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Jewish-American organized crime initially emerged within the American Jewish community during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In media and popular culture, it has variously been referred to as the Jewish Mob, the Jewish Mafia, the Kosher Mob, the Kosher Mafia, the Yiddish Connection, and Kosher Nostra or Undzer Shtik (Yiddish: אונדזער שטיק). The last two of these terms are direct references to the Italian cosa nostra; the former is a play on the word for kosher, referring to Jewish dietary laws, while the latter is a calque of the Italian phrase 'cosa nostra' (Italian for "our thing") into Yiddish, which was at the time the predominant language of the Jewish diaspora in the United States.

In the late 19th century in New York City, a powerful Jewish gang emerged and competed with Italian and Irish gangs, notably Paul Kelly's Five Points Gang, for control of New York City's underworld. Another notorious gang, known as the Lenox Avenue Gang, led by Harry "Gyp the Blood" Horowitz, consisted of mostly Jewish members and some Italian members (such as Francesco Cirofisi). It was one of the most violent gangs of the early 20th century and became famous for the murder of gambler and gangster Herman Rosenthal.

Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel, Lansky associate, casino owner, and Las Vegas' crime boss

In the early 1920s, stimulated by the economic opportunities of the Roaring Twenties, and later stimulated by Prohibition, Jewish organized crime figures such as Arnold Rothstein were controlling a wide range of criminal enterprises, including bootlegging, loansharking, gambling, and bookmaking. According to crime writer Leo Katcher, Rothstein "transformed organized crime from a thuggish activity by hoodlums into a big business, run like a corporation, with himself at the top."^{[page needed]} Rothstein was allegedly responsible for fixing the 1919 World Series.^{[page needed]} At the same time, the Jewish bootlegging mob known as The Purple Gang dominated the Detroit underworld during Prohibition, while the Jewish Bugs and Meyer Mob operated in the Lower East Side of New York City before being absorbed into Murder, Inc. and becoming affiliates of the Italian-American Mafia.

The largely Jewish-American and Italian-American gang which was known as Murder, Inc. and Jewish mobsters such as Meyer Lansky, Mickey Cohen, Harold "Hooky" Rothman, Dutch Schultz, and Bugsy Siegel developed close ties with the Italian-American Mafia and gained a significant amount of influence within it, eventually, they formed a loosely organized, mostly Jewish and Italian criminal syndicate which the press named the "National Crime Syndicate." Jewish and Italian crime groups increasingly became interconnected in the 1920s and 1930s, their connections continued into the 1960s and beyond, because both groups often occupied the same neighborhoods and social statuses of the time. The two ethnic crime groups became especially close in New York City following the establishment of the close relationship between partners Lucky Luciano and Meyer Lansky and their subsequent elimination of many of the so-called "Mustache Pete" types ⁠— Sicilian-born gangsters who often refused to work with non-Italians and even non-Sicilians. The Cohen crime family of Los Angeles and Las Vegas was notably part of both the Jewish Mafia and Italian-American Mafia, and lines between the two ethnic criminal organizations often blurred throughout the 20th century. For decades after, Jewish-American mobsters would continue to work closely and at times compete with Italian-American organized crime.

Background

Jewish-American gangsters were involved in many different criminal activities, including racketeering, bootlegging, prostitution, narcotics, loan sharking, and a murder-for-hire business. Their role was also significant in New York's burgeoning labor movement, especially the garment and trucking unions, as well as the poultry industry. Jewish gangs controlled portions of major American cities, but there was a higher concentration in New York City and Detroit, especially during prohibition. Jewish gangsters held power in many large cities across the country for years, but their reign died down after World War II. Some members were tracked down by law enforcement and put in jail or executed, but many were never caught.

The men involved in these groups were not religiously observant, and their activities directly opposed Jewish values. In addition to their criminal activity, Jewish gangsters were known for defending their community against antisemitism in America during the 1930's.

History

19th century to early 20th century

A large wave of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries produced Jewish mobsters such as Max "Kid Twist" Zwerbach, "Big" Jack Zelig, and Vach "Cyclone Louie" Lewis, who competed with and were acknowledged by Italian and Irish gangs.

