User:Philcha/Sandbox/Portia labiata

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Portia labiata is a jumping spider (family Salticidae) found in Sri Lanka, India, Burma (Myanmar), Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Sumatra and the Philippines. Adult females have bodies 7 to 10 millimetres long, while those of adult males are 5 to 7.5 millimetres long. The carapaces of females and males are orange-brown, slightly lighter around the eyes, but have slightly different markings in the two sexes. The abdomens of females are mottled brown and black, while those of males are brown with lighter markings, and the abdomens of the two sexes have different patterns of hairs. The conspicuous main eyes provide vision more acute than a cat's during the day and 10 times more acute than a dragonfly's, and this is essential in P. labiata′s navigation, hunting and mating.

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• ... that the jumping spider Portia labiata has populations in different regions, but only one knows how catch a spitting spider safely and how to work out the best way to cross a small lagoon
• ... that females of the jumping spider Portia labiata use silk draglines as territory marks, and use these to avoid females of higher fighting ability and spend more time around less powerful fighters
• ... that subadult females of the jumping spider Portia labiata mimic adult females to lure males and eat them

Sources

• Forster1977SaltHunting: Forster, Lyndsay M. (1977). "A qualitative analysis of hunting behaviour in jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)" (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 4: 51–62. doi:10.1080/03014223.1977.9517936. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
  • p. 572: The top of the cephalothorax is covered by a carapace
• Portia labiata: 2 populations differ in crossing water - Geographic Variation in a Spider’s Ability to Solve a Confinement Problem by Trial and Error; Jackson, Robert R.; Cross, Fiona R., Carter, Chris M.; International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 19(3); pp. 282-296; 2006; UCLA Department of Psychology, UC Los Angeles
• NelsonJackson2011Flex - Nelson, Ximena J. (2011). "Flexibility in the foraging strategies of spiders". In Marie Elisabeth Herberstein (ed.). Spider Behaviour: Flexibility and Versatility. Cambridge University Press. p. 45-47. ISBN 9780521749275. Retrieved 29 May 2011. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Standard Portia tactics against web-building spiders.
  • One of the dominant spiders around Los Baños, in the Phillipines, is the web-building Scytodes pallida, which preys on jumping spiders. All of the genus Scytodes spit a sticky gum on prey and potential threats, and this can immobilise a Portia long enough for the Scytodes to wrap the Portia in silk and then bite it. Around Los Baños, P. labiata instinctively detours round the back of S. pallida while with plucking the web in a way that makes S. pallida believe the threat is in front of it. In areas where S. pallida is absent, the local members of P. labiata stalking do not pluck other spiders' webs to deceive the prey. P. labiata prefers to stalk a female S. pallida carrying eggs, as then S. pallida is reluctant to drop the eggs in order to spit. When a female S. pallida is carrying eggs, P. labiata sometimes uses a direct attack.
• ref name=JacksonHallas1986Comp - Jackson, Robert R. (1986). "Comparative biology of jumping spiders Portia africana, P. albimana, P. fimbriata, P. labiata and P. schultzi, areanophagic, web-building jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) utilisation of webs, predatory versatility, and intraspecfic interactions". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 13: 423–489. doi:10.1080/03014223.1986.10422978. ISSN 0301-4223. Retrieved 17 May 2011. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • p. 426-428: Definitions
  • p. 424: In most jumping spiders, the middle pair of secondary eyes are very small and have no known function, but those of Portias are relatively large, and function as well as those of the other secondary eyes. (r|Jackson1986VersEvol|page1=232)
  • p. 425: In this study, most of the information about P. labiata is from Sri Lanka.
  • p. 427: P. labiata (SL) in lowland rainforest.
  • p. 432: P. labiata often builds its capture web, fastened to pliant stems and leaves of shrubs and lower branches of trees.
  • p. 434-435: Webs made to lay eggs often decorated with detritus.
  • p. 437-439: P. labiata more often pursues small jumping spiders and web spiders than larger prey. While it more often catches small jumping spiders than larger ones, against web spiders it about equally effective with all sizes.
  • p. 439: Pursuit times
  • p. 436: Males less efficient
  • p. 439: P. labiata′ performance against insects.
  • p. 439-440: Performance of male and female P. labiatas
  • p. 440: Performance comparison of P. frimbriata (Q) against all others.
  • p. 439-440: P. labiata′ pursuit times, compared with other Portias.
  • p. 443: Normal stalking.
