User:Phlsph7/Philosophy - influence section
Relation to other fields
[edit]Philosophy is closely related to many other fields. It is sometimes understood as a metadiscipline that clarifies their nature and limits. It does this by critically examining their basic concepts, background assumptions, and methods. In this regard, it plays a key role in providing an interdisciplinary perspective. It bridges the gap between different disciplines by analyzing which concepts and problems they have in common. It shows how they overlap while also delimiting their scope.[1] Historically, philosophy is often considered the "mother of all sciences" since most of the individual sciences formed part of philosophy until they reached their status as autonomous disciplines.[2][3]
The influence of philosophy is felt in various fields that require difficult practical decisions. In bioethics, philosophical considerations affect issues like whether an embryo is already a person and under what conditions abortion is morally permissible. A closely related philosophical problem is how humans should treat other animals, for example, whether it is acceptable to use non-human animals as food or for research experiments. In relation to business and professional life, philosophy has contributed by providing ethical frameworks. They contain guidelines on which business practices are morally acceptable and cover the issue of the corporate social responsibility of CEOs and stockholders. In the field of politics, philosophy addresses issues like what the ideal form of government is and how to assess whether a government policy is just.[4][5][6]
Philosophical inquiry is relevant to many fields that are concerned with what to believe and how to arrive at evidence for one's beliefs.[7] This is a key issue for the sciences, which have as one of their prime objectives the creation of scientific knowledge. Scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence but it is often not clear whether empirical observations are neutral or already include theoretical assumptions. A closely related problem is whether the available evidence is sufficient to decide between competing theories.[8][9]
In the fields of theology and religion, there are many doctrines associated with the existence and nature of God as well as rules governing correct behavior. A key issue is whether a rational person should believe these doctrines, for example, whether revelation in the form of holy books and religious experiences of the divine are sufficient evidence for these beliefs.[10][11][12]
A similar problem in relation to the law is what counts as evidence and how much evidence is required to find a person guilty of a crime. A related problem affects journalists who have to decide whether a source of information is reliable. Another philosophical issue in this field is how to ensure objectivity when reporting on events and how to avoid implicit or explicit biases.[1]
Philosophy in the form of logic has been influential in the field of mathematics and computer science.[13][14][15] Further fields influenced by philosophy include psychology, sociology, linguistics, education, and art.[16]
On a cultural level, philosophy helps shape the self-understanding of a society by making its norms and values explicit. It does this, for example, by examining and comparing worldviews. Such comparisons can show how one culture differs from another and how different attitudes toward the same issue are possible. Besides articulating dominant norms and values, philosophy can also act as a critical voice that points out their shortcomings. On a more personal level, it encourages critical thinking and open-mindedness by prompting individuals to question the assumptions and values they hold.[17]
However, the idea that philosophy is useful for many aspects of life and society is sometimes rejected. According to one such view, philosophy is a useless activity that is only done for its own sake. This would mean that it does not help existing practices and makes no significant contributions to external goals.[18][19][20] Other criticisms see philosophy as an outdated enterprise that should be replaced by empirical sciences or hold that philosophical claims are meaningless.[21][22][23]
Sources
[edit]- Audi, Robert (2006). Borchert, Donald M. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 7: Oakeshott - Presupposition (2. ed.). Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference. pp. 332–337. ISBN 0-02-865787-X.
- Badiou, Alain (23 July 2019). Wittgenstein's Antiphilosophy. Verso Books. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-84467-224-0.
- Bird, Alexander (August 2010). "The epistemology of science—a bird's-eye view". Synthese. 175 (S1): 5–16. doi:10.1007/s11229-010-9740-4.
- Clark, Kelly James (2022). "Religious Epistemology". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
- Crary, Alice (2013). "13. Eating and Experimenting on Animals". In Petrus, Klaus; Wild, Markus (eds.). Animal Minds & Animal Ethics. transcript Verlag. ISBN 9783839424629.
- Dittmer, Joel. "Ethics, Applied". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
- Dougherty, Trent (12 June 2014). "Faith, Trust, and Testimony". Religious Faith and Intellectual Virtue: 97–123. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672158.003.0005. ISBN 978-0-19-967215-8.