Just as with their Italian counterparts, gangs specializing in extortion began operating in the heavily Jewish neighborhoods of New York's Lower East Side, most prominently the so-called Yiddish Black Hand headed by Jacob Levinsky, Charles "Charlie the Cripple" Litoffsky, and Joseph Toplinsky during the early 20th century. A significant Jewish underworld already existed in New York at the start of the 20th century, with Jewish mobsters conversing in a jargon with Yiddish origins. A pimp was known as a "simcha," a detective as a "shamus", and a loafer as a "trombenik." Jewish-American organized crime was the result of poverty among the children of immigrants who got their start stealing from pushcarts and extorting money from store owners. This eventually turned into more violent crimes like wielding an iron pipe, wrapped in newspaper, against striking workers or against scabs, until as adults they joined well-organized gangs involved in a wide variety of criminal enterprises boosted by prohibition.

The lure of quick money, power, and the romance of the criminal lifestyle was attractive to second-generation Jewish immigrants. There was a supposed Jewish "crime wave" in early 20th century New York. Young Jews had joined crime racketsalong with children of Irish, Italian and other immigrants. However, the supposed Jewish-immigrant crime wave may have been exaggerated by the press and law enforcement.^{[citation needed]} Crime and population figures show that Jews in New York committed crimes at a rate far below the average for the wider society. Less than a sixth of the city's felony arrests were Jews during the 1920s, when Jews constituted nearly a third of the city's population.

Jewish-American mobster "Dopey" Benny Fein

As the 20th century progressed, Jewish-American mobsters such as "Dopey" Benny Fein and Joe "The Greaser" Rosenzweig entered labor racketeering, hiring out to both businesses and labor unions as strong-arm men. Labor racketeering or "labor slugging" as it was known, would become a source of conflict as it came under the domination of several racketeers including former Five Points Gang members Nathan "Kid Dropper" Kaplan and Johnny Spanish during the Labor slugger wars until its eventual takeover by Jacob "Gurrah" Shapiro in 1927. Other Jewish organized crime figures involved in controlling labor unions include Moses Annenberg and Arnold Rothstein, the latter reportedly responsible for fixing the 1919 World Series.^{[page needed]}

Arnold Rothstein was responsible for transforming organized crime from small criminal activities into a system that was ran like a big business with himself at the top. Rothstein was the person to see during prohibition (1920–1933) if one had an idea for a tremendous business opportunity, legal or not. Rothstein was a rich man's son who showed the young and uneducated hoodlums of the Bowery how to have style. Lucky Luciano, who would become a prominent boss within the Italian-American Mafia and organize New York's Five Families, once claimed that Arnold Rothstein "taught me how to dress". The stereotypical attire of the American mobster portrayed in movies can partially trace its roots directly to Rothstein.^{[page needed]}

Prohibition

During prohibition, Jewish gangsters became major operatives in the American underworld and played prominent roles in the distribution of illegal alcohol and the spread of organized crime throughout the United States. At the time, Jewish gangs operated primarily in America's largest cities, including Cleveland, Detroit, Minneapolis, Newark, New York City, and Philadelphia. Numerous bootlegging gangs such as the Bug and Meyer Mob headed by Meyer Lansky and Bugsy Siegel and Abe Bernstein's Purple Gang^{[page needed]} would see the rise of Jewish-American organized crime to its height. Other Jewish mobsters, including Dutch Schultz of New York City,^{[page needed]} Moe Dalitz of Michigan, Kid Cann of Minneapolis, Charles "King" Solomon of Boston and Abner "Longy" Zwillman (the "Al Capone of New Jersey") became wealthy during prohibition.

During this time, Luciano successfully eliminated the Old World Sicilian Mafia bosses like Joe Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano in the 1931 Castellammarese War and took control of the New York Italian Mafia. Luciano did not discriminate against Jews and valued longtime associates such as Meyer Lansky and Benjamin 'Bugsy' Siegel. Several Jewish gangsters such as Red Levine and Bo Weinberg were used in the war as unsuspected non-Italian hitmen. After Masseria and Maranzano were murdered, a conference was held at New York's Franconia Hotel on November 11, 1931, which included Jewish mobsters such as Jacob Shapiro, Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, Joseph "Doc" Stacher, Hyman "Curly" Holtz, Louis "Shadows" Kravitz, Harry Tietlebaum, Philip "Little Farvel" Kovolick and Harry "Big Greenie" Greenberg. During this meeting, Luciano and Lansky convinced the Jewish-American mobsters of the benefits of cooperating with the Italian-American Mafia in a newly created consortium called the National Crime Syndicate by the press. At the meeting's conclusion, "Bugsy" Siegel supposedly declared "The yids and the dagos will no longer fight each other."^{[page needed]}

Those Jewish gangsters hostile to the idea of cooperation with non-Jewish rivals gradually receded, most notably Philadelphia bootlegger Waxey Gordon, who was convicted and imprisoned for tax evasion based on evidence provided to United States Attorney Thomas E. Dewey by Lansky. Following Gordon's imprisonment, his operations were assumed by Nig Rosen and Max "Boo Hoo" Hoff.

