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Merlin
A front right view of a black-painted aircraft piston engine. The words 'Rolls-Royce' appear in red text on the camshaft cover.
The Rolls-Royce Merlin
Type Liquid-cooled V-12 piston aero engine
National origin United Kingdom
Manufacturer Rolls-Royce Limited
First run 15 October 1933
Major applications Avro Lancaster
Handley Page Halifax
Hawker Hurricane
de Havilland Mosquito
Supermarine Spitfire
Number built 149,659
Variants Packard V-1650
Developed into Rolls-Royce Meteor

Development Gateway (DG), formerly known as the Development Gateway Foundation, is an international non-profit organization that works in the field of information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D). It seeks to improve aid transparency and governance through technical and advisory solutions. The organization partners with national governments, development agencies, non-governmental and private organizations, and foundations.

DG was created in 1999 by then-president of the World Bank James Wolfensohn.[1] In 2001 DG became an independent 501(c)3 organization, and is supported by project-specific funding from a number of bilateral and multilateral development agencies and private foundations.[2]

History

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Major Products & Initiatives

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Aid Management Program

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The Aid Management Program (AMP) combines online software with institutional strengthening activities to help developing country governments that receive official development assistance (ODA) build capacity for aid information management.[3] There are two primary components to the program: 1) aid information management systems including the Aid Management Platform and ODAdata and 2) institutional strengthening activities.

The program was first presented at the 2005 High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Paris and has since been implemented in 22 countries with funding from UNDP, the World Bank, and governments. Countries use AMP to monitor the implementation and execution of development aid projects, coordinate development strategies with donors, and produce ODA and budget reports. The system offers an optional interactive mapping module provided by Esri. Development Gateway hosts an annual conference, known as the AMP Best Practices Workshop, to enable governments in the program to exchange experiences and best practices.

AidData=

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AidData is a collaborative initiative to make information on development finance and activities more transparent and accessible. AidData is a joint project of the College of William and Mary, Brigham Young University, and Development Gateway, and launched its online platform (www.aiddata.org) in March 2010.

AidData maintains a searchable database of development assistance at www.aidddata.org that include data from 95 donor agencies from 1945 to the present. In addition, the AidData website provides a collection of related resources, including unvetted "raw" datasets on development assistance and other datasets on international development work. The partner institutions behind AidData engaged in research projects on data collection and augmentation through crowdsourcing and other methods as well as more traditional research on aid allocation and effectiveness.


AidData has also worked to geocode development assistance data. Jointly with Uppsala University’s Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), AidData developed a geocoding methodology for aid information, worked with the World Bank on the Mapping for Results initiative,[4] and collaborated with Esri on the Development Loop application.

Zunia

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Zunia is an online platform for knowledge exchange and networking among development practitioners. Zunia aggregates publications, posts, and articles from international development organizations, websites, and blogs. Zunia also aggregates job listings in the international development field from other sites. Zunia users can post development-related content, comment on other content, subscribe to custom email alerts, and create or join thematic discussion groups. Zunia replaced dgCommunities, an earlier version of Development Gateway’s knowledge-sharing platform, in 2009.

dgMarket

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dgMarket is an online marketplace for government tenders, providing access to tender notices, contract awards, bidding documents, and other procurement information. dgMarket provides access to government tenders in 60 countries and aid-funded tenders in 150 countries. Branded dgMarket Web sites have been launched in Estonia, Belarus, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Israel, Kenya, Mauritania, Mexico, Romania, Rwanda, Spain (Catalonia), Turkey, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam, as well as for the Agence Française de Développement and the Millennium Challenge Corporation.

Country Gateways

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The Country Gateways program was one of Development Gateway’s first initiatives and sought to replicate the international Development Gateway model at the country level. With seed funding from Development Gateway, 36 countries – including China,[5][6] Morocco, Burkina Faso, Vietnam, and others – have established independent Country Gateway entities. Each of these organizations is loosely modeled after Development Gateway, but each has distinct objectives. Some Country Gateways publish procurement notices for government contracts, databases of development projects, directories of non-governmental organizations, and e-commerce tools. Offline services include consulting and training in ICT.

