User:Pedrogaytan12/sandbox

This sandbox will be utilized to edit work for class assignments

Drafts of proposed article changes and creations. Not fully edited so any suggestions on format and content are appreciated.

Alida Garcia(New Article)

Alida Garcia is a social activist whose major work is centered on immigration issues. She was born and raised in Southern California, and is a descendant of migrant farm workers. Her activism was kindled by involvement as a student activist during her time at Stanford University. As a committed activist, she was arrested during her first quarter of college, after a protest against janitor related layoffs at the Stanford Hospital.

Garcia is active on social media and uses her platforms to advocate for various causes; such as the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, Deferred Action for Parent of Americans, and the #IAmAnImmigrant campaign.

Jose Antonio Vargas, a famous undocumented immigrant is a close friend of Garcia. She has had a significant impact on Vargas' life, from coming to help him when he got arrested by airport security to helping him land a partnership with the Los Angeles Times.

Career

Garcia's inspiration to pursue social change came through Thurgood Marshall’s utilization of the rule of law as a vessel for creating systematic change for those in need. However, while at Columbia Law School, she acknowledge that social change wasn’t what law schools encouraged students to pursue. She followed the typical trajectory of graduates, and began her career as a commercial litigation attorney at K&L Gates; however this made Garcia feel as though she wasn't maximizing her talents and passions. Therefore she took some time to work on Obama's 2008 presidential election campaign as the California Latino Vote Deputy Director based in Los Angeles.

After working for the Obama Campaign, she left K&L Gates for an opportunity at mayor Antonio Villaragosa's office. There Garcia helped on economic and business policy, as well as on a fellowship that brought young talent from the public to the private sector. Garcia also worked for the Attorney General-elect Kamala Harris as the Co-Chair of Young Professionals. Following her work in Los Angeles politics, she moved to Chicago to serve as the National Latino Vote Deputy Director in Obama's re-election campaign; Garcia's work helped garner the highest Latino voter turnout in Presidential campaign history.

Garcia currently serves as the Director of Coalitions & Policy for FWD.us, a lobbying group Co-Founded by Mark Zuckerberg. Some main goals of the initiative are to provide immigration reform, enhance the education system and invest in the sciences. Additionally, she is the Co-Founder & Executive Director of Inclusv, an organization that seeks to increase the number of People of Color(POC) participating in advocay and politics. Her and her co-founders have continued to work for this cause; her activism and involvement allowed her to participate as a speaker in PowerPAC+ , a conference centered around the encouragement of POC in politics. Quentin James, served as the black Americans director for Ready for Hillary; and Greg Cendana, served as executive director of the Asian Pacific America Labor Alliance.

Additionally, she has sat on the boards of the Opportunity Institute, The Bus Federation, Justice League NYC, Welcome.US, and the Council for American Job Growth. 

California Assembly Bill 540 (Existing Article)

California's Assembly Bill 540 is a bill signed by then Governor Gray Davis on October 12, 2001. This bill allows both domestic students whom may be classified as nonresidents, and undocumented students who meet certain requirements to pay in-state tuition in California's higher education institutions, such as the University of California, California State Universities and California Community Colleges.

This bill provides marginalized students with the ability to easily attain a college education. Some of California's higher education student population is worried that the rising cost of education will lead them to rely on financial institutions for monetary support. Tuition has been constantly increasing, and some institutions have even seen tuition hikes of over 50% since the mid 2000's. Tuition at the University of California is expected to increase after the end an agreement made between Governor Jerry brown and University officials. The agreement states that a two year tuition freeze will be in place until the end of the 2016-2017 academic school year; Therefore, California residents' tuition would remain at approximately $12,294, while non-resident tuition will rise up to 8 percent annually -- bringing tuition to nearly $38,976.

Tuition costs

The minimum resident vs nonresident tuition for full time students in California's higher education institutions for the 2016-2017 academic school year are as follows; keep in mind that tuition costs vary per campus due to specific campus-based costs.

California Community College system: $1,104 vs $3,360

California State University system: $5,472 vs resident tuition plus an additional $372 per semester or $248 per quarter unit rate

University of California system: $12,294 vs $38,976

Eligibility Requirements

The requirements to be considered an AB 540 student are:

1. Must have attended a California high school for 3 or more academic years(does not have to be consecutive) OR obtained at least three years worth of High School academic credit in correlation with attendance to three years of elementary, middle or high school combined
2. Must have graduated, or plan to graduate, high school or receive an equivalent certificate
3. Must register or be currently enrolled in an accredited public institution of higher education in California
4. Must file or plan to file an affidavit as required by individual institutions, stating that he/she will apply for legal residency as soon as he/she becomes eligible to do so
5. Not hold a valid non-immigrant visa (including, but not limited to the following visas: A, B, C, D, E, F, T*, TN/TD, TWOV, U*, and NATO)

Bill History

The bill was originally introduced on February 21, 2001 by Assembly Members Firebaugh and Maldonado. It was principally co-authored by Elaine Alquist, and it was seen as an addition to the Education Code with regards to higher education. The bill was approved by Governor Gray Davis on October 12, 2001, and then filed with the Secretary of State on October 13, 2001.