  • p. 447: P. labiata sometimes approaches a translucent nest contain a spider. Usually P. labiata waits faces the prey for up to several hours. Occasionally P. labiata leaps at the prey, but this is ineffective.
  • p. 447: Salticid prey outside a nest. Incl. displays to the prey.
  • p. 447: Salticid prey's responses to Portia.
  • p. 447-448: Non-salticid prey outside a nest.
  • p. 448: Against insects
  • p. 448: Scavenging
  • p. 448-450: Casualties, incl. table
  • p. 448-449: Oophagy
  • p. 464: Male does not dismount until the female starts moving after copulation. She tries to kill and eat the male, and sometimes succeeds. If the male survives, he runs very quickly for a small distance. Then, if he has not discharged both palps, he tries again.
  • p. 465: Copulation times, sperm plugs
  • p. 465: Interspecies copulation - no eggs produced
  • p. 466-467: Female-female contests sometimes lead to cannibalism - then eat loser's eggs, if present.
• A Guide to Common Singapore Spiders - White-Moustached Portia (Portia labiata) - Joseph K.H. Koh
  • white "mustache" on female
  • F 6-9mm long, M 5-7mm
  • Distribution: Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, India.
  • Female spins a sheet web supported by a loose tangle of silk. The spider hangs upside down on the platform when it rests at night. Moulting of juvenile female P. labiata takes place in the web, after which the spider abandons the web, leaving the cast skin in it
  • Eggs are wrapped in a pinkish egg sac which is suspended in the web and guarded by the mother (by sitting on it) until the 50-70 spiderlings hatch out about 18 days later. Spiderlings are able to spin webs one to two days after hatching.
  • long-legged Jumping Spider, recognised by conspicuous fans of hairs on the legs, and ornate tufts of hairs on the body, especially on the abdomen. These features distort the body outline and enhance its resemblance to a lump of debris, especially when it folds its first three pairs of legs close to the body in its normal resting position. The camouflage is further enhanced by behavioural modifications: they walk in a slow and deliberate manner.
  • Whereas the posterior median eyes (i.e., the eyes in the second row) of most Jumping Spiders are tiny, there is a category of Jumping Spiders whose posterior median eyes are fairly big. These include spiders in the genera Cocalus, Phaeacius, Portia and Spartaeus.
• colostate.edu: Cited sources:
  • Choe C., Jae. The Evolution of Mating Systems in Insects and Arachnids. Cambridge University Press pp. 340-351 (1997).
  • Clark, R., Jackson R. and Wabb J. Draglines of assessment of fighting ability in cannibalistic jumping spiders. Journal of Insect Behavior vol. 12 No. 6 (1999).
  • Clark, R., Harland D. and Jackson R. Speculative hunting by an araneophagic salticid spider. Behaviour 137, 1601-1612 (2000).
  • Jackson R. Eight-legged tricksters: spiders that specialize in eating other spiders. BioScience vol. 42 No 8 pg 590-598 (1992).
  • Jackson, R. and Harland Cues by which Portia fimbriata an araneophagic jumping spider distinguishes jumping spider prey from other prey. The Journal of Experimental Biology 203: 3485-3494 (2000).
  • Jackson, R. and Clark R.J. Self recognition in a jumping spider: Portia labiata females discriminate between their own draglines and those of conspecifics. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution 6: 371-375 (1994).
  • Jackson R. and Clark R.J. Dragline-mediated sex recognition in two species of jumping spiders (Araneae Salticidae) Portia labiata and P. fimbriata. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution 7: 73-77 (1995).
  • Jackson R. and Tarsitano M. Influence of prey movement on the performance of simple detours by jumping spiders. Behaviour 123 (1-2) pp. 106-120 (1993).
  • Jackson R. and Tarsitano M. Araneophagic jumping spiders discriminate between detour sites that do and do not lead to prey. Animal Behaviour 53, 257-266 (1997).
  • Jackson R., and Wilox S. Observations in nature of detouring behavior by Portia fimbriata a web-invading aggressive mimic jumping spider from Queensland. Journal of Zoology London 230 135-139 (1993).
  • Shear W. Spiders, Webs, Behavior and Evolution. Stanford University Press, California pp. 232-268 1986.
  • Tarsitano, M and Jackson R. Jumping spiders make predatory detours requiring movement away from prey. Behavior, 131, 65-71 (1994).
  • Tarsitano M. and Andrew R. Scanning and route selection in jumping spider Portia labiata. Animal Behaviour 58: pp. 255-265 (1999).
  • Tarsitano M., Jackson R. and Kirchner W. Signals and signal choices made by the araneophagic jumping spider Portia fimbriata while hunting orb-weaving spiders Zygiella x-notatainzosis geniculatus. Ethology 106, 595-615 (2000).
  • Willey, Marriane B. Olfactory cues from conspecifics inhibit the web-invasion behavior of Portia web-invading jumping spiders(Araneae: Salticidae) Canadian Journal of Zoology vol. 71, 1993.
• Catalogue of Salticidae (Araneae) - synonyms - Jerzy Proszynski - Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN ul. Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa

External links

• Guide to common Singapore spiders
• Photographs of P. labiata
• Prey capture and mating behavior in jumping spiders belonging to the genus Portia - at Colorado State University

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Portia labiata is a jumping spider (family Salticidae) found in Sri Lanka, India, Burma (Myanmar), Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Sumatra and the Philippines. Adult females have bodies 7 to 10 millimetres long, while those of adult males are 5 to 7.5 millimetres long. The carapaces of females and males are orange-brown, slightly lighter around the eyes, but have slightly different markings in the two sexes. The abdomens of females are mottled brown and black, while those of males are brown with lighter markings, and the abdomens of the two sexes have different patterns of hairs. Females' chelicerae, which house the fangs, are dark orange-brown, and those of males are orange-brown. The legs of both sexes are dark brown, with light markings in the femora. All species of the genus Portia have elastic abdomens, so that those of both sexes become almost spherical when well fed, and females' can stretch as much when producing but not yet laying eggs.

The vision of a jumping spiders' main eyes is more acute than a cat's during the day and 10 times more acute than a dragonfly's, so that in practice they can see up to about 75 centimetres. Like all jumping spiders, P. labiata can take in only a small visual field at one time, and takes a relatively long time to see objects, probably because a lot of scanning is needed. This makes P. labiata and other jumping spiders vulnerable to much larger predators such as birds, frogs and mantises, which a jumping spider often cannot identify.

The genus Portia have been called "Eight-legged Cats", as their hunting tactics are as versatile and adaptable as a lion's. All members of Portia have instinctive hunting tactics for their most common prey, but often can improvise by trial and error against unfamiliar prey or in unfamiliar situations, and then remember the new approach. While most jumping spiders prey mainly on insects and by active hunting, females of Portia also build webs to catch prey directly and sometimes join their own webs on to those of web-based spiders. When hunting in another spider's web, a Portia′s slow, choppy movements and the flaps on its legs make it resemble leaf detritus caught in the web. P. labiata and some other Portias use breezes and other disturbances as "smokescreens" in which these predators can approach web spiders more quickly, and revert to a more cautious approach when the disturbance disappears. P. labiata more often pursues small jumping spiders and web spiders than larger prey. A female P. labiata is effective against insects up to twice P. labiata′s size when the insect is stuck in a non-salticid's web, and against insects up to P. labiata′s size when not in webs. Both females and males prefer web spiders as prey, followed by other jumping spiders, and finally insects. In all cases females are more effective predators than males.

Populations from Los Baños and from Sagada, both in the Philippines, have slightly different hunting tactics. In laboratory tests, Los Baños P. labiatas rely more on trial and error than Sagada P. labiatas in finding ways to vibrate the prey's web and thus lure or distract the prey. Around Los Baños the web-building Scytodes pallida, which preys on jumping spiders, is very abundant, and spits a sticky gum on prey and potential threats. A P. labiata from Los Baños instinctively detours round the back of S. pallida while with plucking the web in a way that makes S. pallida believe the threat is in front of it. In areas where S. pallida is absent, the local members of P. labiata do not use this combination of deception and detouring for a stab in the back.

In a test to explore P. labiata′s ability to solve a novel problem, a miniature lagoon was set up, and the spiders had to find the best way to cross it. Specimens from Sagada, in the mountains, almost always repeated the first option they tried, even when that was unsuccessful. When specimens from Los Baños, beside a lake, were unsuccessful the first time, about three quarters switched to another option.

Adult P. labiatas sometimes uses "propulsive displays", in which an individual threatens a rival of the same sex, and unreceptive females also threaten males in this way.^[c] P. labiata females are extremely aggressive to other females, trying to invade and take over each other's webs, which often results in cannibalism. A test showed that they minimise the risk of confrontations by using silk draglines as territory marks. Another test showed that females can recognise the draglines of the most powerful fighters and prefer to move near the draglines of less powerful ones. Females try to kill and eat their mates during or after copulation, while males use tactics to survive copulation, but sometimes females outwit them. Before being mature enough to mate, juvenile females mimic adult females to attract males as prey.

Lead 2

Portia labiata is a jumping spider (family Salticidae) found in Sri Lanka, India, Burma (Myanmar), Malaysia, Singapore, Java, Sumatra and the Philippines. Adult females have bodies 7 to 10 millimetres long, while those of adult males are 5 to 7.5 millimetres long. The carapaces of females and males are orange-brown, slightly lighter around the eyes, but have slightly different markings in the two sexes. The abdomens of females are mottled brown and black, while those of males are brown with lighter markings, and the abdomens of the two sexes have different patterns of hairs. The conspicuous main eyes provide vision more acute than a cat's during the day and 10 times more acute than a dragonfly's, and this is essential in P. labiata′s navigation, hunting and mating.

The genus Portia have been called "Eight-legged Cats", as their hunting tactics are as versatile and adaptable as a lion's. All members of Portia have instinctive hunting tactics for their most common prey, but often can improvise by trial and error against unfamiliar prey or in unfamiliar situations, and then remember the new approach. While most jumping spiders prey mainly on insects and by active hunting, females of Portia also build webs to catch prey directly and sometimes join their own webs on to those of web-based spiders. Both females and males prefer web spiders as prey, followed by other jumping spiders, and finally insects. In all cases females are more effective predators than males.

Populations from Los Baños and from Sagada, both in the Philippines, have slightly different hunting tactics. In laboratory tests, Los Baños P. labiatas rely more on trial and error than Sagada P. labiatas in finding ways to vibrate the prey's web and thus lure or distract the prey. Around Los Baños the web-building Scytodes pallida, which preys on jumping spiders, is very abundant, and spits a sticky gum on prey and potential threats. A P. labiata from Los Baños instinctively detours round the back of S. pallida while with plucking the web in a way that makes the prey believe the threat is in front of it. In areas where S. pallida is absent, the local members of P. labiata do not use this combination of deception and detouring for a stab in the back. In a test to explore P. labiata′s ability to solve a novel problem, a miniature lagoon was set up, and the spiders had to find the best way to cross it. Specimens from Sagada, in the mountains, almost always repeated the first option they tried, even when that was unsuccessful. When specimens from Los Baños, beside a lake, were unsuccessful the first time, about three quarters switched to another option.

Adult P. labiatas sometimes uses "propulsive displays", in which an individual threatens a rival of the same sex, and unreceptive females also threaten males in this way.^[c] P. labiata females are extremely aggressive to other females, trying to invade and take over each other's webs, which often results in cannibalism. A test showed that they minimise the risk of confrontations by using silk draglines as territory marks. Another test showed that females can recognise the draglines of the most powerful fighters and prefer to move near the draglines of less powerful ones. Females try to kill and eat their mates during or after copulation, while males use tactics to survive copulation, but sometimes females outwit them. Before being mature enough to mate, juvenile females mimic adult females to attract males as prey.