User:Pendright/sandbox

SPARS

Farragut Naval Training Station

372

Source

I had only been there for a couple of weeks when I received a telegram from the Bureau of Naval Personnel telling me to report to Washington as soon as possible. Upon arrival at BuPers, I was whisked off to the Coast Guard’s headquarters on E Street. I was told that there was legislation pending to create a women’s reserve in the Coast Guard, and I had been recommended to become the first head of this group.

Suggested

Stratton's first duty assignment with the WAVES was at the University of Wisconsin. There, shortly afterward, she was notified to report to the Bureau of Naval Personnel (BuPers) in Washington D. C. without delay. At BuPers, Stratton was taken to the Coast Guard’s headquarters. She then met with high-ranking Coast Guard officers who informed her that there was pending legislation in the congress to establish a women's reserve and that she had been recommend as its first director.

Moments in History– a U. S. Coast Guard pubpcation–said that, "Congressional legislation ended the Women's Reserve [in 1973] and women were first officially integrated into the active-duty Coast Guard and the Coast Guard Reserve. Female reservists then serving on active duty were given the choice of enlisting in the regular Coast Guard or completing their reserve enlistments."

=

Ernest J. King

Lead

• This was replaced by COMINCH in December, 1941, under the Executive Order 8984, when it was redefined and given operational command over the Atlantic, Pacific, and Asiatic Fleets, as well as all naval coastal forces.[1]

• December, 1941, -> MOS: For month and year, write June 1921, with no comma.
• No comma is used before as well as if the phrase is used as in addition to or to make a simple comparison.

• He directed the United States Navy's operations, planning, and administration and was a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Combined Chiefs of Staff and was the U.S. Navy's second-most senior officer in World War II after Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, who served as Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief.

• The word and is repeated four times in this sentence?
• Some of what appears in the latter part of the sentence would seen to fall more within the realm of detail than that of summary?

• King served in the Spanish–American War while still attending the United States Naval Academy, whence he graduated fourth in the class of 1901.

When two independent clause are joined by a comma they also are preceded by a coordinating conjunction like and. -> Whence is not a coordinating conjunction, but it (or from where) is suitwble to bridge the two clauses without the help of a comma.

• He received his first command in 1914, of the destroyer USS Terry in the occupation of Veracruz.

Another way to say it: He received his first command of the destroyer USS Terry in 1914 during the occupation of Veracruz. Or, His first command was the destroyer USS terry in 1914, which was during the occupation of Veracruz.

• He participated in the top-level Allied World War II conferences, and took the lead in formulating the strategy of the Pacific War.

• An independent–main–clause and a dependent–subordinte– clause are not joined by a comma. -> Drop the comma or add a subject noun or pronoun to the dependent clause.
• Drop the definite article before top-level -> conferences were not specific

Early life

• His father initially worked as a bridge builder, but moved to Lorain, where he worked in a railway repair shop.

A comma before the word where is unnecessary when what follows is essential to the meaning of the sentence.

• The family moved to Uhrichsville, Ohio, when his father took a position with the Pennsylvania Railroad workshops, but returned to Lorain a year later.

• Change when to where
• Drop the comma after workshops or add a subject noun or pronoun

• When King was eleven years old, the family moved to Cleveland, where his father was a foreman at the Valley Railway workshops, and King was educated at the Fowler School.

A comma after Cleveland is unnecessary

• He decided to go to work rather than high school, and took a position with a company that made typesetting machines.

• Add attend between than & high school
• Drop the comma after high school or add a subject noun or pronoun

• During the summer breaks, naval cadets served on ships to accustom them to life at sea, so while still at the Naval Academy, King served on the cruiser USS San Francisco during the Spanish–American War.[8]

• During the summer breaks -> summer breaks is not specific.

The last to should be for -> for modifies nouns -> to modifies verbs

Surface ships

• In June 1906, it escorted the Russian cruisers Oleg, Aurora and Zhemchug, survivors of the Battle of Tsushima, into Manila Bay, where they were interned.[13]

• Add a comma after Aurora and drop the comma after Manila Bay

• Bouts of heavy drinking led to King being put under hatches, and a forthright and arrogant attitude bordering on insubordination led to adverse comments in his fitness reports.[14]

Some of the content of the above sentence–according to my copy of Master of Seapower–doesn't square well with the source, Buell-pages 24 & 25.

• "Bouts of heavy drinking led to King being put under hatches" -> Indirectly, perhaps, but not directly. His punishment was for the disrespect and beavior shown toward his executive officer—
• forthright (British) is two weeks) -> It was for 10 days and suspended the following day.
• The source also tells us that 18 months later King was put under hatches again.p

Rephrase the sentence and provide readers some context

No transitional phrase to help bridge these sequential sentences?

• When he heard heard that members of the Annapolis class of 1902 were being sent home from the Asiatic Fleet, he sought and obtained an audience with Rear Admiral Charles J. Train.

• See above
• How about a bit of context here, including how an ensign who was put under hatches received an audience with a rear admiral?

• Train agreed that King was entitled to go home and arranged for him to travel on the former hospital ship USS Solace, which departed on 27 June.[15]

• Context? -> when or where did King request to go home?
• Was he granted Leave or reassigned?

• She took little interest in King's naval career, and confined her activities to her children and domestic affairs.[23]

Drop the comma after career and substitute of the er(s)

• King's next assignment was as a gunnery officer on the battleship USS Alabama.

When did he go aboard and what were his duties?

• King became a critic of shipboard organization, which was largely unchanged since the days of sail. He published his thoughts in Some Ideas About Organization on Board Ship in the United States Naval Institute Proceedings, which won a prize for best essay in 1909. "The writer fully realizes the possible opposition," he wrote, "for if there is anything more characteristic of the navy than its fighting ability, it is its inertia to change, or conservatism, or the clinging to things that are old because they are old."[24][25] In addition to a gold medal, the prize came with $500 (equivalent to $17,000 in 2023) and a lifetime membership of the United States Naval Institute.[26]

Tell readers why this type of publication by a jr. officer was acceptable to his superiors.

lieutenant (junior grade).