- Forrest, Peter (2021). "The Epistemology of Religion". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022.
- Frankena, William K.; Raybeck, Nathan; Burbules, Nicholas (2002). "Philosophy of Education". In Guthrie, James W. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Education (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan Reference. ISBN 978-0-02-865594-9.
- Jones, Campbell; Bos, René ten (10 April 2007). Philosophy and Organization. Routledge. pp. 56–58. ISBN 978-1-134-19659-3.
- Kakas, Antonis C.; Sadri, Fariba (2 August 2003). Computational Logic: Logic Programming and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Robert A. Kowalski, Part II. Springer. p. 588. ISBN 978-3-540-45632-2.
- Li, Wei (7 November 2014). Mathematical Logic: Foundations for Information Science. Springer. pp. ix–x. ISBN 978-3-0348-0862-0.
- Lippert-Rasmussen, Kasper; Brownlee, Kimberley; Coady, David, eds. (2017). A companion to applied philosophy. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118869116.
- Lockie, Robert (2015). "Is philosophy useless?". The Philosophers' Magazine (71): 24–28. doi:10.5840/tpm20157197.
- Okasha, Samir (20 July 2016). Philosophy of Science: Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-106279-7.
- Overgaard, Søren; Gilbert, Paul; Burwood, Stephen (7 March 2013). An Introduction to Metaphilosophy. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-107-31048-3.
- Peters, Michael A. (6 June 2020). "Alain Badiou's Wittgenstein's Antiphilosophy". Educational Philosophy and Theory. 52 (7): 699–703. doi:10.1080/00131857.2019.1644500.
- Rescher, Nicholas (25 October 2021). Philosophy Examined: Metaphilosophy in Pragmatic Perspective. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 187–189. ISBN 978-3-11-074745-4.
- Rickles, Dean (20 April 2020). What is Philosophy of Science?. John Wiley & Sons. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-5095-3418-0.
- Rosenberg, Alex (13 May 2013). Philosophy of Science: A Contemporary Introduction. Routledge. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-134-74350-6.
- Rozenberg, Grzegorz; Salomaa, Arto (1993). Current Trends in Theoretical Computer Science: Essays and Tutorials. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-1462-3.
- Shivendra, Chandra Soti (2006). Philosophy of Education. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 15–16. ISBN 978-81-7156-637-2.
- Tirosh-Samuelson, Hava; Hughes, Aaron W. (21 August 2014). Jewish Philosophy for the Twenty-First Century: Personal Reflections. BRILL. p. 301. ISBN 978-90-04-27962-9.
- Tuomela, R. (30 September 1985). Science, Action, and Reality. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-277-2098-6.
- Zack, Naomi (1 September 2009). The Handy Philosophy Answer Book. Visible Ink Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-57859-277-7.
- ^ a b Audi 2006, pp. 332–337.
- ^ Tuomela 1985, p. 1.
- ^ Shivendra 2006, p. 15–16.
- ^ Dittmer.
- ^ Lippert-Rasmussen, Brownlee & Coady 2017, pp. 4–5, 34–35.
- ^ Crary 2013, pp. 321–322].
- ^ Lippert-Rasmussen, Brownlee & Coady 2017, pp. 51–53.
- ^ Bird 2010, p. 5–16.
- ^ Rosenberg 2013, p. 129, 155.
- ^ Clark 2022.
- ^ Forrest 2021.
- ^ Dougherty 2014, p. 97–123.
- ^ Kakas & Sadri 2003, p. 588.
- ^ Rozenberg & Salomaa 1993.
- ^ Li 2014, p. ix–x.
- ^
- Audi 2006, pp. 332–337
- Zack 2009, p. 244
- Dittmer
- Frankena, Raybeck & Burbules 2002
- ^
- Audi 2006, pp. 332–337
- Overgaard, Gilbert & Burwood 2013, pp. 40–43
- Tirosh-Samuelson & Hughes 2014, p. 301
- Okasha 2016, p. 35
- ^ Jones & Bos 2007, p. 56.
- ^ Rickles 2020, p. 9.
- ^ Lockie 2015, p. 24–28.
- ^ Rescher 2021, p. 187–189.
- ^ Badiou 2019, p. 115.
- ^ Peters 2020, p. 699–703.