Under Lansky, Jewish mobsters became involved in syndicate gambling interests in Cuba, Miami, and Las Vegas.^{[page needed]} Buchalter would also lead the predominantly Jewish Murder, Inc. as the Luciano-Meyer syndicate's exclusive hitmen.^{[page needed]}

Organized crime had to be restructured after Prohibition ended to prioritize other revenue streams, specifically gambling. In addition, a significant number of Jewish people were fleeing the old urban neighborhoods that were once home to the gangsters after World War I; as a result of these two developments, Jewish gangsters grew less prominent.  Jewish mobsters had faded from the political discourse and newspaper headlines by the 1950s.

Detroit's Purple Gang

Lead by it's namesake Samuel “Sammie Purple” Cohen, and the three Bernstein brothers–Abe, Isadore, and Ray, this group was prominent in Detroit in the 1920s and 1930s. The Bernstein brothers emigrated to Detroit’s east side from New York and initially took up shoplifting and extortion, but later moved on to the distilling and brewing business during prohibition. This gang was primarily made up of immigrants from the lower east side of Detroit, often referred to as "Little Jerusalem." The group began as troublemakers at their school and were later taken under the wing of well known Detroit gangsters. During Prohibition, the gang, which started out as a group of independent criminals, started by stealing alcohol that was being smuggled across the Canadian border, primarily the Detroit River. Chicago mobster Al Capone decided against fighting the Purple Gang for Detroit territory in favor of using them as a source for Old Log Cabin whiskey. The gambling, alcohol, and drug trades in Detroit were all under the Purple Gang's authority in the 1920s. During the 1920s, the Purple Gang posed a significant threat to law enforcement because witnesses were too afraid to testify, making them virtually untouchable.  Nevertheless, conflict and violence within the gang led to the dissolution of the Purple Gang in the early 1930s. The group was dismantled 1935, and the Purple Gang was no longer in control of Detroit's underworld.

The Cleveland Syndicate

During prohibition Moe Dalitz established the Cleveland Syndicate with fellow Jewish gangsters Louis Rothkopf, Maurice Klein, Sam Tucker, Charles Polizzi, and Irish gangster Blackjack McGinty. Charles Polizzi was born Leo Berkowitz to Jewish biological parents who died when he was an infant. Charles was adopted by the Polizzi family and his adoptive brother, Alfred Polizzi, was the head of the Italian Mayfield Road Mob. The Syndicate was heavily involved with bootlegging on Lake Erie and developed what was known as the Little Jewish Navy. The Syndicate operated casinos in Youngstown, Northern Kentucky, and Florida. The Syndicate attended the Atlantic City Conference representing Cleveland. The Syndicate ran numerous casinos in Newport, Kentucky including the original Flamingo, and Tropicana. The Syndicate's reign, in Northern Kentucky, came to an end following a botched attempt to discredit George Ratterman, a candidate for sheriff and a federal crackdown during the Kennedy Administration.

The Cleveland Syndicate members were early investors in the Desert Inn, in Las Vegas, and owned it until it was purchased by Howard Hughes. Its members invested in horse tracks including River Downs, Fair Grounds Race Course, Thistledown Racecourse, Fairmount Park Racetrack, Aurora Downs, and the Agua Caliente Racetrack.

After World War II

Following World War II, the dominant figures in organized crime tended to be second-generation Italian-Americans and Jewish-Americans. As late as the 1960s, Jewish presence in organized crime was still acknowledged as being of significance. As Los Angeles mobster Jack Dragna explained to hitman and later government informant Jimmy Fratianno:

Meyer's got a Jewish family built along the same lines as our thing. But his family's all over the country. He's got guys like Lou Rhody and Dalitz, Doc Stacher, Gus Greenbaum, sharp fucking guys, good businessmen, and they know better than try to fuck us.

Jewish mobsters, such as Meyer Lansky and the Los Angeles-based Mickey Cohen, along with Harold "Hooky" Rothman, continued to hold significant power and control organized crime groups in New York City, New Jersey, Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, and Las Vegas, while the Jewish-American presence remained strong in Italian-American criminal rackets. Shondor Birns was a Jewish crime boss, in Cleveland, who controlled numbers, prostitution, theft, and gambling rackets. Birns was active until 1975 when he was murdered by Irish gangster Danny Greene.