• This involved traveling to Washington, D.C., for ten days of physical examinations and tests of his professional knowledge in May 1906.[27]

Change tests to testing - testing measures the level of skill or knowledge that has been reached

• The final hurdle was an appearance before the selection board, which drew attention to his record of punishments for drinking and insubordination, before congratulating King on his promotion, which became effective on 7 June 1906.[24]

• Change the first which to who
• Replace comma which with that
• Tell readers what kng was ordered to do before receiving his promotion

• Duty afloat alternated with duty ashore, so King's next assignment was at Annapolis, where he taught ordnance, gunnery and seamanship.

• Drop the comma between Annapolis and where -> when what follows where is essential to the meaming of the sentence no comma is used
• Add comma after gunnery

• This posting reunited him with Mattie, who had been living with her family in Baltimore.

posting is a British military term -> assignment is customarily the u.s. Navy term

• In December 1915, King joined the staff of Vice Admiral Henry T. Mayo, the Commander in Chief, of the Atlantic Fleet.

Why the comma after Chief?

• He received his first command, the destroyer USS Terry on 30 April 1914, participating in the United States occupation of Veracruz, escorting a mule transport from Galveston, Texas. He then moved on to his second command, a more modern destroyer, the USS Cassin on 18 July 1914.

Replace , escorting with by escorting

• In December 1915, King joined the staff of Vice Admiral Henry T. Mayo, the Commander in Chief, of the Atlantic Fleet.

Why the comma after Chief?

• After the United States entered World War I, King was a frequent visitor to the Royal Navy and occasionally saw action as an observer on board British ships.[31]

How about some context

• He was awarded the Navy Cross "for distinguished service in the line of his profession as assistant chief of staff of the Atlantic Fleet."[32]

Are these" " marks or marks for empharse

• King was the last to continue this tradition.[33]

Last American or Brit, or both?

• He bought a house there, where his family lived from then on.

He bought a house -> Todays reader might view this as chauvinistic

• With Captains Dudley Knox and William S. Pye, King prepared a report on naval training that recommended changes to naval training and career paths, which gained wide circulation when he published it in the Proceedings.

• he or they published it?
• Will readers know what Proceedings is?

• Leahy told him he was too junior for a seagoing captain's command, and that nothing was available.

Drop the comma after command

• After some discussion, King eventually accepted command of USS Bridge, a stores ship.

the USS Bridge

Aside from having read Master of Seapower, I decided to review the article because Wikipedians are asked to Consider reviewing another nominated article for every one they nominate. I suspected that my own military service–albeit at a modest level–aboard two U.S. Navy destroyers could help me in navigating the article.

Olivia Blacke

Self Publishing or Traditional Publishing: Which is More Profitable

Your country needs you–by Thelma M. Robinson–is a self-published book, meaning that she is the author and publisher of it with Xlibis provdng the how to and on demand printing. Traditional book publishers select only about one to two percent of all authors, making self-publishing a viable and attainable alternative for authors who are not a notable business leader, celebrity, or influenceres.<>Source<>

Robinson is a graduate of the Cadet Nurse Corps nursing program who received her nursing degree from the Lincoln General Hospital School of Nursing in Lincoln, Nebraska.

Self-Publishing Costs:

Self-publishing is about as expensive as you choose it to be. If you hire professionals to help you with ea

Boot Monument - ACR - 9/5/24

Lead

• Erected in 1887 by John Watts de Peyster, it commemorates Major General Benedict Arnold's service at the Battles of Saratoga in the Continental Army, but does not mention him on the monument because Arnold later betrayed the Continental Army for the British Army.

• Change Erected in to Erected during
• Add while between Saratoga & in
• Since the monument was sculptured before it was erected, why doesn't Bissell get equal billing with de Peyster? (de Peyster begins the paragraph and Bissell ends the paragraph)

• Arnold continued to grow ever more bitter towards the Continental Army when he was passed over for promotion, lost his business, and was court-martialed for abusing his power as military commander of Philadelphia.

and he was court-martialed...

Background

• American Major General Benedict Arnold had contributed to both Battles of Saratoga, although the extent of his contributions to the first battle, the Battle of Freeman's Farm, are disputed.[4][5]

Could you briefly share with readers the nature of the dispute(s)?

• Gates did not make much mention of Arnold's contributions in his report of the aftermath of the battle,[10] which contributed to Arnold's bitterness, along with his combat wounds, business troubles, Congress having promoted some rival and younger generals ahead of him, and a court martial after being convicted of two minor charges of using his role as military commander of Philadelphia to make a profit.[11]

• This sentence contains about 65 words -> consider breaking it up
• Add a hyphen to court martial

• This, along with the fact that his wife, Peggy Shippen, came from a family of Loyalists, caused Arnold to start making communications with the British army, with Sir Henry Clinton finally offering Arnold £20,000 for the capture of West Point,[12] a fortification that was important to the control of the Hudson River.[13]

• Drop the comma afterThis
• Replace comma (,) with with a semiclon
• £20,000 -> what was the equivalent in continental currency?

• Arnold fled to the British army, and remained as a general there until the war ended.[14][15]

• Drop the comma after army or add he between and remained
• Arnold fled to the British army, -> where?

History

• John Watts de Peyster, a former major general for the New York State Militia during the American Civil War,[16] writer of several military histories about the Battle of Saratoga, and a vice president of the SMA,[2] wanted to commemorate Arnold's contribution to the Continental Army's victory over the British[1] and was unsatisfied with the Saratoga Battle Monument, where the niche where a statue of Arnold should have gone would remain empty.[17]

• A 71 word sentence -> consider breaking it up
• of the New York State Militia
• a writer of...
• Reaibility of the last clause? If it is essential to the meaning of the sentence then delete the comma before the frst where

• De Peyster considered Arnold a traitor, but still recognized his contributions at Saratoga.

Drop the comma after traitor or add he between but & still

• He wanted to "honor some of Arnold's deeds without honoring the man"[1] but thought that simply a slab of granite to commemorate Arnold "would not do."[2]

If the above is meant as " " marks then it will need attribution. If it is meant as emphasis it will look like so.

• He commissioned George Edwin Bissell,[2][3] who had designed other statues that Peyster had erected,[1] to sculpt a marker in white marble.[2]

Should it be de Peyster?

