User:Paigee33/sandbox

Article Evaluation

I cited that this fact:

The variant spelling liripoop has also the obsolete meaning of "silly person", most probably because it is an inherently funny word, cf. "Nincompoop".

I added to the chrysanthemum page and wrote that:

• In Chinese culture, the chrysanthemum is a symbol of autumn and the flower of the ninth moon. People even drank chrysanthemum wine on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month in order to prolong their lives during the Han dynasty. It is a symbol of longevity because of its health-giving properties. Because of all of this, the flower was often worn on funeral attire.

I also read the corset page and the talk page and thought about some of the questions listed. I ended up just wanting to stand up for something I thought should be freely discussed. I wrote this on the talk page: I think even if they are exceptions to the norm, they are still important to include in the article. This way people can know about, consider, and discuss it. Paigee33 (talk) 11:06, 20 October 2017 (UTC)

The pros and cons of the High-heeled footwear page

Pros:

• It covers a fairly broad range of things 
• It seems to be fairly objective
• there is a decent amount of information on it, like the article has a significant amount of material 

Cons:

• bad organization 
• the introduction needs to be re-arranged to create something that effectively outlines a high heel instead of something that talks about the height of a heel 
• not enough sources ; there are only 3 references 
• could be more informative 
• It jumps around and the timeline isn't clear or complete by any means 

High Heels

Generic High Heel

High heels are a type of shoe in which the heel, compared to the toe, is significantly higher off of the ground. These shoes go beyond simply protecting the foot from the ground or improve efficiency of walking. High heels make the wearer taller, accentuating the calf muscle and the length of the leg overall. There are many millions of kinds of high heels, which come in different styles, colors, and materials, and can be found all over the world. They have significant cultural and fashionable meanings attached to them, which have been largely shaped by historical contexts over the past 1000 years.

History

Pre-1700’s

Figure 1. 21st century cowboy boot - illustrating the unchanging shape of a horse back riding shoe

High heels have a long, rich history, dating as far back as the tenth century. The Persian cavalry, for example, wore a kind of boot with heels in order to ensure their feet stayed in the stirrups. Furthermore, research indicates that heels kept arrow-shooting riders who stood up on galloping horses, safely on the horse. Figure 1 shows that this trend has translated into the popular 21st century cowboy boot. Owning horses was expensive and time consuming, so to wear heels implied the wearer had significant wealth. This practical and effective use of the heel has set the standard for most horse-back riding shoes throughout history and even into the present day. Later, in the 12^th Century AD in India heels become visible again. The image of a statue from the Ramappa Temple proves this, showing an Indian woman’s foot clad in a raised shoe. Then, during the Medieval period, both men and women wore platform shoes in order to raise themselves out of the trash and excrement filled streets.

1700’s

Figure 2. Portrait of Louis XIV in high heels

High heels, in terms of 21st century standards, however, did not come about until around the 1600’s in Europe. Men wore them to imply their upper-class status: only someone who did not have to work could afford, both financially and practically, to wear such extravagant shoes. As figure 2 depicts, royalty such as King Louis XIV wore heels to impart status. As the shoes caught on though, and other members of society began donning high heels, elite members ordered their heels to be made even higher to distinguish themselves from lower classes. Authorities even began regulating the length of a high heel’s point according to social rank. Klaus Carl includes these lengths in his book Shoes: “½ feet   for commoners, 1 foot for the bourgeois, 1 and ½ feet for knights, 2 feet for nobles, and 2 and ½ feet for princes.” As women took to appropriating this style, the heels’ width changed in another fundamental way. Men wore thick heels while women wore skinny ones. Then, when Enlightenment ideals such as science, nature, and logic took hold of many European societies, men gradually stopped wearing heels. After the French Revolution in the late 1780's, heels, femininity, and superficiality all became intertwined. In this way, heels became much more associated with a woman’s sense of impracticality and extravagance.

Figure 3. Typical 18th Century Shoe

The design of the high French heels from the late 1600s to around the 1720’s placed body weight on the ball of the foot, and were decorated with lace or braided fabric (Figure 3). From the 1730’s-1740’s, wide heels with an upturned toe and a buckle fastening became popular. The 50’s and 60’s introduced a skinner, higher heel. The 70’s continued this trend, but added combinations of color. Additionally, throughout all of these decades, there was no difference between the right and left shoe.

1800’s

Figure 4. 1850's sewing machine

Heels went out of fashion starting around 1810, and then in 1860 they returned at about two and a half inches. The Pinet heel and the Cromwell heel, were both introduced during this time. Their production was also increased with the invention and eventual mass production of the sewing machine around the 1850’s. With sewing machines, yields increased as machines could quickly and cheaply “position[n] the heel, stitc[h] the upper, and attac[h] the upper to the sole.” This is also a prime example of how the popularity of heels interacts with the culture and technology of the time.

1900’s

Figure 5. World War II - poster of pin up doll in high heels

With the 1900’s bringing two devastating world wars, many countries set regulations for rationing almost all aspects of life. This included materials previously used for making heels, such as silk, rubber, or leather; these began to be replaced with cork and wooden soles. Another one of the numerous outcomes of these wars was an increase in international relations, and a more proliferate sharing of fashion through photography and films, which helped spread high heel fashion as well. One example of this were the brown and white pumps with cutouts or ankle straps combined with a peep toe. Their practicality yet professional look appealed to the new, fast paced lifestyle of many women.

