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References

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Sources

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  • Azarkina & Logunov New data on the jumping spiders of the subfamily Spartaeinae (Araneae: Salticidae) from Africa - Azarkina, Galina N.; Logunov, Dmitri V. - African Invertebrates - May, 2010 - Volume: 51, Issue: 1 - The Council of Natal Museum Audience - ISSN: 1681-5556
    • Found in Madagascar
  • R.J. Clark; R.R. Jackson - Araneophagic jumping spiders discriminate between the draglines of familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics - R.J. Clark; R.R. Jackson - Ethology Ecology & Evolution - Volume 7, Issue 2 - April 1995 - Pages 185-190 - 10.1080/08927014.1995.9522964
  • Dippenaar-Schoeman - [www.koedoe.co.za/index.php/koedoe/article/download/40/47 A check list of the spiders of the Kruger National Park, South Africa (Arachnida: Araneae)] - Anna S. Dippenaar-Schoeman, A. Leroy - Koedoe - 46(1) - 2003 - pp. 91–100 - Pretoria - ISSN 0075-6458
  • Dippenaar-Schoeman - Baboon and Trapdoor Spiders of Southern Africa: An Identification Manual - A.S. Dippenaar-Schoeman - Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 13 - 2002 - Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria - ISBN 1868492001
    • p. 51: Thelechoris striatipes (then karschi), is the best known African curtain-web spider. The species occurs from Kenya southwards to Namibia ... The most common co-inhabitant is the mysmenid Kilifia inquilina, a host-specific kleptoparasite. The second-most common species is the salticid Portia schultzi, which may be an important predator of the host spiderlings. In coastal Kenya, P. schultzi appears to prefer the webs of T. striatipes (Murphy & Murphy, 1983) and even oviposits in them (Forster & Murphy, 1986).
  • ForsterMurphy1986SchulEcoBeh - Forster, Lyn M. (1986). "Ecology and behaviour in Portia schultzii, with notes on related species (Araneae, Salticidae)" (PDF). The Journal of Arachnology. 14: 29–42. Retrieved 18 June 2011. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) - also at here
  • LiEtcPreyPref -Li, Daiqin; Jackson, Robert R.; Barrion, Alberto (1997). "Prey preferences of Portia labiata, P. africana, and P. schultzi, araneophagic jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Kenya, and Uganda". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 24 (4): 333–349. doi:10.1080/03014223.1997.9518129. Retrieved 21 June 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  • LogunovAzarkina2007Spart - Logunov, Dmitry V. (2007). "New species and new records for jumping spiders of the subfamily Spartaeinae (Aranei: Salticidae)" (PDF). Arthropoda Selecta. 16 (2). KMK Scientific Press, Moscow: 97–114. Retrieved 23 May 2011. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • MetznerCatPorSchu - Portia schultzi Karsch, 1878 - Heiko Metzner
  • PlatnickEtcCatalPortia - Platnick, Norman I. (2011). "World Spider Catalog - Genus Portia". The American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 4 May 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • PlatnickEtcCatalPorSchu - Platnick, Norman I. (2011). "World Spider Catalog - Portia schultzi". The American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 4 May 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • ProszynskiDBPorSchu - Proszynski, Jerzy. "Global Species Database of Salticidae (Araneae): Portia schultzi Karsch, 1878". Global Species Database of Salticidae (Araneae). Warsaw: Museum and Institute of Zoology. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
  • RobertsEtc2003EarlyWolf - Roberts, J. Andrew; Taylor, Phillip W.; Uetz, George W. (2003). "Kinship and food availability influence cannibalism tendency in early-instar wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae)" (PDF). Behaviour, Ecology and Sociobiology. 54 (4). Springer-Verlag: 416–422. doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0646-8. Retrieved 18 June 2011.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)</ref>
    • Before being mature enough to mate, females of P. labiata and also P. shultzi mimic adult females to attract males as prey.
  • Wanless1978RevisPortia - Wanless, F.R. (1978). "A revision of the spider genus Portia (Araneae: Salticidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology. 34 (3). London: British Museum: 83–124. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  • WilcoxEtc1996Smokescreen> - Wilcox, R. Stimson (1996). "Spiderweb smokescreens: spider trickster uses background noise to mask stalking movements" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 51. The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour: 313–326. ISSN 0003-3472/96/020313. Retrieved 23 May 2011. {{cite journal}}: Check |issn= value (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)</ref>