• The toe of the Boot Monument was stolen by college boys on a trip[21][22] and they were only discovered when an anonymous informer (described as "a graduate of a New York State educational institution") told the battlefield official that the toe was stolen.[23]

on a trip -> This term has more than a single meanings - what does it mean here?

• The monument was originally located at the top of the hill at the Breymann Redoubt site, but was later moved after further research as to where Arnold injured his leg, which was the more southern end of the main redoubt line.[26]

Add it between but & was

• The time at which this happened is disputed with some sources saying 1975,[3][27] while others say 1972.

Drop the comma after while

• However, the monument was still at the Breymann Redoubt before the time of its move, and is still at the southern end of the redoubt.[1][28][29]

Drop the comma after move or add it between and & is

Appearance

• It features a howitzer barrel, with a left-footed horseman's riding boot[4][33][34] and a two-star epaulette for a major general on top of the barrel.[36][37]

Drop the comma after barrel

• One error in the inscription was that Arnold did not earn the rank of Major General after, and because of, Saratoga, but he became more senior than the other officers that had been promoted before him.[1]

• was that or is that?

This is it for now, except to say: The article, in my view, is unique in American history and it's interesting and well done. It strikes me; however, that while the monument and Arnold would not seem severable, there is little in the article itself telling readers the most basic things about him.

• The words also change with the addition of suffixes and prefixes to them, and one such suffix is 'ing'. The 'ing' words are used in the present, past and future continuous tenses. The words having 'ing' as the suffix can be used to refer to those verbs which are going on or were going on or will be going on.

• SPARS is about the Women who served in the U.S. Coast Guard Women's Reserve during WW II. Created by the U.S Congress, it authorized the USCG to replace male officers and enlisted men with women at shore stations. Working with the top-secret LORAN project was its most unique assignment. LORAN was a land-based radio navigation system developed to monitor locations of ships at sea and aircraft in flight. Monitoring stations were able to calculate a ship's exact location by measuring the amount of time each signal took to reach a ship. Chatham, Massachusetts, was staffed by SPARS and believed to be the only all-female staffed monitoring station of its kind in the world.

• A comma before the word “where” is necessary, when it is part of a non-restrictive clause introducing additional information that is not necessary for the meaning of the main sentence.

Comma Before “Where” ~ Rules & Examples - BachelorPrint

An independent–main–clause and a dependent–subordinte–clause are not joined by a comma. -> Drop the comma or add a subject noun or pronoun to the dependent

Quite simply, repetition is the repeating of a word or phrase. It is a common rhetorical device used to add emphasis and stress in writing and speech. Repetition is widely used in both poetry and prose; throughout all genres and forms of literature and oral tradition. Aside from helping stress or highlight important thoughts and points, repetition can be a key tool for authors and speakers in developing style, tone, and rhythm. Repetition reinforces themes, emphasizes key points, creates rhythm, and effectively enhances emotional impact within storytelling narratives. Repetition can add depth and meaning to your stories by reinforcing key points and creating a sense of emphasis.

Mattie considered educated women to be vulgar. She took little interest in King's naval career, and confined her activities to her children and domestic affairs.[23]

King's next assignment was as a gunnery officer on the battleship USS Alabama.

John Silva Meehan

• After the firm moved to Washington, D.C., in early 1822, Meehan began editing and publishing the Baptist weekly newspaper The Columbian Star.

Suggest: ...Meehan began editing and publishing The Columbian Star, which was a Baptist weekly newspaper.

• Leaving the Star in late 1825, Meehan nominally purchased the City of Washington Gazette on direction from Andrew Jackson's presidential campaign, renaming the paper the United States' Telegraph and taking an immensely partisan stance.

In multi-party systems, pro-parison is used for persons who strongly support their party's policies?

• Jackson supporters considered Meehan unable to properly spearhead the press campaign.

Should the be their?

• Control over the paper gradually shifted towards editor and publisher Duff Green, with Meehan officially leaving the paper in October 1826; however, he continued to serve as Green's editor until 1829.

• towards vs toward: FYI -> the only difference between toward and towards is the sp. Both spellings are correct, and they mean the same thing: in the direction of. According to some, toward is the preferred spelling in the United States and Canada. In other English-speaking countries, such as the United Kingdom and Australia, towards is the more common spelling.

'

Jozo Tomasevich FAC-/5/24

Lead:

• Tomasevich was born in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, [then] part of Austria-Hungary, and after completing his [formal] schooling , [he] earned a doctorate in economics at [from] the University of Basel in Switzerland.

Look these changes over

• His final book was the second volume of the series – War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration – which was published posthumously in 2001 after editing by his daughter Neda.

after usually means -> in the time following an event or another period <-> in which case, it soumds like the book was edited after its publication - what am I missing?

• In an obituary in the Slavic Review, Tomasevich was described as "a master of scholarly skills, a person of bountiful erudition, wit and human dignity".

Why is an not his?

Early life

• Košarni Do is a hamlet of Donja Banda and is today part of the Orebić municipality within the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia.[1]

today?

• Nado returned to the village in 1894, [and he] married the daughter of his first cousin and worked as a farmer.

Suggest these changes

• In 1938, he was the recipient of a two-year Rockefeller fellowship and moved to the US,[3] thereby "availing himself of the rich resources of Harvard University".

"availing himself of the rich resources of Harvard University" -> If this is a direct quote, should there be attribution-if not, then should italics be used?

• The other brother living in Košarni Do received the share of the fourth brother who, by then, was a merchant mariner living in New Zealand.[4]

Could drop "other"

• Before the outbreak of World War II – and now known by the anglicised Tomasevich – he moved to California.

and then known

• In 1937, Tomasevich married Neda Brelić, a high school teacher. They were happily married for 57 years and had three children – Anthony, Neda Ann, and Lasta. In 1976, Tomasevich contributed an essay to a book in which he conducted a sociological and historical analysis of his extended family reaching back to the early nineteenth century.

Somehow,Chronologically, these sentences seem out of order?

• His widow Neda died on July 5, 2002, at 88.[8]

Is where she died relative?

