) → 2NdCl₃ (s) [a mauve substance]

2Nd (s) + 3Br₂ (g) → 2NdBr₃ (s) [a violet substance]

2Nd (s) + 3I₂ (g) → 2NdI₃ (s) [a green substance]

Neodymium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions that contain the lilac Nd(III) ion. These exist as a [Nd(OH₂)₉]³⁺ complexes:^[8]

2Nd (s) + 3H₂SO₄ (aq) → 2Nd³⁺ (aq) + 3SO2−4 (aq) + 3H₂ (g)

Compounds

Some of the most important neodymium compounds include:

halides: NdF₃; NdCl₂; NdCl₃; NdBr₃; NdI₂; NdI₃
oxides: Nd₂O₃
hydroxide: Nd(OH)₃
carbonate: Nd₂(CO₃)₃
sulfate: Nd₂(SO₄)₃
acetate: Nd(CH₃COO)₃
neodymium magnets (Nd₂Fe₁₄B)

Some neodymium compounds have colors that vary based on the type of lighting.^[9]

Neodymium compounds in fluorescent tube light—from left to right, the sulfate, nitrate, and chloride
Neodymium compounds in compact fluorescent lamp light
Neodymium compounds in normal daylight

Organoneodymium compounds

Organoneodymium compounds are compounds that have a neodymium–carbon bond. These compounds are similar to those of the other lanthanides, characterized by an inability to undergo π backbonding. They are thus mostly restricted to the mostly ionic cyclopentadienides (isostructural with those of lanthanum) and the σ-bonded simple alkyls and aryls, some of which may be polymeric.^[10]

Isotopes

Naturally occurring neodymium (₆₀Nd) is composed of five stable isotopes—¹⁴²Nd, ¹⁴³Nd, ¹⁴⁵Nd, ¹⁴⁶Nd and ¹⁴⁸Nd, with ¹⁴²Nd being the most abundant (27.2% of the natural abundance)—and two radioisotopes with extremely long half-lives, ¹⁴⁴Nd (alpha decay with a half-life (t_1/2) of 2.29×10¹⁵ years) and ¹⁵⁰Nd (double beta decay, t_1/2 ≈ 7×10¹⁸ years). In all, 33 radioisotopes of neodymium have been detected as of 2022^[update], with the most stable radioisotopes being the naturally occurring ones: ¹⁴⁴Nd and ¹⁵⁰Nd. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are shorter than twelve days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are shorter than 70 seconds; the most stable artificial isotope is ¹⁴⁷Nd with a half-life of 10.98 days.

Neodymium also has 13 known metastable isotopes, with the most stable one being ^139mNd (t_1/2 = 5.5 hours), ^135mNd (t_1/2 = 5.5 minutes) and ^133m1Nd (t_1/2 ~70 seconds). The primary decay modes before the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁴²Nd, are electron capture and positron decay, and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. The primary decay products before ¹⁴²Nd are element Pr (praseodymium) isotopes and the primary products after are element Pm (promethium) isotopes.^[14] Four of the five stable isotopes have been predicted to decay to isotopes of cerium or samarium and are only observationally stable.^[15] Additionally, some observationally stable isotopes of samarium are predicted to decay to isotopes of neodymium.^[15]

Neodymium isotopes are used in various scientific applications. ¹⁴²Nd has been used for the production of short-lived Tm and Yb isotopes. ¹⁴⁶Nd has been suggested for the production of ¹⁴⁷Pm, which is a source of radioactive power. Several neodymium isotopes have been used for the production of other promethium isotopes. The decay from ¹⁴⁷Sm (t_1/2 = 1.06 × 10¹¹) to the stable ¹⁴³Nd allows samarium–neodymium dating.^[16] ¹⁵⁰Nd has also been used to study double beta decay.^[17]

^ (2009) neodymium. In: Manutchehr-Danai M. (eds) Dictionary of Gems and Gemology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72816-0_15124
^ ^a ^b ^c Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). "Neodymium. Elements". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 4.23. ISBN 9781498754293.
^ Andrej Szytula; Janusz Leciejewicz (8 March 1994). Handbook of Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Intermetallics. CRC Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8493-4261-5.
^ Stamenov P. (2021) Magnetism of the Elements. In: Coey J.M.D., Parkin S.S. (eds) Handbook of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63210-6_15
^ Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1235–8
^ Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.
^ Neodymium: reactions of elements Archived (Date missing) at webelements.com (Error: unknown archive URL). WebElements. [2017-4-10]
^ "Chemical reactions of Neodymium". Webelements. Retrieved 2012-08-16.
^ Burke M.W. (1996) Lighting II: Sources. In: Image Acquisition. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0069-1_2
^ Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1248–9
^ ^a ^b Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Neodymium". CIAAW. 2005.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^ Karlewski, T., Hildebrand, N., Herrmann, G. et al. Decay of the heaviest isotope of neodymium:154Nd. Z Physik A 322, 177–178 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01412035
^ ^a ^b Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; Incicchitti, A.; Tretyak, V. I. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays". European Physical Journal A. 55 (140): 4–6. doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2.
^ Depaolo, D. J.; Wasserburg, G. J. (1976). "Nd isotopic variations and petrogenetic models" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 3 (5): 249. Bibcode:1976GeoRL...3..249D. doi:10.1029/GL003i005p00249.
^ Barabash, A.S., Hubert, F., Hubert, P. et al. Double beta decay of ¹⁵⁰Nd to the First 0⁺ excited state of ¹⁵⁰Sm. Jetp Lett. 79, 10–12 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1675911

[1] (2009) neodymium. In: Manutchehr-Danai M. (eds) Dictionary of Gems and Gemology. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72816-0_15124

[CRC-2] Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). "Neodymium. Elements". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC Press. p. 4.23. ISBN 9781498754293.

[3] Andrej Szytula; Janusz Leciejewicz (8 March 1994). Handbook of Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Intermetallics. CRC Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8493-4261-5.

[4] Stamenov P. (2021) Magnetism of the Elements. In: Coey J.M.D., Parkin S.S. (eds) Handbook of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63210-6_15

[Greenwood1235-5] Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1235–8

[6] Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1039/CS9932200017. and Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028.

[7] Neodymium: reactions of elements Archived (Date missing) at webelements.com (Error: unknown archive URL). WebElements. [2017-4-10]

[8] "Chemical reactions of Neodymium". Webelements. Retrieved 2012-08-16.

[Lighting-9] Burke M.W. (1996) Lighting II: Sources. In: Image Acquisition. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0069-1_2

[Greenwood1248-10] Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 1248–9

[NUBASE2020-11] Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.

[12] "Standard Atomic Weights: Neodymium". CIAAW. 2005.

[CIAAW2021-13] Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[14] Karlewski, T., Hildebrand, N., Herrmann, G. et al. Decay of the heaviest isotope of neodymium:154Nd. Z Physik A 322, 177–178 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01412035

[rare_decays-15] Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; Incicchitti, A.; Tretyak, V. I. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays". European Physical Journal A. 55 (140): 4–6. doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2.

[DePaolo-16] Depaolo, D. J.; Wasserburg, G. J. (1976). "Nd isotopic variations and petrogenetic models" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 3 (5): 249. Bibcode:1976GeoRL...3..249D. doi:10.1029/GL003i005p00249.

[17] Barabash, A.S., Hubert, F., Hubert, P. et al. Double beta decay of ¹⁵⁰Nd to the First 0⁺ excited state of ¹⁵⁰Sm. Jetp Lett. 79, 10–12 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1675911

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