Jewish-American organized crime derived from dislocation and poverty, where language and custom made the community vulnerable to undesirables, the sort of thing that it is claimed fosters criminality among any other ethnicity in a similar situation. As American Jews improved their conditions, the Jewish thug and racketeer either disappeared or merged into a more assimilated American crime environment. American Jews quietly buried the public memory of the gangster past; unlike the Mafia, famous Jewish American gangsters like Meyer Lansky, Dutch Schultz and Bugsy Siegel founded no crime families.

Much like Irish-Americans and other ethnicities (with the exception of Italian-American criminal organizations), Jewish-American presence in organized crime began to decline after World War II. Jewish-American individuals remain closely associated with organized crime, especially Italian-American and Israeli organized crime,^{[page needed]} but the Jewish-American criminal organizations and gangs which once rivaled the Italian and Irish-American mobsters during the first half of the 20th century have largely faded.

Late 20th century to present

In more recent years, Jewish-American organized crime has reappeared in the form of Orthodox Jewish, Israeli and Jewish-Russian mafia criminal groups. Many of the Russian mobsters active in New York, especially Brighton Beach, are actually Soviet Jews, including Marat Balagula, Boris Nayfeld, and Evsei Agron.

From the 1990s until 2013, members of the New York divorce coercion gang kidnapped and tortured Jewish men in troubled marriages to force them into granting religious divorces to their wives, in some cases extorting money from them. Described by prosecutors as a "criminal syndicate" that was "akin to the Bloods, the Crips, or the Mafia," the organization, which charged up to $100,000 for their 'services,' was shut down in the wake of a sting operation orchestrated by the FBI. While some tried to draw a distinction between the actions of the "well-organized operation" described by prosecutors and traditional kidnapping cases coming before judges that involved murder, terrorism or child abduction, Judge Freda Wolfson said she didn't see any difference. Gang leader Mendel Epstein was sentenced in 2015 to 10 years in prison for the kidnappings, and co-conspirator Martin Wolmark was sentenced to more than 3 years in prison and a $50,000 fine. In another development, a 2016 sting collared Aharon Goldberg and Shimen Liebowitz, two Satmar Hasidic Jews who were part of what The Forward described as the "Orthodox divorce underworld". The pair had colluded with a third man to perform a contract killing on an estranged husband.

Jewish-American organized crime and Israel[edit]

Several notable Jewish-American mobsters provided financial support for Israel through donations to Jewish organizations since the country's creation in 1948. Jewish-American gangsters used Israel's Law of Return to flee criminal charges or face deportation. Notables include Joseph "Doc" Stacher, who built up Las Vegas by pairing the Jewish and Italian Mafia into a national organized crime syndicate. Prime Minister Golda Meir set out to reverse this trend in 1970, when she denied entrance to Meyer Lansky.

In 2010, it was reported by Wikileaks that the United States Embassy in Israel, in a cable titled "Israel: The Promised Land of Organized Crime?", had expressed grave concern about the activities of Israeli organized crime figures, and was taking measures to prevent members of crime families from being issued visas to the United States. American diplomats expressed concern that Inbal Gavrieli, the niece of one of Israel's most powerful mafia bosses, had been elected to the Knesset as an MK for Likud.

Notable members and associates[edit]

• David Berman, Odessa-born crime boss active in Iowa, New York City, Minneapolis, and Las Vegas
• Abe Bernstein, leader of the Jewish-American Purple Gang in Detroit
• William Morris Bioff, Chicago Outfit pimp and mobbed up labor union boss based in Southern California
• Charles Birger, Prohibition-era crime boss based in Harrisburg, Illinois
• Shondor Birns, Hungarian Jewish immigrant extortionist and loan shark with close ties to the Cleveland crime family and the Five Families
• Isadore Blumenfeld, Romanian Jewish immigrant, enforcer, and hitman for the "A.Z. Syndicate", a Minneapolis-based Jewish crime family also operating in South Florida, the Las Vegas strip, Chicago, and Louisiana
• Lepke Buchalter, head of the Mafia hit squad Murder, Inc.
• Meyer "Mickey" Cohen, boss of the Los Angeles-based Cohen crime family
• Moe Dalitz and Louis Rothkopf, heads of the Cleveland Syndicate
• John Factor, Polish Jewish fugitive from British justice, mastermind of the framing of Irish mob boss Roger Touhy for a phony kidnapping, and senior associate of the Chicago Outfit, who ran several casinos on the Las Vegas strip
• Leon Gleckman, Belarusian Jewish immigrant, