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Reference for use of lead in aviation [1]

Reference for use of lead in auto racing [2]

Discussion of density impact on pricing

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When gasoline is shipped in large quantities, the cost is invoiced based on the weight of fuel shipped. However, it is not possible to accurately determine the weight of fuel in a tanker directly. Nevertheless, the volume is known, so the density of the fuel is used to convert the volume to the weight of fuel for pricing. [3]
However, this is not really the problem. The problem is clarification of the sentence: Finished marketable gasoline is traded (in Europe) with a standard reference of 0.755 kg/L (6.30 lb/US gal), and its price is escalated or de-escalated according to its actual density. So add the following text: For example, at the end of July, 2020, the average wholesale price of gasoline in the UK was 79.88 pence/litre.
Bah Gave up on this and suggest deleting the sentence. Put a proposal in the Talk page to that effect.

Addition of reference in Octane section

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The following sentence needs a citation:
In the United Kingdom, ordinary regular unleaded gasoline is sold at 95 RON (commonly available), premium unleaded gasoline is always 97 RON, and super-unleaded is usually 97–98 RON.
However, on review, I find that this sentence is out of date. It appears that more recently, fuel is sold at two octane levels, 95 and 97/98. [4]

12th Annual EU report has UK data: min RON=95 17370 million lit, min RON=98 650 million lit, min RON>98 no data[5]

The majority of [EU] petrol sales in 2017 comprised fuels with a petrol grade research octane number (RON) of 95, which accounted for 85.7 % of the total petrol fuel sales; 8.3 % of sales were 95 ≤ RON < 98; and 5.8 % were RON ≥ 98. There was an insignificant proportion of RON = 91 sales. [6]

I will replace the offending sentence with the following: In the UK, the over 95% of gasoline sold has 95 RON, and is marketed as Unleaded or Premium Unleaded. Super Unleaded, with 97/98 RON and branded high-performance fuels (e.g. Shell V-Power, BP Ultimate) with 99 RON make up the balance. Gasoline with 102 RON may be available for racing purposes.[7] [8] [9]

MMT Section Update

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  • As is

Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is used in Canada and the US to boost octane rating.[10] It also helps old cars designed for leaded fuel run on unleaded fuel without the need for additives to prevent valve problems.[citation needed] Its use in the United States has been restricted by regulations.[11] Its use in the European Union is restricted by Article 8a of the Fuel Quality Directive[12] following its testing under the Protocol for the evaluation of effects of metallic fuel-additives on the emissions performance of vehicles.[13]

The following links cover detailed information on MMT, especially the regulatory, performance, and health issues:


Bottom line, while MMT is not banned in the US, it is not much used, either. The widespread "top tier" designation explicitly prohibits it. It still sees some use globally.

To the question of, does the additive MMT prolong valve life in older engines designed for use with tetraethyl lead? The following statement is flagged in the current article: It also helps old cars designed for leaded fuel run on unleaded fuel without the need for additives to prevent valve problems. I recommend deleting this statement. One report seems to indicate it does not help with this issue. There are no claims on the manufacturer's web site that it performs this function. [14] [15]

One must beware of circular references supporting unattributed statements. Here is an example from PediaPress, which is a Google Book autogenerated from this Wikipedia article.[16]

Updated version: Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is used in Canada and the US to boost octane rating.[17] Its use in the United States has been restricted by regulations, although it is currently allowed.[18] Its use in the European Union is restricted by Article 8a of the Fuel Quality Directive[19] following its testing under the Protocol for the evaluation of effects of metallic fuel-additives on the emissions performance of vehicles.[20]

Renewable Fuels

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United States

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Working copy - still need to check the E10 statements - out of date
The federal Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) effectively requires refiners and blenders to blend renewable biofuels (mostly ethanol) with gasoline, sufficient to meet a growing annual target of total gallons blended. Although the mandate does not require a specific percentage of ethanol, annual increases in the target combined with declining gasoline consumption has caused the typical ethanol content in gasoline to approach 10%. Most fuel pumps display a sticker that states that the fuel may contain up to 10% ethanol, an intentional disparity that reflects the varying actual percentage. In 2011, the US Environmental Protection Agency approved the sale of fuel containing up to 15% ethanol (E15) and use in cars from model year 2001 and later.[21] As of model year 2019, 85% of new car model warranties authorize the use of E15 fuel, although for older cars, the use of E15 is not universally endorsed.[22] [23] In parts of the United States, ethanol is sometimes added to gasoline without an indication that it is a component.

Vapor Pressure and Ethanol

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Existing text
The main concern with gasoline on the environment, aside from the complications of its extraction and refining, is the effect on the climate through the production of carbon dioxide.[24] Unburnt gasoline and evaporation from the tank, when in the atmosphere, reacts in sunlight to produce photochemical smog. Vapor pressure initially rises with some addition of ethanol to gasoline, but the increase is greatest at 10% by volume.[citation needed] At higher concentrations of ethanol above 10%, the vapor pressure of the blend starts to decrease. At a 10% ethanol by volume, the rise in vapor pressure may potentially increase the problem of photochemical smog. This rise in vapor pressure could be mitigated by increasing or decreasing the percentage of ethanol in the gasoline mixture.