Yugoslavia's economy

• The first appeared in German in 1934 and was titled Die Staatsschulden Jugoslaviens (The National Debt of Yugoslavia).

during 1934

• The following year, he had Financijska politika Jugoslavije, 1929–1934 (Fiscal Policy of Yugoslavia, 1929–1934) published in Serbo-Croatian, covering much of the same material but more accessible to Yugoslavs.[1]

• Does 1929-1934 need to be repeated?
• which covered

• A 1940 review of the book in Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, by Professor Mirko Lamer – who later served with the United Nations as an expert at the Food and Agriculture Organization – described Novac i kredit as an important work that filled a large gap in Yugoslav economic literature, and also gave a vivid picture of then-current economic theory.[9]

and it also

International marine resources and Yugoslav peasants

• The first [book] was International Agreements on Preservation of Marine Resources, [that was] published by Stanford University Press in 1943.

Suggest the above changes

• The second book, Peasants, Politics, and Economic Change in Yugoslavia [was] published in 1955, was [and] described by Vucinich as "a study of monumental scope [which] has been widely recognized as the most comprehensive and accomplished study in the field".

Suggest the above changes

World War II

• In 1957, Tomasevich received a San Francisco State University grant for Slavic and Eastern European studies.[12]

Suggest -> In 1957, Tomasevich received a grant from San Francisco State University for Slavic and Eastern European studies.[12]

• The first volume focused on the Chetnik movement led by Draža Mihailović, which was subtitled The Chetniks and appeared in 1975.

In the context used, what does appeared mean?

• Soon after it was published, the book was reviewed by Phyllis Auty, professor of modern history at Simon Fraser University.

Replace the comma with "who was a

• The third volume in the planned trilogy, which was to cover the Partisans, was 75 per cent complete at the time of his death,[1] and remains unpublished.

and it

This is it for now.

CSS General Earl Van Dorn ACR 6/23/24

Lead

• General Earl Van Dorn was purchased for Confederate service at New Orleans, Louisiana, in early 1862 for service with the River Defense Fleet.

Change for service with to serve with

• Her conversion into a cottonclad warship involved installing an iron-covered framework of timbers to her bow to serve as a ram, and protecting her machinery with timber bulkheads packed with cotton.

Her conversion -> She was converted

The general rule: A subject pronoun (she) is used in the subject of a sentence. A subject pronoun indicates who or what the sentence is about. An object pronoun (her) is used to indicate what receives the action in a sentence.

Suggest -> She was converted into a cottonclad warship by installing an iron-covered framework of timbers to her bow that would serve as a ram, and the ship's machinery was protected with timber bulkheads packed with cotton.

• General Earl Van Dorn left New Orleans in late March 1862 and arrived at Memphis, Tennessee, early the next month.

For what purpose?

• Suggest adding this or something like it -> The Van Dorn was a Side-wheeler powered by steam and was 182 feet (55 m) long. She carried a single cannon on her bow—a 32-pounder. (BTW, the dictionary spells it Side-wheeler as does the link.

Purchase and conversion

• The ships were intended to defend the Mississippi River.[2]

What part?

• The vessels of the River Defense Fleet were intended to be used as rams,[8] and were known as cottonclads.[9]

and they were known

• Their conversion into warships involved adding 1 inch (2.5 cm) of iron plating backed by 4 inches (10 cm) of oak planking, on a framework of one-foot-square timbers to the bow.

Why the comma between oak planking & on?

• The engines and boilers were protected by an inner bulkhead of one-foot-square timbers, with an outer bulkhead of six-by-twelve timbers.

• Why the comma after timbers?

• General Earl Van Dorn was placed under the command of Captain Isaac Fulkerson,[11] and left New Orleans for Memphis, Tennessee, on March 25.[7] Defense Fleet.

and it left

• The Confederate States War Department desired for [that] the ships to serve in the Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri area to protect [this] that portion of the Mississippi River, while [but] local interests pushed for the ships to remain at New Orleans.

Suggest the above changes

• Rather than sending all of the ships upriver, the Confederate commander at New Orleans, Major General Mansfield Lovell[,] held part of the fleet at New Orleans , after a river barrier defending New Orleans failed.[12]

Suggest the above changes

• General Earl Van Dorn was armed with a single cannon on her bow – a 32-pounder cannon,[14] which was a common naval gun that was smoothbore and muzzleloading.[15]

Suggest: General Earl Van Dorn was armed with a single 32-pounder cannon on her bow, which was a common naval gun that was smoothbore and muzzleloading.

• Conspicuously absent is anything on the machimery that powered and propelled the Side-wheeler.

Plum Point Bend and Memphis

• On May 10, [add year] the Confederates attacked , bringing on the Battle of Plum Point Bend.[7]

Suggest the above changes

• Seven of the Confederate vessels [envolved] were arranged in order of speed , with the fastest vessels at the front; General Earl Van Dorn was fourth in the column.[18]

Suggest the above changes

• Mongomery's ships reached Memphis on June 5, but there was a shortage of coal for their fuel.

Mongomery's -> sp

• At a council of war, Montgomery and his captains decided to fight the pursuing Union forces, rather than scuttle their ships and retreat overland with the army or scuttle a portion of the fleet and use the remaining coal to escape with the rest.[26]

Drop the comma after forces and add a comma after aarmy

• Montgomery arranged his ships in three rows of two vessels, with General Sterling Price in the rear and CSS Little Rebel not having an assigned position.

Why the comma after vessels?

• General Earl Van Dorn was in the third row, along with General Bragg.[27]

Why the comma after row?

• The heavy guns of the ironclads and the ramming tactics of the United States Ram Fleet had been decisive at Memphis.[29]

Replacae had been with was

• The cotton cladding on General Bragg caught fire and that vessel had to be abandoned.[30]

Replace that vessel had to be with it was

• The wreck was removed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1878 and 1879.[35]

The wreckage

[

The article was promoted to GA in July 2016, but it has since been overhauled and worked over by the GOCE during March/April 2024.

. Its purpose was to release male officers and enlisted men for sea duty by replacing them with women at shore stations. This same month, Dorothy C. Stratton was appointed director of the Women's Reserve and given the rank of lieutenant commander. She was later promoted to captain.