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Notes

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  1. ^ Friedman, Alan. “World Bank and Italy to fight poverty in technology initiative” New York Times, April 11, 2002. [1]
  2. ^ BBC “Key Players: Civil Society and Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs)” [2]
  3. ^ Center for Global Development “Following the money: Toward better tracking of global health resources.” May 2007
  4. ^ Kanani, Rahim. "Aleem Walji of the World Bank Institute's Innovation Team on the Future of International Development" Huffington Post. May 5, 2011. [3]
  5. ^ Chen Chao “Development Gateway – A place to put knowledge and Ideas Together” May 27, 2002 China Internet Information Center [4]
  6. ^ Xinhua “China Joins the Development Gateway Foundation” May 28, 2002 [5]

Category:Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C. Category:Organizations established in 1999


Engines on display

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Merlin24 ground demonstration

Many aerospace museums possess examples of the Merlin that are on public display:

Specifications (Merlin 61)

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A front right view of a Vee twelve aircraft piston engine centred around a large propeller shaft has components labelled by black lines to each component description. Labelled components include the propeller reduction gearbox, exhaust ports, spark plugs and the coolant pump
Rolls-Royce Merlin with components labelled

Data from Jane's[3]

General characteristics

  • Type: 12-cylinder, supercharged, liquid-cooled, 60° "Vee", piston aircraft engine.
  • Bore: 5.4 in (137 mm)
  • Stroke: 6.0 in (152 mm)
  • Displacement: 1,647 cu in (27 L)
  • Length: 88.7 in (225 cm)
  • Width: 30.8 in (78 cm)
  • Height: 40 in (102 cm)
  • Dry weight: 1,640 lb (744 kg)[nb 1]

Components

Performance

  • Power output: * 1,290 hp (962 kW) at 3,000 rpm at take-off.
  • 1,565 hp (1,167 kW) at 3,000 rpm at 12,250 ft (3,740 m, MS gear)[nb 2]
  • 1,580 hp (1,178 kW) at 3,000 rpm at 23,500 ft (7,200 m, FS gear)
  • Specific power: 0.96 hp/cu in (43.6 kW/L)
  • Compression ratio: 6:1
  • Fuel consumption: Minimum 30 Imp gal/h (136 L/h), maximum 130 Imp gal/h (591 L/h)[nb 3]
  • Power-to-weight ratio: 0.96 hp/lb (1.58 kW/kg) at maximum power.

See also

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Related development

Comparable engines

Related lists

References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ Plus 2.5% tolerance
  2. ^ MS and FS refer to the supercharger blower speeds: Moderate/Fully Supercharged. Moderate Supercharging referred to low- to medium-altitudes operation, Full Supercharging to medium- to high-altitude operation[5]
  3. ^ Ref: A.P. 1565 I, P & L: Pilot's Notes for Spitfire IX, XI and XVI fuel consumption dependent on throttle, mixture and boost settings, plus altitude.

Citations

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  1. ^ Wings Museum
  2. ^ "Rolls Royce Merlin". Aviation Heritage Museum of WA.
  3. ^ Bridgman 1998, pp. 280–282.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Smith 1942, p. 656 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ "Development of the Aircraft Supercharger". Flightglobal Archive.

