User:Pingnova/sandbox/Concentration camps at Fort Snelling
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 Photograph of tipis within a stockade at the Fort Snelling concentration camp in 1862. | |
| Operation | |
|---|---|
| Period | 14 November 1862 – May 1863[1] |
| Location | Fort Snelling territory in Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Prisoners | |
| Total | Nearly 1,700 Native Americans (including Dakota and Ho-Chunk)[2] |
| Deaths | Uncertain, estimated to be between 102 and 203 deaths, not including death marches from other prison camps[2] |
The concentration camps at Fort Snelling were a series of temporary encampments to imprison Dakota, Ho-Chunk, and Métis prior to their exile from the Minnesota Territory following the Dakota War of 1862. The largest and longest-standing camp was on Pike Island. At their peak, the camps were thought to hold around 1,700 prisoners. Some scholars note these as the world's first concentration camps.[3]
Background
[edit]Forced marches
[edit]Notable prisoners
[edit]- Cloud Man (Maḣpiya Wic̣aṡṭa) – died in the camp c. 1863, leader of Ḣeyate Otuŋwe and grandfather of Charles Eastman, American physician, writer, and social reformer
- David Weston (Tunkanwanyakapi) – Cloud Man's son who took on the chieftainship after his death[4]
- Winona (Abigail) Crawford (Mazahedwin) - granddaughter of Mdewakanton Chief Tatankamani and mother of Chief Gabriel Renville[5]
- Gabriel Renville (Tiwakan) – later Chief of the Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate[6]
- Wabasha III
- Passing Hail
- Red Legs
- Simon
- Black Dog
- Wakute
- Taopi
- Good Road
- Eagle Head
- Good Star Woman (Wicahpewastewin)[7]
Camps
[edit]Life in the camps
[edit]Additional camps
[edit]Mankato, etc
After the war
[edit]Memorials
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Monjeau-Marz 2006, p. 37
- ^ a b Forced marches & imprisonment, The US–Dakota War of 1862, Minnesota Historical Society
- ^ Finkelman, Paul (2013). "I Could not Afford to Hang Men for Votes - Lincoln the Lawyer, Humanitarian Concerns, and the Dakota Pardons". William Mitchell Law Review. 39 (2): 405–449. Retrieved April 2, 2024 – via HeinOnline.
- ^ Woolworth, Alan R. (July 2011). "Weston, David aka Seeing Stone (Tunkanwanyakapi)". Minnesota's Heritage: Back to the Sources. No. 4, "The Fool Soldiers". Minnesota's Heritage. p. 130. ISSN 2152-1549.
- ^ Woolworth, Alan R. (2010). "Mazahdewin, Winona (Abigail) Crawford, aka Iron Ring". Minnesota's Heritage: Back to the Sources. No. 1, "Rediscovering the Ancient Minnesota River Crossing Near St. Peter". Minnesota's Heritage. p. 128.
- ^ Anderson, Gary Clayton (2018). Gabriel Renville: From the Dakota War to the Creation of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Reservation, 1825-1892. Pierre: South Dakota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-1-941813-06-5.
- ^ Monjeau-Marz 2006, p. 73
Citations
[edit]- Hyman, Colette A. (2012). Dakota women's work : creativity, culture, and exile. Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 978-0-87351-850-5.
- Westerman (2012). Mni Sota Makoce: The Land of the Dakota. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society Press. ISBN 9780873518697.
- Monjeau-Marz, Corinne L. (2006). The Dakota Indian Internment at Fort Snelling, 1862 – 1864. Saint Paul: Prairie Smoke Press. ISBN 0-9772718-2-X.
Further reading
[edit]- Wilson, Waziyatawin Angela, ed. (2006). In the Footsteps of Our Ancestors: The Dakota Commemorative Marches of the 21st Century. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Living Justice Press. ISBN 0-9721886-2-2.
Page building notes to delete later
[edit]- List of concentration and internment camps | Dakota
- Internment
- Prisoner-of-war camp (Note: most scholarship notes that the Snelling camp was not a prisoner of war camp)
- Ukrainian Canadian internment
- Internment of Japanese Americans
Sources to locate
[edit]- Haymond, John A. The Infamous Dakota War Trials of 1862: Revenge, Military Law and the Judgement of History. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1476665108.
- Lybeck, R. (2018). A Public Pedagogy of White Victimhood: (Im)Moral Facts, Settler Identity, and Genocide Denial in Dakota Homeland. Qualitative Inquiry, 24(8), 543-557. [1]
Bakeman
[edit]One of the most prolific white publishers on the subject. Notable bias in interpretation and narration.
- Bakeman, Mary Hawker (January 1, 2008). Trails of Tears: Minnesota's Dakota Indian Exile Begins. Prairie Echoes, Park Genealogical Book. ISBN 1932212248.
- Bakeman, Mary Hawker, ed. (January 2013). "Families beyond the conflict". Minnesota's Heritage: Back to the Sources. 7. Roseville, Minnesota: Minnesota's Heritage. OCLC 828628927.