Christine Valdez—according to the USCG—enlisted on November 8, 1943, and she is identified as the first Hispanic female to have served in the SPARs. A Utah native, Valdez served at the Seattle SPAR Barracks as a Pharmacist Mate Third Class (PM3C). Several other Hispanic women enlisted during 1943, including: Hope Garcia—Yeoman Second Class (Y2C)— who served in New Orleans; Maria Nunez—Storekeeper (SK)—served in Cleveland, and Nora Lopez—Radioman Third Class (RM3C)—who served in Washington, D.C. and New York. The following year, Olga Perdomo—Storekeeper (SK)—and Maria Flores—Seaman First Class—also enlisted. Perdomo served in the supply office in New York and Flores used her bilingual skills at the District Office in Long Beach, California. Mary Elizabeth Rivero—Lieutenant (junior grade) (Lt. (j.g.)—joined the SPARs on December 4, 1943 and was the first Hispanic American female to become a commissioned officer in the USCG. Her duties included overseeing the identification office and the barracks in Long Beach, California.

Boot Monument

Lead:

• it commemorates Major General Benedict Arnold's service at the Battles of Saratoga in the Continental Army, but does not mention him on the monument because of Arnold's betrayal to the British Army.

• [while] in the continental army...
• but [the monument] does not...

• Instead, it commemorates Arnold as the "most brilliant soldier of the Continental Army".

For emphasis, the MOS suggests using italics-...

|

Emphasis Main page: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Emphasis Italics are used for emphasis, rather than boldface or capitals. But overuse diminishes its effect; consider rewriting instead. Use ... or ... for emphasis. This allows user style sheets to handle emphasis in a customized way, and helps reusers and translators.[2] Correct: The meerkat is not actually a cat. Correct: The meerkat is not actually a cat. Titles

|

Cora Agnes Benneson Pronouns

Jozo Tomasevich ACR 3/29/24

PM - I'm reversing myself and posting my comments at this time. If some overlapping occurs, you have my apology. Regards!

Lead

• Josip "Jozo" Tomasevich (1908 – October 15, 1994; Serbo-Croatian: Josip Tomašević) was an American economist and historian who was a leading expert on the economic and social history of the former Yugoslavia, and after his retirement was appointed professor emeritus of economics at San Francisco State University.

• was an American economist and historian -> how is this specifically exemplified in the body of the article?
• and after his retirement "he" was

• Tomasevich was born in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, part of Austria-Hungary, and after completing his schooling, gained a doctorate in economics at the University of Basel in Switzerland.

"he" "earned"

• In the mid-1930s, he worked at the National Bank of Yugoslavia in Belgrade and published three well-received books on Yugoslav national debt, fiscal policy, and money and credit, respectively.

• Should it be "Yugoslav's" national debt...?
• Drop the comma after credit

• In 1938, he moved to the US as the recipient of a two-year Rockefeller fellowship and conducted research at Harvard University before joining the academic staff of Stanford University.

US -> first use?

• He combined research and teaching there for twenty-five years until his retirement in 1973, broken by a year teaching at Columbia University in 1954.

"which was" broken by a year "of" teaching at

• Between 1943 and 1955, Tomasevich published two books on economic matters, one focused on marine resources and the other on the peasant economy of Yugoslavia, both of which were positively reviewed.

Look this version over: Between 1943 and 1955, Tomasevich had two books published on economic matters; one focused on marine resources and the other on the economy of Yugoslavia at the time and both of them received positive reviews.

• Positively reviewed by scholars such as Phyllis Auty, Alexander Vucinich and John C. Campbell of the Council on Foreign Relations, it was also criticised for bias against Serbs, its length and repetition, by the political scientist Alex N. Dragnich.

• What was "Positively reviewed"?
• [but[ it was
• Drop the comma after repetition

• Tomasevich died in California in 1994.

Might this sentence be better placed before the sentence begining with 2002?

• It focused on [the] collaboration and the quisling governments in Yugoslavia during the war , with a strong emphasis on the Axis puppet state , [and] the so-called Independent State of Croatia.

Look this over

Early life

• Josip "Jozo" Tomašević was born in 1908 in the village of Košarni Do on the Pelješac peninsula in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, part of Austria-Hungary.

"which was" part of

• Košarni Do is near the village of Donja Banda and is today part of the Orebić municipality within the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia.

"in 2023 was"

• He [Nado] returned to the village in 1894, [and he] married the daughter of his first cousin and worked as a farmer.

Look this over

• In 1938, he was the recipient of a two-year Rockefeller fellowship and moved to the US,[3] "availing himself of the rich resources of Harvard University".[1]

"and" availing himself

• The other brother living in Košarni Do received the share of the fourth brother , who [,] by then[,] was a merchant mariner living in New Zealand.[4]

Look this over

• His preference was for a position combining teaching and research, so in 1948, he joined the San Francisco State College (later San Francisco State University).

Drop the comma after 1948

• He taught there for twenty-five years until he retired in 1973 – except in 1954 when he taught at Columbia University.[1]

Replace the first he with his name

Scholarship

• According to Vucinich, from when Tomasevich was 25 until his death at 86, he engaged himself in a succession of research projects , some of which [some] were very extensive.

Look this over

• Between 1934 and 1938, Tomasevich published three books.

Suggest -> Tomasevich had three books published?

• The following year, he published Financijska politika Jugoslavije, 1929–1934 (Fiscal Policy of Yugoslavia, 1929–1934) in Serbo-Croatian, covering much of the same material but more accessible to Yugoslavs.[1]

he "had" pubished?

• A 1940 review of the book in Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, by Professor Mirko Lamer – who later served with the United Nations as an expert at the Food and Agriculture Organization – described Novac i kredit as an important work that filled a large gap in Yugoslav economic literature, and gave a vivid picture of then-current economic theory.[9]

and "it" gave

• Irwin T. Sanders of the Department of Sociology at the University of Kentucky reviewed the book in 1956 and stated that it was "the best book available for anyone wishing to understand the socio-economic pre-Communist background of Yugoslavia", contained realistic evaluations of the peasant political parties, and concluded that "there is little question about the soundness of his economic analysis or his description of the participation of the peasant in national life".

Think about splitting this 72 word sentence?

• The first volume focused on the Chetnik movement led by Draža Mihailović, and [which was] subtitled The Chetniks , [and] appeared in 1975.

