User:Phlsph7/Mind - In various fields

In various fields

The mind is relevant to many fields. In epistemology, the problem of other minds is the challenge of explaining how it is possible to know that people other than oneself have a mind. The difficulty arises from the fact that people directly experience their own minds but do not have the same access to the minds of others. According to a common view, it is necessary to rely on perception to observe the behavior of others and then infer that they have a mind based on analogical or abductive reasoning. Closely related to this problem is theory of mind in psychology, which is the ability to understand that other people possess beliefs, desires, intentions, and feelings that may differ from one's own.

Anthropology is interested in how different cultures conceptualize the nature of mind and its relation to the world. These conceptualizations affect the way people understand themselves, experience illness, and interpret ritualistic practices as attempts to commune with spirits. Some cultures do not draw a strict boundary between mind and world by allowing that thoughts can pass directly into the world and manifest as beneficial or harmful forces. Others strictly separate the mind as an internal phenomenon without supernatural powers from external reality. Sociology is a related field concerned with the connections between mind, society, and behavior.

The concept of mind plays a central role in various religions. Buddhists say that there is no enduring self underlying mental activity and analyze the mind as a stream of constantly changing experiences characterized by five aspects or "aggregates": material form, feelings, perception, volition, and consciousness. Hindus, by contrast, affirm the existence of a permanent self. In an influential analogy about the different aspects of mind, the human mind is compared to a horse-drawn chariot: the horses are the senses, which lure the sense mind corresponding to the reins through sensual pleasures but are controlled by the charioteer embodying the intellect while the self is a passenger. In traditional Christian philosophy, mind and soul are closely intertwined as the immaterial aspect of humans that may survive bodily death. Islamic thought distinguishes between the mind, spirit, heart, and self as interconnected aspects of the spiritual dimension of humans. Daoism and Confucianism use the concept of heart-mind as the center of cognitive and emotional life, encompassing thought, understanding, will, desire, and mood.

In the field of education, the minds of students are shaped through the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits as a process of socialization and enculturation. This is achieved through different teaching methods including the contrast between group work and individual learning and the use of instructional media. Teacher-centered education positions the teacher as the central authority controlling the learning process whereas in student-centered education, students have a more active role in shaping classroom activities. The choice of the most effective method to develop the minds of the learners is determined by various factors, including the topic and the learner's age and skill level.

Phrenology was a pseudoscientific attempt to correlate mental functions to brain areas.

The mind is a frequent subject of pseudoscientific inquiry. Phrenology was an early attempt to correlate mental functions with specific brain areas. While its central claims about predicting mental traits by measuring bumps on the skull did not survive scientific scrutiny, the underlying idea that certain mental functions are localized in particular regions of the brain is now widely accepted. Parapsychologists seek to discover and study paranormal mental abilities ranging from clairvoyance to telepathy and telekinesis.

Sources

• HarperCollins (2022). "Parapsychology". The American Heritage Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
• Stairs, Allen (1998). "Parapsychology". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-W029-1. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
• Dixon, Thomas; Shapiro, Adam (2022). "5. Mind, Brain, and Morality". Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-256677-5.
• Sysling, Fenneke (2022). "Human Sciences and Technologies of the Self Since the Nineteenth Century". In McCallum, David (ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Human Sciences. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-981-16-7255-2.
• Emaliana, Ive (2017). "Teacher-Centered or Student-Centered Learning Approach To Promote Learning?". Jurnal Sosial Humaniora. 10 (2): 59. doi:10.12962/j24433527.v10i2.2161. S2CID 148796695.
• Bukoye, Roseline Olufunke (2019). "Utilization of Instruction Materials as Tools for Effective Academic Performance of Students: Implications for Counselling". The 2nd Innovative and Creative Education and Teaching International Conference. ICETIC. p. 1395. doi:10.3390/proceedings2211395.
• Wang, Victor C. X.; Cranton, Patricia (2013). "Adapting Adult Educator's Teaching Philosophies to Foster Adult Learners' Transformation and Emancipation". Handbook of Research on Teaching and Learning in K-20 Education. IGI Global. ISBN 978-1-4666-4250-8.
• Murphy, Patricia (2003). "1. Defining Pedagogy". In Gipps, Caroline V. (ed.). Equity in the Classroom: Towards Effective Pedagogy for Girls and Boys. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-71682-0. Archived from the original on 25 January 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
• Bartlett, Steve; Burton, Diana (2007). Introduction to Education Studies (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN 978-1-4129-2193-0.
• Chazan, Barry (2022). "What is "Education"?". Principles and Pedagogies in Jewish Education. Springer International Publishing. pp. 13–21. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-83925-3_3. ISBN 978-3-030-83925-3. S2CID 239896844.
• Hall, David L.; Ames, Roger T. (1998). "Xin (heart-and-mind)". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-G021-1. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
• Wong, David (2023). "Mind (Heart-Mind) in Chinese Philosophy". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
• Rothman, Abdallah (2021). Developing a Model of Islamic Psychology and Psychotherapy: Islamic Theology and Contemporary Understandings of Psychology. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-41621-3.
• Rassool, G. Hussein (2021). Islamic Psychology: Human Behaviour and Experience from an Islamic Perspective. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-36292-3.
• Duncan, Stewart; LoLordo, Antonia (2013). "Introduction". Debates in Modern Philosophy: Essential Readings and Contemporary Responses. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-13660-4.
• Clark, Kelly James; Lints, Richard; Smith, James K. A. (2004). "Mind/Soul/Spirit". 101 Key Terms in Philosophy and Their Importance for Theology. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22524-7.
• Rao, A. Venkoba (2002). "'Mind' in Indian philosophy". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 44 (4). ISSN 0019-5545. PMID 21206593.
• Laine, Joy (1998). "Mind, Indian philosophy of". Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780415249126-F070-1. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
• Coseru, Christian (2017). "Mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
• Karunamuni, Nandini D. (2015). "The Five-Aggregate Model of the Mind". Sage Open. 5 (2). doi:10.1177/2158244015583860.
• Beatty, Andrew (2019). "Psychological Anthropology". Oxford Bibliographies. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199766567-0124. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
• Franks, David D. (2007). "Mind". In Ritzer, George (ed.). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-2433-1.
• Toren, Christina (2010). "Psychological Anthropology". In Barnard, Alan; Spencer, Jonathan (eds.). The Routledge encyclopedia of social and cultural anthropology. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-40978-0.
• Luhrmann, Tanya Marie (2023). "Mind". The Open Encyclopedia of Anthropology. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
• Overgaard, Søren (2010). "The Problem of Other Minds". Handbook of Phenomenology and Cognitive Science. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-90-481-2646-0.
• Dunbar, Robin I. M. (2007). "Brain and Cognition in Evolutionary Perspective;". In Platek, Steven; Keenan, Julian; Shackelford, Todd Kennedy (eds.). Evolutionary Cognitive Neuroscience. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-16241-8.
• American Psychological Association (2018h). "Theory of Mind". APA Dictionary of Psychology. American Psychological Association.
• Avramides, Anita (2023). "Other Minds". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 7 May 2024.