User:Paddyiranmanesh/sandbox

For the Evaluation of an Article, I chose the Apologies article:

I feel like the article is under-developed and there could be more explanation and meaning to it. Some ideas I have are including a broader definition and going more into details about apologies and updating each section with newer material. Also, to include a section about what scholars thought about apologies. Paddyiranmanesh (talk) 00:46, 25 January 2019 (UTC)

There isn't any tone to the article and it doesn't read as an article since it's more of a list of film, music, and anything close to the word apology. Citations aren't listed as well. I agree with the Talk Page on how there's no relevant content. There's much work needed on this article.Paddyiranmanesh (talk) 00:39, 26 January 2019 (UTC)

Choose Your Topic/Find Your Sources- Apologies Article

Sources-

        1) Apologies, Expectations, and Violations: An Analysis of Confirmed and Disconfirmed Expectations for Responses to Apologies by Benjamin W. Chiles & Michael E. Roloff 2014
        2) Forgiveness, Apology, and Communicative Responses to Hurtful Events by Guy Foster Bachman & Laura K. Guerrero 2006
        3) Effects of Timing and Sincerity of an Apology on Satisfaction and Changes in Negative Feelings During Conflicts by Amy S. Ebesu Hubbard, Blake Hendrickson, Keri Szejda Fehrenbach, & Jennifer Sur 2013
        4) Apologizing in a globalizing world: crisis communication and apologetic ethics by Finn Frandsen and Winni Johansen 2010
        5) Apology as Power Intervention: The Case of News of the World Susan K. Opt 2013
  Paddyiranmanesh (talk) 19:13, 27 January 2019 (UTC)

Adding a Citation Apologizing has the ability to heal and bring a relationship back to normalcy. Typically, apologies are accepted due to social rituals. Paddyiranmanesh (talk) 00:49, 5 February 2019 (UTC)

Apology- Original From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 (Redirected from Apologies)

Jump to navigationJump to search Look up apology, apologize, apologise, apologist, or apologetic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Apology, apologise or apologist may refer to:

Apology (act), an expression of remorse or regret Apologetics, the systematic theological defense of a religious position Christian apologetics, the defense of Christianity

Contents 1 Literature 2 Film and theater 3 Music 4 Other 5 See also Literature Apology (Plato), Plato's recording of Socrates' defense at trial Apology (Xenophon), Xenophon's version of Socrates' defense Apologeticus or Apology (c. AD 197) of Tertullian Apology of the Augsburg Confession (1531), a defense of Lutheranism by Philipp Melanchthon Apologia Pro Vita Sua (1864), a defense of Catholicism by John Henry Newman A Mathematician's Apology (1940), an essay by British mathematician G. H. Hardy Film and theater Apology, a 1943 Broadway play Apology (film), a 1986 HBO original film starring Lesley Ann Warren Apology (2006 film), a 2006 independent short film starring Vincent Piazza "The Apology" (Seinfeld), a 1997 episode of Seinfeld The Apology (film), a 2016 National Film Board of Canada documentary Music ApologetiX, a Christian parody band founded in 1992 Apologies to the Queen Mary (2005), an album by Wolf Parade "All Apologies", a 1993 song by Nirvana "Apologize" (OneRepublic song), 2005 "Apologize" (Ed Ames song), 1967 "Apologize", a song by Hollywood Undead from the 2011 album American Tragedy "Apologize", a 1952 song by John Lee Hooker from Plays and Sings the Blues "Apologize", a 1968 song by Peter, Paul and Mary from the album Late Again "Apologize", a song by Showtek "Apology," a song by The Posies from the album Dear 23 Other Apology hand gesture or Pranāma, common in India Non-apology apology Apology (horse) (1871–1888), a Thoroughbred mare and winner of the 1874 British Triple Crown Mr. Apology a.k.a. Allan Bridge (1945–1995), American conceptual artist See also Wikiquote has quotations related to: Apology Sorry (disambiguation) Regret (emotion) No Apologies (disambiguation) I Apologize (disambiguation) Disambiguation icon This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Apology. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Categories: Disambiguation pages

Apology- Edited From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 (Redirected from Apologies)

Final Draft

An apology is an expression of regret or remorse for actions. Apologizing is the act of expressing regret or remorse. Sociologists and psychologists argue that apologizing plays a key role in communication, due to the inevitability that an individual will perform an action that will lead to apologies and forgiveness. According to the Attribution theory, the earlier an apology is done leads to less conflict during the discussion and communication satisfaction. The way the apology is received effects the outcomes and the process of forgiveness. The more emotion shown helps resolves disputes quicker and rid negative emotions. The nature of apologizing involves at least two people where one has offended the other. Apologizing relates to ethics and is a manner of communication. When responding to a crisis there are multiple implications and ethical standards that can be followed. Apologizing can best be described as an emotional expression, interpreted in various ways in the eyes of the victim.