Look this over

• Auty praised Tomasevich's detachment from the subject, and stated that it was "likely to remain the standard book on this subject for a long time."

and "she" stated

• The second volume of his planned trilogy – War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration – concentrated on collaboration and the quisling governments in Yugoslavia during the war,[1] with a strong emphasis on the Axis puppet state, the so-called Independent State of Croatia led by Ante Pavelić, the head of the fascist Ustaše movement, and was published posthumously in 2001 with editing from his daughter Neda.

Could you split this 67 word sentence?

• In a review of the book published the following year, the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst lecturer and German historian Klaus Schmider described Tomasevich's grasp of the sources in five languages as "stupendous",[19] and [they] observed that the result was well worth the twenty-six-year wait between the volumes.

Add "they"

• The third volume in the planned trilogy, which was to cover the Partisans, was 75 per cent complete at the time of his death,[1] and as of 2024 , [it] remains unpublished.[19]

Suggest the above change

This is it for now!

Dorothy Olsen -FACR - 3/5/24

Lead

• Dorothy Eleanor Olsen (née Kocher; July 10, 1916 – July 23, 2019) was an American aircraft pilot and member of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) in World War II. She grew up on her family's farm in Oregon, developing an interest in aviation at a young age. She earned her private pilot's license in 1939, when it was unusual for women to be pilots.

Woodburn, Oregon would be more reader friendly

• When the United States entered the war, she joined the WASPs where she was a civilian employee of the military.

• The U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany on December 11, 1941, but the WASP was not formed as such until August 1943 -> Change the introductory phrase accordingly
• a civilian employee of the military -> the Department of Defense (and other sources) confirm that the WASP members were United States federal civil service employees who were attached to the United States Army Air Forces. https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/684700/wasps-were-pioneers-for-female-pilots-of-today-tomotrow/
• After training in Texas, she was assigned to the Sixth Ferrying Group in Long Beach, California where she worked ferrying new aircraft to airbases from the factories where they were built.
• Add a comma after California
• Consider: ferrying new aircraft from factories where they were bulit to U.S. airbases -> gets rid of one where.

• After the war, Olsen retired from flying and moved to Washington, where she raised a family and lived for the rest of her life.

• Washington state is reader freindly
• Drop the comma after Washington
• where she "married and"

• In 2009, she was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal honoring her service during the war.

The medal was awarded to the WASP and she and others were the recipients of it.

• Olsen died in 2019, at the age of 103.

Drop the comma after 2019

Early life

• Dorothy Eleanor Olsen (née Kocher; July 10, 1916 – July 23, 2019) was an American aircraft pilot and member of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs) in World War II.

• and " a" member of
• "during" WWII

• She grew up on her family's farm in Oregon, developing an interest in aviation at a young age.

• Could we beef this up a bit more: Did she attend local schools - what high school did she graduate from and when; was she active in school clubs or sports?

• What did she do between high school graduation and getting her pilots lic.?

• She decided she wanted to fly airplanes when she was eight, after reading The Red Knight of Germany, Floyd Gibbons's biography of World War I flying ace Manfred von Richthofen.

• In the first nine words of this sentence, the word she is used three time?
• Drop the comma after eight

• Her introduction to flight was when she took a biplane ride at a state fair, which inspired her to take flying lessons;[2][3] the cost of the flight reportedly used her entire savings.[4]

This sentence has four pronouns referring to Olsen without nemtioning her proper name -> Suggest starting the sentence with her proper name and rephrasing to drop at least one pronoun

WASPs

• Snce the Olsen story revolves around the WASP, why not tell readers a bit about this organization such as - it was formed by the merging of two similar orgaizations and who were the envolved principals, how many miles did it collectively fly, how much were members paid, number of fatalities etc.
• Olsen joined the Woman Airforce Service PIlots (WASPs) in 1943 when the program was created; this was an organization of women pilots who took non-combat flying jobs as civilian employees of the military.

• How about a little context here: how did Olsen learn the WASP was recruiting, where did she sign up, how much was she to be paid per month etc?
• PIlots -> sp
• non-combat -> noncombatan?

• Initial training was in the Fairchild PT-19, progressing to the Vultee BT-13, the North American AT-6, and finally to the twin-engine Beechcraft AT-11.[6]: time index 15:10 

• Drop the first comma & add and then
• time index 15:10?

• Olsen initially hated her training, but stayed with the program to avoid the embarrassment of dropping out;[8] in a 2010 interview, she recollected crowded housing, insects, and poor weather which made the conditions "pretty primitive".[6]: time index 59:54 

• but "she" stayed
• Change which to that

• Despite being sick with a cold on her return, she passed a checkride which included aerobatic maneuvers, allowing her to stay with her class although she struggled to catch up.[8]

Change which to that

• She graduated on August 7, 1943[2][8] and was assigned to the Sixth Ferrying Group in Long Beach, California.[10]

Add a comma after 1943

• Olsen flew 61 missions for the U.S. Army Air Corps, delivering brand new planes from the factory.

According to this link, U.S. Army Air Corps, the USAAC became the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) on 20 June 1941.

Is the word "brand" necessary?

• A typical assignment was to ferry a P-38 or P-51 from Long Beach to Newark, New Jersey, then get a military transport flight to Niagra Falls, New York, where she would pick up a Bell P-63 for delivery to Great Falls, Montana and then return to Long Beach for another trip.

• A typical assignment "for Olsen" was
• Add a comment after Montana
• Niagra -> sp
• pickup is one word

• When the WASP program ended in 1944, the pilots were discharged at their home bases, with no transportation allowance to get back home.[3]

Add "but" after bases,

After the war

• After the war, she married Harold W. Olsen of the Washington State Police Department, and moved to University Place, Washington.

and 'they' moved

• Nerve damage from a dental procedure left her deaf for many years but at the age of 80, she received cochlear implants which restored her hearing.

• Add a comma after years and drop the comma after 80
• Change which to that

Battle of Big Black River Bridge A/C-2/26/24

I leave you with a passel of comments and look forward to your responses.

Lead

• During the American Civil War, the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, was a key point on the Mississippi River.

Since the ACW is spelled out in the previous sentence could abbreviate it to 'war' here

• On April 30, 1863, a Union army commanded by Major General Ulysses S. Grant began crossing onto the east side of the Mississippi River.