History of Anti-Undocumented Immigrant in Education

The issue if undocumented immigration and education became prevalent in the late 20th century. In the Plyler v Doe case of 1982, the United States Supreme Court ruled that undocumented students can't be denied k-12 education due to their immigration status because they qualify as “persons” under the 14th Amendment of the Constitution. This was a response to discrimination against resource allocation for undocumented elementary school children in Texas.

There have also been occurrences of anti-immigration movements with a focus on post-secondary education. The Federal Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) of 1996 prohibits undocumented immigrants form in-state tuition. However, states have been able to overcome IIRIRA through the passage of legislature that allows any individual who meets guidelines to receive in-state tuition, one example being AB540.

In California, Proposition 187 fought against the ability of undocumented immigrants to qualify for social services, such as education and health care. The proposition was passed but later challenged and found unconstitutional by the federal court. It has been found that legislature similar to Prop 187 creates a criminal stigma for undocumented people, primarily through the identification of individuals as "illegal."

States with similar legislature

In 2001, the first state to allow undocumented students to receive in-state tuition at post-secondary institutions was Texas. Soon after a wave of other states followed, such as California(2001), Washington(2003), Utah(2002), New Mexico(2005), New York(2001), Illinois(2003), Kansas(2004), Nebraska(2006), and Oklahoma(2004). Of these states only Nebraska, Oklahoma, New Mexico and Texas offered state financial aid to undocumented students.

As of 2014, the political landscape has changed with states fluctuating between support and disagreement of legislature in favor of undocumented immigrants. The most notable changes were when Oklahoma removed any legislature in support of the education for undocumented students in 2008. Wisconsin took a similar stance in 2011, when they ended in-state tuition for undocumented students four years after their initial support. On the contrary, states that have joined the movement to aid these students with tuition reduction include Connecticut (2011), Colorado(2013), Minnesota(2013), New Jersey(2013), and Oregon (2013). Maryland also passed similar legislature in 2011, but in addition to the general eligibility requirements, they require that applicants complete 60 credits or graduate from a state community college.

In addition to providing in-state tuition rates, states like California, Washington, New Mexico, Texas, Illinois and Minnesota began providing state financial aid assistance to many eligible students. Support for students to pursue their careers has gone beyond undergrad assistance. California has worked to remove barriers that prevent eligible undocumented individuals from attain professional licenses in career paths such as Law and Architecture.

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals(DACA) (Existing Article)

I want to move "implementation" section before "eligibility"

within eligibility I would like to move the description before the eligibility requirements. This seems to make it flow nicely.

I also want to add the following sentence in the "eligibility" section after the DACA requirement list

To show proof of qualification(verify these requirements), applicants must submit three forms; I-821D, Consideration of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals; I-765, Application for Employment Authorization; and I-765WS, Worksheet.

The following will be a subheading under "eligibility"

Travel Information

In addition to the $465 application fee, if a DACA qualifying individual wants to travel abroad there is an additional fee and application requirement.

Form I-131 Application Type D, with a fee of $360 needs to be submitted to USCIS.

To receive advance parole on must travel abroad for the sole purpose of an educational, employment, or humanitarian purposes. This must be indicate on the Form I-131 as described below:

• Educational purposes, such studying abroad;
• Employment purposes, such as overseas positions, interviews, training, or meetings with clients; or
• Humanitarian purposes, such as travel for medical reasons, attend funeral services for a family member, or visit an sick relative.

Travel for leisure is not a valid purpose.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

*after the stats of grads*

This policy has been seen as a way to remove immigration enforcement attention from "low priority" individuals whom act as good citizens.

*irst paragraph after *deportation*

This policy was created after acknowledgment that the undocumented students population was rapidly increasing; approximately 65,000 undocumented students graduate from U.S. high schools on a yearly basis.

*Under California mini paragraph*

The state of California also allows DACA holding individuals to qualify for Medi-Cal.

*end of first paragraph*

This policy now faces threats by president-elect Donald Trump.

*end second paragraph*

Between 2014 and 2015 USCIS has renewed 443,103 DACA requests