Attempted references for ethanol gasoline vapor pressure.[25]

Health Effects

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Reference for health effects[26]

Comparison with other fuels

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  • Reworking this table
See also: Energy content of biofuel

Below is a table of the volumetric and mass energy density of various transportation fuels as compared with gasoline. Heating values fall into two categories, usually referred to as “higher” (or gross) and “lower” (or net). If the products of fuel combustion are cooled back to the initial fuel-air or fuel-oxidizer mixture temperature and the water formed during combustion is condensed, the energy released by the process is the higher (gross) heating value. If the products of combustion are cooled to the initial fuel-air temperature, but the water is considered to remain as a vapor, the energy released by the process is the lower (net) heating value. Usually the difference between the gross and net heating values for fuels used in transportation is around 5 to 8 percent; however, it is important to be consistent in their use.

Fuel type Gross MJ/l Net MJ/l Gross MJ/kg Net MJ/kg Gross BTU/gal Net BTU/gal Density kg/l Reference
Conventional gasoline 34.8 44.4 150,100 125,000 115,400 91–92
Autogas (LPG) (Consisting mostly of C3 and C4 hydrocarbons) 26.8 46 95,640 108
Ethanol 21.2[27] 26.8[27] 101,600 84,600 75,700 108.7[28]
Methanol 17.9 19.9[27] 77,600 64,600 56,600 123
Butanol[1] 29.2 36.6 125,819 104,766 91–99[clarification needed]
Gasohol 31.2 145,200 120,900 112,400 93/94[clarification needed]
Diesel(*) 38.6 45.4 166,600 138,700 128,700 25
Biodiesel 33.3–35.7[29][clarification needed] 126,200 117,100
Avgas (high octane gasoline) 33.5 46.8 144,400 120,200 112,000
Jet fuel (kerosene based) 35.1 43.8 151,242 125,935
Jet fuel (naphtha) 127,500 118,700
Liquefied natural gas 25.3 ~55 109,000 90,800
Liquefied petroleum gas 46.1 91,300 83,500
Hydrogen 10.1 (at 20 kelvin) 142 130[30]

(*) Diesel fuel is not used in a gasoline engine, so its low octane rating is not an issue; the relevant metric for diesel engines is the cetane number.

References

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  1. ^ Kessler, Rebecca (February 2013). "Sunset for Leaded Aviation Gasoline?". Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 (2): a54–a57. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  2. ^ "Race Fuel 101: Lead and Leaded Racing Fuels". Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  3. ^ "Measuring the density of fuels when trading and transporting". Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  4. ^ "What is the best fuel for my car? The definitive guide to different fuel types". Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  5. ^ "Quality of petrol and diesel fuel used for road transport in the European Union (Reporting year 2013)". European Commission. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  6. ^ "Quality of petrol and diesel fuel used for road transport in the European Union (Reporting year 2017)" (PDF). European Commission. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  7. ^ "Quality of petrol and diesel fuel used for road transport in the European Union (Reporting year 2013)". European Commission. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  8. ^ "Types Of Car Fuel". Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  9. ^ "Sunoco CFR Racing Fuel". Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  10. ^ Hollrah, Don P.; Burns, Allen M. (11 March 1991). "MMT Increases Octane While Reducing Emissions". www.ogj.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016.
  11. ^ EPA, OAR, OTAQ, US (5 October 2015). "EPA Comments on the Gasoline Additive MMT". www.epa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:140:0088:0113:EN:PDF
  13. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ "Impacts of MMT® Use in Unleaded Gasoline on Engines, Emission Control Systems, and Emissions" (PDF). Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  15. ^ "Octane Additives". Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  16. ^ Brain, Adriana. Cars. Pedia Press.
  17. ^ Hollrah, Don P.; Burns, Allen M. (11 March 1991). "MMT Increases Octane While Reducing Emissions". www.ogj.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016.
  18. ^ EPA, OAR, OTAQ, US (5 October 2015). "EPA Comments on the Gasoline Additive MMT". www.epa.gov. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ "Directive 2009/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009". Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  20. ^ "Protocol for the Evaluation of Effects of Metallic Fuel-Additives on the Emissions Performance of Vehicles" (PDF). Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  21. ^ "E15 Retailer Handbook" (PDF). Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  22. ^ "Automakers explicitly approve E15 for 93% of new 2019 vehicles". Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  23. ^ "The Science Is Clear On E15". Retrieved July 31, 2020.
  24. ^ "Climate Change". 11 January 2016.
  25. ^ V. F. Andersen, J. E. Anderson, T. J. Wallington, S. A. Mueller, and O. J. Nielsen (May 21, 2010). "Vapor Pressures of Alcohol−Gasoline Blends". Energy Fuels. 24 (6): 3647–3654.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ E Reese and R D Kimbrough (December 1993). "Acute toxicity of gasoline and some additives". Environmental Health Perspectives. 101 (Suppl 6): 115–131. doi:10.1289/ehp.93101s6115.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  27. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Thomas was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Eyidogan, Muharrem; Ozsezen, Ahmet Necati; Canakci, Mustafa; Turkcan, Ali (2010). "Impact of alcohol–gasoline fuel blends on the performance and combustion characteristics of an SI engine". Fuel. 89 (10): 2713. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.032.
  29. ^ "Extension Forestry" (PDF). North Carolina Cooperative Extension. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 November 2012.
  30. ^ "The National Hydrogen Association". 25 November 2005. Archived from the original on 25 November 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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