Background

Translation of the Apology

The word apology came about in the early 15th century in multiple forms from Greek and Latin speech by Socrates. In Greek and Latin, an apology is termed as the phrase apologia to communicate justification, which originates from apologeisthai meaning to support one's justification. Apologeisthai is derived from the apologos meaning chronicle and apo meaning elsewhere. Socrates found an apology to be a well-thought justification of accusations made. He felt it was an expression of remorse for misconduct. Socrates represents the act of defending oneself in The Apology written by Plato. He justified the claims made against him by being direct and honest. Though it did not work to his favor he became popular among the young population and embarrassed the people who accused him by exposing their ignorance. Even though Socrates attempt to persuade was not accepted it provoked the moral failure and complexity in apologies among individuals.

Theoretical Concept

Scholars have studied the depths of hurtful events affecting relationships and the process of apologizing and forgiving. Depending on the communication in the relationship, people will either avoid the other person, seek revenge, or forgive. With effective communication, it is easier to repair the relationship. Scholars relate forgiveness to loyalty, integrative communication, and relational repair tactics. Loyalty involves cooperation and patience in order for the situation to rectify. To avoid having conflict, integrative communication is the approach of revealing emotions in a calm matter to have positive outcomes. The relational repair tactic helps the relationship by being courtly and affectionate. Through numerous studies, student participants agreed a sincere apology and thorough communication would result in forgiveness. Scholars believe integrative communication is key for forgiveness. Any problems will be solved with open communication and expression. Directly and actively communicating expresses empathy and an understanding of other's feelings.

There are various reasons to accept an apology depending on the severity of the hurtful incident. Apologizing at the right time, the importance of the relationship, and the event that occurred are all factors to acknowledging an apology and communicating the relationship to normalcy. Another crucial portion to apologizing is the tone and language used. Research has shown apologies are likely to be accepted and can reconcile the relationship. Apologizing brings closure but also shows vulnerability in doing something wrong and being open to receive criticism. Expectancy violations theory is widely used for communication behavior. This theory follows the normal communicative actions and prescribed rules but if rattled, chaos arises depending on the emotional and cognitive response of the individual. Apologies are perceived to be accepted, even if it is insincere. According to the expectancy violations theory, the stronger the expectations affects the outcome and response evaluation. The main force behind an apology is communicative behavior relating to the response.

Attribution Theory

Apologizing affects interpersonal relationships and conflict management. Theorists use the attribution theory to see what motivates people's actions and the power it holds for apologizing. The expression of remorse and authenticity of the apology effectively communicates relational norm to forgiveness. The receiver of the apology acknowledges empathy with elaborate apologies leading to positive attributions. The timing of an apology is an important factor in the attribution theory. When an apology is given later during a conflict there is more outcome satisfaction rather than earlier because it gives individuals time to discuss their feelings and be understood. Research shows detailed apologies are preferred in romantic relationships to recognize the violations of rules and to display legitimacy. Satisfying conversations are associated with delayed apologies and attributions of understanding. Communicating a sincere apology and displaying regret captures a genuine and positive response while acknowledging the recipient's feelings.

Apologetic Ethics

In a communication crisis, there is an extensive process for apologizing. A sociocultural order, such as values, laws, and norms within a community instill communicative behaviors and ethics of how to act, talk, and think. This type of thinking gives the idea of what is right and wrong and how to act when doing something wrong within an organization or between individuals. The rhetorical concept of kategoria involves a community accusing an individual or organization of misconduct leading to a social legitimation crisis. This theory explains a company can endure being dependent if the surrounding world accepts it and responds accordingly. Trust is broken with wrongful actions and people expect to receive apologies in order to give forgiveness to re-establish the sociocultural order. An apology during a crisis response must follow ethical standards such as having appropriate context, sincerity, and truthfulness in a timely and voluntary manner. All these principles must be performed thoroughly at the communication level. The content for the communication includes offering to correct the offense, asking for forgiveness, expressing regret and taking full responsibility, and truthfully revealing all the information.