Why - add just a bit of context?

• After [engaging and] defeating Confederate forces in several intermediate battles, Grant's army defeated Lieutenant General John C. Pemberton's Confederates at the decisive Battle of Champion Hill on May 16.

Consider the above change

• One division of Pemberton's army, commanded by Major General William W. Loring, had become cut off from Pemberton's main body during the retreat from Champion Hill.

Consider this version: During the retreat from Champion Hill, one division of Pemberton's army, commanded by Major General William W. Loring, was cutoff from Pemberton's main body.

• Pemberton did not know of the location of Loring's division, and [he] held a bridg[e]head on the east side of the Big Black River on the morning of May 17 to cover Loring's anticipated withdrawal across the river [on the morning of May 17].

Consider the above changes

• Union Brigadier General Michael Kelly Lawler advanced his troops into an old meander in advance of the main Union line on the north end of the battlefield.

advanced his troops to an old meander on the river?

• Th[e]is withdrawal became chaotic and roughly 1,750 Confederate soldiers and 18 cannons were captured; with the cannons [were] captured due to an error that left their [because the teams of horses [horse-drawn cannons were erronouesly] positioned on the other side of the Big Black River.

• Consider the above changes
• The number reported under "Aftertnath" is 1,751?

• The surviving Confederate soldiers entered the fortifications at Vicksburg, Mississippi, and the siege of Vicksburg began the next day[;] , [it] end[ed] ing in [the] a Confederate surrender on July 4, [1863].

Consider the above changes

Background

• The strategically important city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, was still in Confederate hands, [and it served] serving as a strong defensive position that commanded the river and pr[e]vented the Union from separating the two halves of the Confederacy.[4]

Consider the above changes

• An attempt to cut Williams's Canal across a meander of the river in June and July, bypassing Vicksburg, failed.[7][8]

Consider: An attempt during June and July to cut-across Williams's Canal, a meander in the river, that bypassed Vicksburg failed.

• Grant ordered a retreat after a supply depot and part of his supply line were destroyed during the Holly Springs Raid on December 20 and Forrest's West Tennessee Raid.

• Since Grant did not order a retreat until after the his supply lines were destroyed this might be a better way to phrase it?
• Does the date apply to both raids?

• [Then] A [a]fter diverting up the Yazoo River, Sherman's men began skirmishing with Confederate soldiers [who were] defending a line of hills above the Chickasaw Bayou.

Consider the above changes

• The advance along the west bank of the Mississippi began on March 29, and [it] was spearheaded by Major General John A. McClernand's [XIII Corps] troops , the XIII Corps.

Consider the above changes

Prelude'

• On April 29, the Union Navy's Mississippi Squadron, commanded by David Dixon Porter, attempted to bombard the Confederate defenses at Grand Gulf, Mississippi, but the resulting Battle of Grand Gulf failed to drive the Confederates away.

attempted [?] to bombard

• On the morning of May 12, McPherson's encountered Confederate troops near Raymond, Mississippi, bringing on the Battle of Raymond.

McPherson's or McPherson?

• A delaying action was fought on May 14.[26]

A bit of context here would help?

• However, Johnston then marched his army away from the area in which a combination with Pemberton could easily be made.

Could "have been" easily made

• While Pemberton favored making a stand behind the Big Black River, he was convinced by some of his subordinate officers to make an offensive strike towards where Grant's supply line was believed to be.[29]

Is towards necessary?

• Pemberton did not know that Grant had forgone utilizing a traditional line of communications during his movement inland.[30]

• What is the significance of this to readers
• The sentence above does not seem to transition well with the one below?

• While the Confederates began a difficult march, Grant moved west in three columns towards Edwards.[31]

Why was the march difficult?

Battle

• [In preparing for what was likely to transoire,] Pemberton had a portion of his army hold a [the] line east of the Big Black River , in order to prevent Loring from being cut off from the main Confederate body at the crossing.

• Consider the above changes -> Transition (linguistics)
• cutoff is one word
• What crossing?

• In early May[37] the Confederate defense line had been laid out by Samuel H. Lockett.[38]

• defense line, or defensive line?
• Change had been to was

• The works were made of cotton bales and dirt.

• works seems more like a collective noun?
• The defensive line of the previous sentence seems to be the works in this sentence, and the works is also used in some sentences that follow - in which case readers need some clarity of the term.

• To the south lay a body of water named Gin Lake[,] ; the Confederate right flank was at the lake , with the line running north to the Big Black River, which made a bend east of the bridge across the Big Black River.

Consider the above changes

• The [tracks] path of the railroad ran on a raised [roadbed] embankment.

• Consider the above changes
• I'm unable to find how this sentence relaates to any other sentence, fact or idea?

• The Confederate line was just west of the bayou, and trees were felled at the bayou to form abatis.

"an" abatis

• Bowen commanded this 5,000-man force, which he deemed insufficent to strongly man the entire Confederate defensive works.[44]

insufficent -> sp?

• The Confederates had 18 cannon.[35]

Why is cannon sigular?

• Vaughn's men and the 4th Mississippi were positioned in an area north of the railroad where the enemy was least expected to attack, and Brigadier General Martin E. Green's brigade held the far left.[49]

Change enemy to the Union

• If the Confederates were forced to retreat, they would have [had] to cross open ground to the bridge and Dot, which would become bottlenecks in a retreat.

Consider the above chabge

• Early on the morning of May 17, McClernand's troops advanced through Edwards, and then encountered the Confederate line.

Drop the comma after Edwards or add they after then

• The Illinoisans encountered the Confederate lines,[51] and then took up position in the woods facing the north end of the Confederate line.

• Add "they" atter and
• took up "a" position

• Benton's men took up a position in the fields east of the woods to on the Union right, and Brigadier General Michael Kelly Lawler's brigade formed south of the road.[52]

is it "to" or "on'

• This movement worried Carr, who shifted Lawler to Benton's right, while Brigadier General Peter J. Osterhaus's division deployed to the south.

Drop the comma after Carr

• Two cannons positioned themselves in a small clearing between the right of the woods and the Big Black River, with the 22nd Iowa Infantry Regiment in support.