Alternatively, World War II led to the popularization of pin up girl posters, which men would often hang in their bunks while at war. Almost all of these girls were pictured wearing high heels, leading to an increase in the relationship between high heels and female sexuality. The tall, skinny stiletto heel was invented in 1950, strengthening the relationship between women, sexuality, and appearance.

Materials

High heels have been made from all kinds of materials throughout history. In the early years, leather and cowhide was preferred. As civilizations progressed, silk and patent leather were introduced, while cork and wood were utilized as cheap researches in times of war. After the World Wars and the increase in production of steel, the actual heel was a piece of steel wrapped in some kind of material. This has enabled designers to make heels taller and skinnier without them snapping.

21st century

High heels intricate and complex history has led to a variety of cultural thoughts and lens through which people view high heels today. Firstly, it is very exclusively gendered in the sense that very few men wear high heels. Secondly, magazines like Playboy, as well as other media sources portraying women in a sexual way, often do so using high heels. Morris argues that if high heels accentuate “sex specific aspects” of a woman’s body, it makes the female form more attractive. That is to say that the link between high heels and female sexuality has only increased. Keeping this sexual undercurrent in mind, heels are considered fashionable for women in most cases. It could be semiformal with a “button down silk blouse…jeans and high heels.” Or it could be formal with a dress or pants suit. Finally, 20th and 21st century cultural values have dictated that high heels are the norm in professional settings for a woman. Some researchers argue that high heels have even become part of the female workplace uniform, and operate in a much larger and complex set of display rules. The 21st century has introduced a broad spectrum and variety of styles, ranging from height and width of heel, to design and color of the shoe. These are constantly being changed and shaped by the current cultural and technological moment.

Kinds of Heels

·      Stacked heel - usually layers of leather 5 mm thick stacked together and trimmed to match the shape of the heel.

·      Continental heel - 3/4 cm, with the upper part of the chest of the heel spreading towards the center of the shoe.

·      Setback heel - similar to the continental heel, but the surface of the back of the heel is straight, forming a right angle.

·      Cuban heel - similar to the continental heel, but not curved, generally medium height

·      Pantaloon heel - similar to pantaloon pants: the top lift part of the heel is spread out as it extends to the bottom part of the heel, and the waistline of the heel is curves inward naturally.

·      Angle heel - the surface of the base of the heel is straight until reaching the waistline, and it looks like the shape of the Korean letter ¬.

·      Pinet heel: straight and skinny

·      Cromwell shoe: based on Oliver Cromwell with heel up to 6.5 in heel.

·      Bar Style - had jewelry or other decorative aspects to go along with flapper culture.

·      New Look in 1947 - a slim/elegant heel, newly discovered putting steel in the heel. This enabled the heel to be ultra skinny without snapping.

·      Annabelle - 7 cm platform heel

·      Stiletto - Tall, skinny heel; first mentioned in a newspaper in September of 1953.

Medical Research

Figure 7. Diagram of an Achilles-tendon

Joint and Back Pain

Research has proven that the height of a heel and the amount of injury that heel causes are directly correlated. Specifically, high heels can affect the amount of tension present in the paraspinal muscles, or muscles running up the back along the spine. Because humans are born with flat feet, the bodies’ muscular response to the unnatural feeling of wearing high heels is to tense, causing back, leg, and even shoulder muscles to tighten in order to improve balance and stability. Some more specific instances of the numerous negative side effects of wearing heels include ankle sprains, back and leg pain, shortening of the Achilles tendon, and loss of joint mobility in the wearer's knees. In particular, heels with only a small space for the toes, can sometimes squeeze tightly enough to cause foot deformity and back pain. Additionally, heels may affect how the wearer walks by slowing and shortening their normal stride.

Vein Swelling

Further research reveals that another possible consequence of wearing high heels is an increase of pressure in one's veins. Experiments have proven that the higher the heel, the “higher [the] venous pressure in the leg.” This means that after repeated use of high heels, varicose veins and other undesirable symptoms are much more likely to appear in the legs. Other research supports these two claims when arguing that wearing high heels can lead to numerous long term effects, including accidental trauma to multiple areas of the body. Repeatedly wearing high heels over a long period of time can be detrimental to the wearer's bodily health.

Feminist Attitudes  

Research shows that heels draw attention to long legs and small feet. Some argue that “high-heeled shoes, perhaps more than any other item of clothing, are seen as the ultimate symbol of being a woman.” High heels often play a key role in emphasizing a wearer's, most commonly a woman's, arched back and extended buttocks. This “natural courting pose” sexualizes the wearer, and can turn them into objects subjected to the male gaze. This research highlights the emphasis heels place on the appearance of the wearer, instead of their arguably more valuable internal traits such as intelligence, creativity, or strength.

A Male Perspective

Figure 8. A Mile in Her Shoes: men walk a mile in high heels to support domestic violence victims

It has not been popular for men to wear high heels since the late eighteenth century. Some men see the cultural norm, which often mandates that women must wear heels to look professional, as completely unproblematic. They see heels as shoes that do not hinder walking in anyway, and as things that can easily be taken on and off. As anyone who has worn heels knows, though, that they are often painful to walk in, and commonly causes negative side effects to joints and veins after prolonged use.

Protests like A Mile in Her Shoes are one of the few instances in the 21st century where it is socially acceptable for heterosexual men to wear high heels. This march involves men, most often white and heterosexual, to wear red high heels and walk a mile in protest of domestic violence. However, by wearing high heels for such a brief period of time, and making a point of acting like they don't know how to walk properly in them, men reinforce the stereotype that only women can or should wear high heels.