Application

Scholars concluded what constitutes as an apology varies in different circumstances. An apology represents a symbol in human behavior and messages. Scholars agree an apology takes place between two people where one has hurt the other. Apologizing is apart of our communication process and reconciles a relationship when the apologizer expresses remorse and a course of action to restore the relationship. In a social system, scholars examined the use of apologies to reviving personal image, reducing negative feelings, and restoring faith and self-esteem. Researches perceive apologies to change meaning for a potential conflict discussion to be of acceptance rather than offensive to revitalize social-system equilibrium. An effective apology must be voluntary, authentic, and used with specific word choice at the correct time to be gratified in the social system. The sooner the apology is done when admitting fault influences its effectiveness. The way an apology is communicated and timing are imperative for a positive outcome.

Critique

Each conflict is different and therefore affects the time in which an apology should be made. People perceive wrongful actions in various ways and need time to cope with the circumstances and processing the offense. More research can be done to interpret negative and positive emotions during the time of the apology, responses to multiple apologies, receiving only one apology, and the effects on the relationship after the apology. Communicating an apology varies in relationships, politicians, organizations, and companies because of what is expected by the individual, media, or society. Another important factor is the age of the individuals and what they require to forgive and move on. The communication of an apology's interpretation either verbally or non-verbally will vary among the population. Apologies can be seen as ambiguous and be made in order to satisfy the victim's needs and feel more as an empty gesture. Apologies are not always meant to be sincere and may be used for manipulation purposes. What happens if an apology is refused?

Forgiveness

Apologies relate to forgiveness in filling personal fulfillment and positively affecting others. Not only is forgiving a therapeutic process but it also increases self-esteem. Apologizing heals and forgiving restores the relationship. There are seven steps in the forgiving process developed by the Enright and The Human Development Study Group (1991). First is to become aware of the emotional pain caused leading to thoughts of resolving the conflict. Next is to choose between revenge or sympathy. The fourth is to decide if either of these solutions is worth doing leading to choose to forgive or not. Once forgiven, the conflict perception is looked upon differently preceding to the decision of an alliance or a discharge of emotions. Either one the forgiver eliminates negative feelings. Apologizing affects the outcome of forgiveness by the emotions displayed either verbally or non verbally and taking responsibility.

References:

Evan's Peer Review

1. The articles that you come from reliable sources such as the Western Journal of Communication and Corporate Communications: An international Journal. This adds reliability to your edit and article. It is nice as well to see that you provided pictures to the article. As a viewer it is an attractive quality to add pictures to keep the reader entertained. I was really impressed with your information that you provided. You covered a wide range of substance that makes up apologies. It kept me wanting to read more about the meaning of what an apology really is.
2. What I would suggest on changing in the article is that in the "Attribution Theory" and "Application" sections you make a reference on the importance of making the apology made known sooner to the recipient in both sections. You could delete one of the sections if at all possible. This would add reliability to the article and not sound like we are repeating. In the critique section you could as well maybe offer up questions to the reader to spur a debate between the readers who are reading the article. This might let others provide new information and add and support to the theory. I found a great article that also dives into apologies. The article is cite below but written by Čehajić-Clancy, & Brown. The article adds alot to what emotions accompany apologizes as well as provides a detailed rich history of what apologies are. This could be added to your section at the top that explains what apologies are.
3. If I had one recommendation I might delete the "Forgiveness" section. The forgiveness is a good link that should maybe have its own page all together. With apology's and forgiveness these are too major topics. I think it would just be easier for the reader to just focus in on the apology topic rather than switching their thoughts to forgiveness. It maybe good to add forgiveness in the critique section. This would allow the reader to add and provide information on that topic. It also in away interrupts the flow of the article because we switch from thinking about apologizing and then switch focus to forgiveness.
4. The article on apologies could be linked to the article the reader is creating in "Listening." Since reading about apologies the main component is understand what the apology is and what it means. Without listening we would not be able to interpret what an apology is without understanding it first hand from the person who is delivering it. We could dive deeper into the effects of listening and how apologies are interpreted with the recipient. This would add validity to both articles.

References

Čehajić-Clancy, S., & Brown, R. (2019). “You say it best when you say nothing at all”: Effects of reparation, apology, and expressions of emotions on intergroup forgiveness. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 25(1), 61–71. https://doi-org.libdata.lib.ua.edu/10.1037/pac0000351

Hi Evan! Thank you so much for your feedback. I greatly appreciate it and will make some changes to the draft. - Paddy