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[1][2][3][4]


Chronology

[edit]

1. Assuwa as native name for speakers of the Luwian language
2. Ahhiyawa

1st Millenium BC
(Common Era years in astronomical year numbering)

Iron AgeMycenaean GreeceHattusaSea PeoplesBattle of KadeshAchaeans (Homer)Tudḫaliya IMiletusMitanniMinoan eruptionHattusaKültepeAssyriaMinoan chronologyKarum (trade post)Purushanda


It is likely that Asuwiya[5] ("our good land") was simply the native name for the land occupied by Luwic speakers.[6] Linguistic models suggest the existence of a common Luwian-speaking state circa 2000 BC, stretching from the central Anatolian plateau (modern Konya province) northward to the western bend of the Maraššantiya (where modern Ankara, Kırıkkale and Kırşehir provinces meet).[7][8] The region was dominated by the kingdom of Purushanda,[9][7] the etymology of which suggests a takeover of Hattic lands by Luwian elites.[10]

Three hundred years later the Hittites conquered the Assyrian karum at Kanesh[11] and ultimately moved south, conquering Purushanda and establishing Hittite rule over this Luwian speaking area. By 1650 BC everything west of Purushanda was likely regarded as the unconquered (and not worth conquering) land of Luwiya. The extent of westward Luwian settlement has not been definitely resolved, but by one account they reached the coast of modern İzmir province .[12] And it is clear they came into contact with the Mycenaeans,[13] who seem to have first labelled their land ru-wa-ni-jo ("land where Luwian is spoken")[14] and over time bred by familiarity transliterated the Luwian name a-šu-wi-ya into their own language as a-si-wi-ja.

During the second half of the fifteenth century BC Mycenaean culture began to appear in Anatolia,[15] and it is possible that Arzawa was simply the Hittite name for that Mycenaean presence via proxy Carians and/or Luwians.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).[16] By the 1430s BC the Hittites perceived a threat from this alien presence in the land of Luwiya, dubbed "the Arzawa lands" by the Hittites and including a mixture of small entities and independent polities[17][18][19] prompting a military incursion and establishment of numerous client kingdoms. Some rebelled and their governments were destroyed, the 22 towns of the Assuwa league among them.

That Arwawa continued to exist after the Hittite campaign lends credence to the notion that it was related in some way to the Mycenaeans. Around 1370 BC Arzawan armies swept across the land of Luwiya as far as the border of the Hittite homeland.[20][21] This was contemporaneous with the change from Linear A to Linear B on Keftiu,[22] the final destruction of the Palace at Knossos[23] and the establishment of Mycenaean colonies at Milawata.[24] It also coincided with the first appearance of the Ahhiyawa in the historical record.

Believed to be the Achaeans of Homer, this enigmatic people are first mentioned in the latter half of the fourteenth century BC as "Ahhiya" involved in subversion of Hittite interests in and around southwestern Anatolia and Arzawan lands.[25]


Scholarship likewise suggests that Ahhiyawa supported the rebellion,[26][27] with certain details in the Iliad reflecting a memory of the conflict.[28] An Aegean-type sword was excavated at Hattusa in 1991, which was inscribed in Akkadian script with the following:

As Tudḫaliya the Great King shattered the Aššuwa country, he dedicated these swords to the storm-god, his lord.[29]

A silver bowl of unknown provenance known as the "Ankara Silver Bowl"

ru-wa-ni-jo https://medium.com/deru-kugi/the-luwian-menace-4cb96829884c "land where Luwian is spoken"

Stray sources

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[30][31][32][33][34][35] https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Birth_of_Classical_Europe/1Q-s9CbuCQgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=minoan+name+for+miletus&pg=PT39&printsec=frontcover
https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Ancient_Anatolia/TY3t4y_L5SQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=hittite+conquest+of+purushanda&pg=PA536&printsec=frontcover
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/370697?journalCode=jnes
https://shedet.journals.ekb.eg/article_321629_4fee9b53e757b111204e9bdaa1b40c09.pdf


Trans

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Ancient Egyptian: 𓊨𓏏𓆇𓁐, romanized: ꜣst;

Assuwa is first mentioned in the so-called "Poetic Stella of Thutmosis III," created sometime between 1479-1425 BC. It merely named the region together with Crete as one of the two lands of the west. Some scholarship believes this points to trade contacts via Cyprus and to precede Egypt's direct contacts with the Hitties.

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Caphtor_Keftiu/RNz7EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1

Archaeology at Acemhöyük has confirmed the remains of Central Anatolian, Mesopotamian and North Syrian pottery - as well as traces of monumental structures - dated 2659 to 2157 BC. This confirms the existence of a city with trade links to the region controlled by Sargon, though not the details of the myth itself.

Jak Yakar 2003, Towards an absolute chronology for middle and late bronze age Anatolia, Studies Presented A.M. Mansel, 562.


"The “logic of the trade routes” is in my opinion not determined by “models”, but by the entrepreneurship of the merchants, that is the Assyrian merchants went simply to the cities, where they or their client expected to gain the most profit for their commodities at that specific moment and under those specific circumstances."

The kingdom of Purušhanda and its relations with the kings of Mari and Kanesh in the 18th century BCE: Part 2, Chapter 7: The location of the city Purušḫanda, p. 13

Joost Blasweiler, 2019,


Archaeology and dendrological studies date the building of a monumental structure at Acemhöyük deemed "the palace" circa 1790 BCE, which perhaps dates the takeover of a Hattian state by the Luwians as suggested by the etymology.