• Two cannons positioned themselves -> how can this be?
• "and" with the

• This position allowed Lawler to enfilade the Confederate position east of the bayou, as well as part of the primary defensive works.[60][61]

Instead of enfilade, how about the ordinary words of a dictionary: direct a volley of gunfire along the length of a target, or something similar?

• The two regiments sent from Garrard's brigade to the right took the position previously occupired by the 22nd Iowa, who [and they] also moved in[on]to the meander.

Consider the above changes

• occupired -> sp

• Colonel William Kinsman, the commander of the 23rd Iowa, proposed to Lawler that his regiment should attack the Confederates[;] , [Kinsman] reasoning [was] that the Confederates would only have time to fire one volley before the Union soliders reached the defenses[,] and that the Confederates might not put up a stiff fight after the Champion Hill defeat.

• Consider the above changes, but since this sentence is over 50 words you might want to split it?
• soliders -> sp

• Lawler ordered a charge by his whole brigade[;] , with the 21st and 23rd Iowa in the front rank while the other two regiments charged behind.

Consider the above changes

• The 49th and 69th Indiana joined the attack[;] ,[67] while Lawler's men advanced at an angle across Green's front, [and] striking one of Vaughn's regiments, the 61st Tennessee Infantry Regiment.[68]

Consider the above changes

• Lawler's men stopped to fire once they reached the abatis[;] , and the Tennesseans [were] routed, and the defenders either ran away or surrendered.[68]

Consider the above changes

• He then formed a new line west of the river , [by] using the brigades of Brigadier Generals Stephen D. Lee and William E. Baldwin, who had arrived from Bovina, Mississippi, and part of Landis's Missouri Battery [that] , which had been positioned on the west bank before the battle.
• Two other Confederate steamboats, Charm and Paul Jones, who had been located downstream from the bridge, were also burned.[74]

Consider the above changes for these two sentences

Aftermath and preservation

• Albert Lee's men spent the afternoon [add date and year] in low-intensity fighting across the river against [a] the Confederate force there, while Carr and Smith's men patrolled the field.[75]

Comsider the above changes

• The Union reported the capture of 1,751 Confederates, as well as 18 cannon[s].[76]

• Consider the above changes
• It's reported above at 1,750?

• The Confederate artillery losses [came about because] were due to the horse[-drawn] teams for the cannons [had been erroneously] being moved across the river before the battle for unclear reasons.

Consider the above changes

• Green reported having suffered 485 casualties, while two of Vaughn's regiments combined for 546 losses.

Consider the above changes

• Most of these casualties were in prisoners or [those] missing in action.

Consider the above changes

The 4th Mississippi, one of Vaughn's regiments, and Cockrell's brigade did not report losses, but [they were] are known to have suffered heavily in men captured.[79]

Consider the above changes

• Pemberton ordered several outlying positions withdrawn into the main lines and the Vicksburg defenses were also physically improved.

Consider the above changes

• There was much outrage against Pemberton within the Confederate army due to the events of the past several days.[85]

What events?

• Loring had noticed light from fires in Union-occupied Edwards on the morning of May 17, and with the way blocked [he] , instead marched his men to Jackson , joining [where they joined] forces with Johnston on May 19.

Consider the above changes

• Sherman sent a cavalry regiment towards Snyder's Bluff, where the Confederate fortifications were found to have been abandoned; [while] Grant's army had regained a connection to the Union Navy elements [on] in the Yazoo River.[87]

Consider the above changes

• Aftermath

A close reading of the content of the aftermath part of the above section suggests that much of it might not fall within the ordinary meaning of aftermath.

• See Section headings and Article titles of the MOS - Wikipedia:Manual of Style
• The new Oxford American Dictionary defines the meaning of aftermath as "the consequences or aftereffects of a significant unpleasant event, and it further defines aftereffects as "an effect that follows after the primary action of something.

What do you think?

Post Aftermath

The new Oxford American Dictionary defines the meaning of aftermath as "the consequences or aftereffects of a significant unpleasant event, and it further defines aftereffects as "an effect that follows after the primary action of something. What do you think?

Pendright - I'll see what @WP:MILHIST coordinators: have to say. I've used the "Aftermath" heading in a number of other GA/FA articles about battles before, so I'd like additional opinions as this change would affect a number of articles. Hog Farm Talk 22:35, 10 March 2024 (UTC)[reply] @Hog Farm: Unfortunately, there seems to be problems between what I said and your understanding of it. The issue I raise is not at all about the use of the Aftermath heading, it's about some of the content contained within the Aftermath part of the section that seems more relevant to the Battle section. So chew on this for a bit and then you decide whether or not any changes seem necessary.Pendright (talk) 21:42, 11 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]

It's one of the suggested heading names in articles on battles at Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Content guide#Battles, and is widely used. It seems to be in line with the Oxford dictionary definition noted above. Nick-D (talk) 22:55, 10 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]

I agree with Nick-D. It is in the manual of style, provides context and almost all of the events have further developments in a war or at its end. I am not going to go back and look but it would be safe to assume that all 99 military history articles that I have written would need to be changed, and the end would usually be left dangling with the question, so where do I look to see what happened next if the dictionary definition were to be strictly and narrowly interpreted and used to cut off these sections. The manual of style, along with common and accepted practice for military history articles, provide a sufficient basis for continuing to use these sections in military history articles. Donner60 (talk) 23:20, 10 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]

{Pinhg|Hog Farm} {Ping|Nick-D} {PiNg|Donner60} This aftermath thing seems to have gotten out of hand, so let's bring some perspective to it by reviewing the facts. Initially, I stated that - A close reading of the content of the Aftermath part of the above section suggests that much of it might not fall within the ordinary meaning of aftermath. I followed up by asking - What do you think? Your response to this was - "I'll see what @WP:MILHIST coordinators have to say. They had plenty to say, however, it seemed as though they were responding to something other than the question I put to you. In our most recent exchange, I stated - Chew on this for a bit [the Aftermath content] and then you decide whether any changes seem necessary. To which you replied - Oh, okay - I've moved the first paragraph about the casualties and battlefield cleanup out of the aftermath section - does this resolve the issue? There was no issue to resolve - my comment merely asked you to decide whether changes to the content were necessary. You opted for change, so consider the matter closed.