Pics

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Reproduction and lifecycle 2

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Before courtship, a male Portia spins a small web between boughs or twigs, and he hangs under that and ejaculates on to it.[1]: 467  He then soaks the semen into reservoirs on his pedipalps, [2]: 581-583  which are larger than those of females.[2]: 572-573  Females of many spider species, including P. schultzi, emit volatile pheromones into the air, and these generally attract males from a distance.[3]: 517  [4]: 36 

Among P. schultzi and some other Portias, when adults of the same species but opposite sexes recognise each other, they display at 10 to 30 centimetres. Males usually wait for 2 to 15 minutes before starting a display, but sometimes a female starts a display first.[1]: 461  Portias sometimes use "propulsive displays", with which a member threatens a rival of the same species and sex, and unreceptive females also threaten males in this way.[5]: 343  A propulsive display is a series of sudden, quick movements including striking, charging, ramming and leaps.[1]: 455  In P. schultzi and in some other species, contests between males usually last only 5 to 10 seconds, and only their legs make contact.[1]: 466  Contests between Portia females are violent[3]: 518  and embraces in P. schultzi typically take 20 to 60 seconds. These occasionally include grappling that sometimes breaks a leg, but more usually the final move is a lunge. Sometimes one knocks the other on her back and the other may be killed and eaten if she does not right herself quickly and run way. If the loser has a nest, the winner takes over and eats any eggs there.[1]: 466-467 

A female P. schultzi that sees a male may approach slowly or wait. The male then walks erect and displaying by waving his legs and palps. If the female does not run away, she gives a propulsive display first. If the male stands his ground and she does not run away or repeat the propulsive display, he approaches and, if she is mature, they copulate.[1]: 461-464  If the female is sub-adult (one moult from maturity), a male may cohabit in the female's capture web.[1]: 467  Portias usually mate on a web or on a dragline made by the female.[3]: 518  P. schultzi typically copulates for about 100 seconds,[1]: 465  while other genera can take several minutes or even several hours.[3]: 518 [1]: 465 

Females of P. schultzi, like those of P. labiata, try to kill and eat their mates during or after copulation, by twisting and lunging. The males wait until the females have hunched their legs, making this attack less likely. Males also try to abseil from a silk thread to approach from above, but females may manoeuvre to get the higher position. If the female moves at all, the male leaps and runs away.[5]: 343 

Before being mature enough to mate, females of P. shultzi and also P. labiata mimic adult females to attract males as prey.[6]

P. schultzi usually lays eggs on dead, brown leaves about 20 millimetres long, suspended near the top of its capture web, and then cover the eggs with a sheet of silk. If there is no dead leaf available, the female will make a small horizontal silk platform in the capture web, lay the eggs on it, and then cover the eggs.[1]: 434-435  P. schultzi has been seen laying eggs in a rolled-up leaf in a web of Ischnothele karschi.[f][7]: 33 

For moulting, all Portias spin a horizontal web whose diameter is about twice the spider's body length and is suspended only 1 to 4 millimetres below a leaf. The spider lies head down, and often slides down 20 to 30 millimetres during moulting.[3]: 496  Portias spin a similar temporary web for resting.[3]: 513  Like all arthropods, spiders moult and, after hatching, the life stage before each moult is called an "instar".[8] The distinctive tufts of P. schultzi juveniles appear in the third instar.[7]: 33 

P. schultzi exuviae (discarded "skins") have been found both in their own webs and in those of I. karschi, which has suggested that P. schultzi moults in the open. In one case, while its new skin was still pale and soft, its spinnerets were still stuck in the discarded skin, and the spider slowly twirled for about 90 seconds until it was free. The spider's body then darkened quickly to the normal colouration, and some time later the spider hung in its usual upside-down posture in the web.[7]: 35 

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cite error: The named reference JacksonHallas1986Comp was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference RFB2004Spiders was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference JacksonHallas1986SpartVersa was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Gaskett2007SpidSexPher was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference JacksonPollard1997SexCann was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference RobertsEtc2003EarlyWolf was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference ForsterMurphy1986SchulEcoBeh was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference RFB2004ArthroWall was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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