Bibliography

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  • Air Ministry. A.P 1509B/J.2-W Merlin II and III Aero Engines (June 1940). London: Air Ministry, 1940.
  • Air Ministry. A.P 1565B Spitfire IIA and IIB Aeroplanes: Merlin XII Engine, Pilot's Notes (July 1940). London: Air Data Publications, 1972 (reprint). ISBN 0-85979-043-6.
  • Air Ministry. Pilot's Notes for Spitfire Mark F.VII – Merlin 64 or 71 engine; Mark F.VIII – Merlin 63,66 or 70 engine. Air Publication 1565G & H -P.N. London, UK: Air Ministry, December 1943.
  • Beckles, Gordon. Birth of a Spitfire: The Story of Beaverbook's Ministry and its First £10,000,000. London: Collins Clear-Type Press, 1941.
  • Berger, Monty and Street, Brian Jeffrey. Invasion Without Tears. Toronto, Canada: Random House, 1994 (1st ed) ISBN 0-394-22277-6.
  • Bridgman, L. Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Crescent, 1998. ISBN 0-517-67964-7
  • Fozard, John W.Sydney Camm and the Hurricane; Perspectives on the master fighter designer and his finest achievement. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife, 1991. ISBN 1-85310-270-9.
  • Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark Publishers Inc., 1994. ISBN 0-8317-3939-8.
  • Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines (2nd edition). Sparkford, Somerset, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. ISBN 1-85260-163-9.
  • Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines (3rd edition). Sparkford, Somerset, UK: Patrick Stephens Limited, 1995. ISBN 1-85260-509-X.
  • Harvey-Bailey, A. The Merlin in Perspective – the combat years. Derby, England: Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 1983. ISBN 1-872922-06-6
  • Hooker, Stanley Not Much of an Engineer London: Airlife, 1984. ISBN 1-85310-285-7.
  • King, H. F. "The Two R's: A Commemorative History of Rolls-Royce Aero Engines. (article and images)." Flight No. 2363, Volume 65, 7 May 1954.
  • Lloyd, Ian and Pugh, Peter. Hives & the Merlin. Cambridge, England: Icon Books, 2004. ISBN 1-84046-644-8
  • Lovesey, A C. "Development of the Rolls-Royce Merlin from 1939 to 1945." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, Volume 18, Issue 7. London, MCB UP Ltd., July 1946. ISSN 0002-2667.
  • Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-85310-294-6.
  • Martin, Karl. Irish Army Vehicles, Transport and Armour since 1922. 2002. ISBN 0-9543413-0-9.
  • Mason, Francis K. Hawker Aircraft Since 1920 (3rd revised edition). London, UK: Putnam, 1991. ISBN 0-85177-839-9.
  • Matusiak, Wojtek. Supermarine Spitfire Mk V: Mushroom Model Magazine Special, No. 6111. Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2004. ISBN 83-917178-3-6
  • McKinstry, Leo. Spitfire – Portrait of a Legend. London: John Murray, 2007. ISBN 0-7195-6874-9.
  • Morgan, Eric B. and Edward Shacklady. Spitfire: The History. London: Key Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-946219-48-6.
  • Nicholls, Robert. Trafford Park: the First Hundred Years. Phillimore & Co. Ltd., 1996. ISBN 1-86077-013-4.
  • Nijboer, Donald. No 126 Wing RCAF: Aviation Elite Units 35. Botley, UK: Osprey Publishing Limited, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84603-483-1
  • Payton-Smith, D J. Oil: A Study of War-time Policy and Administration. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1971.
  • Price, Alfred. The Spitfire Story. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1982. ISBN 0-86720-624-1.
  • Pugh, Peter. The Magic of a Name – The Rolls-Royce Story – The First 40 Years. Cambridge, England. Icon Books Ltd, 2000. ISBN 1-84046-151-9.
  • Robertson, Bruce. Spitfire: The Story of a Famous Fighter. Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, UK: Model & Allied Publications Ltd., 1960. Third revised edition 1973. ISBN 0-900435-11-9.
  • Rubbra, A.A. Rolls-Royce piston aero engines: A designer remembers. Derby, England: Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 1990. ISBN 1-872922-00-7.
  • Simons, Graham M. Mosquito: The Original Multi-Role Combat Aircraft. Barnsley, Yorkshire UK: Pen & Sword Books Ltd, 2011. ISBN 978-18488-442-61
  • Smallwood, Hugh. Spitfire in Blue. London: Osprey Aerospace, 1996. ISBN 1-85532-615-9.
  • Smith, G. Geoffrey. "A British Masterpiece. (article and images)." Flight No. 1731, Volume XLI, 26 February 1942.
  • Smith, G. Geoffrey. "Rolls-Royce Merlin 'Sixty-One' (article and images)." Flight No. 1773, Volume XLII, 17 December 1942.
  • Tanner, John. The Spitfire V Manual (AP1565E reprint). London: Arms and Armour Press, 1981. ISBN 0-85368-420-0.
  • Wilkinson, Paul H. Aircraft Engines of the World 1946 (3rd ed.). London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons Ltd., 1946.
  • "Some Trends in engine design (article and images)." Flight No. 1563, Volume XXXIV, 8 December 1938.
  • "Rolls-Royce Merlin 130 Series (article and images)." Flight No. 1935, Volume XLIX, 24 January 1946.
  • "Two New Power Units (article and images)." Flight and The Aircraft Engineer No. 1961, Volume L, 25 July 1946.

Further reading

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  • Gunston, Bill. Development of Piston Aero Engines. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens, 2006. ISBN 0-7509-4478-1
  • Henshaw, Alex. Sigh for a Merlin: Testing the Spitfire. London: Crecy, 1999 (2nd revised edition). ISBN 0-947554-83-1.
  • Jackson, Robert. The Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft Bath, UK: Parragon Books, 2006. ISBN 1-4054-2465-6.
  • Price, Alfred. Spitfire Mark I/II Aces 1939–41. London: Osprey Aerospace, 1996. ISBN 1-85532-627-2.
  • Quill, Jeffrey. "Spitfire: a Test Pilot's Story". London, John Murray, 1983; Crecy Publishing 1996 (2nd edn), reprinted 1998, 2001, 2005,2008, ISBN 9-780947-554729
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