𐎧𐏁𐏂
ar-za-wa

(Hittite: 𒀸𒋗𒉿, romanized: aš-šu-wa

(Hieroglyphic Luwian: 𒀸𒋗𒉿, romanized: aš-šu-wa

  1. ^ Unwin, Naomi Carless. (2017). Caria and Crete in Antiquity: Cultural Interaction Between Anatolia and the Aegean, pp. 115-118. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Google Books.
  2. ^ Wood, Michael. (1998). In Search of the Trojan War, p. 187. United States: University of California Press. Google Books
  3. ^ Page, Denys Lionel. (1976). History and the Homeric Iliad, p. 103-109. United Kingdom: University of California Press. Google Books.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Wood1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference Achterberg was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Bomhard, A. R. (1984). Toward proto-Nostratic : a new approach to the comparison of proto-Indo-European and proto-Afroasiatic, p. 112. Netherlands: North-Holland. Google Books
  7. ^ a b Yakubovich, Ilya. (2011). Luwian and the Luwians. The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000-323 BCE), p. 364, 535. Spain: OUP USA. Google Books.
  8. ^ Yakubovich, Ilya. (2011). In Search of Luwiya, the Original Luwian-speaking Area. Journal of Ancient History, Vol. 4, p. 295. http://vdi.igh.ru
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference Joost was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ History of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C., p. 549. United Kingdom: Routledge, 1994.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bryce1999 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Melchert, Craig. (2003). The Luwians, p. 11. Netherlands: Brill.
  13. ^ Eds. Joseph, Brian, Klein, Jared, Wenthe, Mark and Fritz, Matthias. (2018). Graeco-Anatolian Contacts in the Mycenaean Period. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, p. 2039. Germany: De Gruyter. Ancient Ports Antiques
  14. ^ Widmer, P. (2006). Mykenisch ru-wa-ni-jo, Luwierı. Kadmos 45, pp. 82-84. Zurich Open Repository and Archive)
  15. ^ Price, S., Thonemann, P. (2011). The Birth of Classical Europe: A History from Troy to Augustine. United States: Penguin Publishing Group. Google Books
  16. ^ Price, S., Thonemann, P. (2011). The Birth of Classical Europe: A History from Troy to Augustine. United States: Penguin Publishing Group.
  17. ^ Mac Sweeney, Naoíse. (2016). Anatolian-Aegean Interactions in the Early Iron Age: Migration, Mobility, and the Movement of People. Of Odysseys and Oddities: Scales and Modes of Interaction between Prehistoric Aegean Societies and Their Neighbors, pp. 411-433. Ed. B. Molloym. Oxford. Philadelphia.
  18. ^ Bryce, Trevor. (2003). History. Vol. I/68, in Handbuch der Orientalistik, by The Luwians, p. 35-40. Eds. H. C. Melchert. Boston: Brill, Leyde.
  19. ^ Meriç, Recep. (2020). The Arzawa lands. The historical geography of İzmir and its environs during late bronze age in the light of new archaeological research. TÜBA-AR Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Arkeoloji Dergisi, no. 27 : 151-177.
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference steadman-bryce24 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ Beal, Richard (2011). "Hittite Anatolia: A Political History". In Steadman, Sharon; McMahon, Gregory (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia. Oxford University Press. p. 594. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0026.
  22. ^ Middleton, G. D. (2017). Understanding Collapse: Ancient History and Modern Myths, p. 124. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Google Books
  23. ^ Sansone, D. (2016). Ancient Greek Civilization, p.3. Germany: Wiley Google Books
  24. ^ Hooker, J. (2014). Mycenaean Greece (Routledge Revivals). United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
  25. ^ Beckman, G. M., Bryce, T., Cline, E. H. (2012). The Ahhiyawa Texts. Netherlands: Brill. Society of Biblical Literature
  26. ^ Unal, A., Ertekin, A. and Ediz, I. The Hittite sword from Bogazkoy—Hattusa, found 1991, and its Akkadian inscription, Muze, Vol. 4, p. 46-52 (1991).
  27. ^ Beckman, Gary; Bryce, Trevor; Cline, Eric (2012). "Epilogue: Mycenaean-Hittite Interconnections in the Late Bronze Age Revisited". The Ahhiyawa Texts. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1589832688.
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference cline1177 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cline-sword was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Bryce, Trevor (2011). "The Late Bronze Age in the West and the Aegean". In Steadman, Sharon; McMahon, Gregory (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0015.
  31. ^ Bryce, Trevor (2005). The Trojans and their Neighbours. Taylor & Francis. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-415-34959-8.
  32. ^ Beckman, Gary; Bryce, Trevor; Cline, Eric (2012). "Epilogue: Mycenaean-Hittite Interconnections in the Late Bronze Age Revisited". The Ahhiyawa Texts. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1589832688.
  33. ^ Castleden, Rodney (2005). The Mycenaeans. Routledge. pp. 202–203. ISBN 9781134227822. It was political instability of this kind, not just in Assuwa but all along the Aegean coast, that the Mycenaeans were able to exploit. One fragmentary letter mentions Assuwa and Ahhiyawa together, implying that the rebellion of Assuwa may have been supported by the Mycenaeans. Another (ambiguous) letter says 'the king of Ahhiyawa withdrew or retreated' or someone 'relied on the king of Ahhiyawa', so the Mycenaean king was either leading his army in Anatolia or supporting rebellion from afar.
  34. ^ Biancon, Michele. Linguistic and Cultural Interactions Between Greece and Anatolia: In Search of the Golden Fleece, p. 169. (2021). Netherlands: Brill.
  35. ^ Cline, Eric H. and Stannish, Steven M. Sailing the Great Green Sea? Amenhotep III's Aegean List From Koa El-Hetan, Once More. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, Vol. 3:2 (2011).
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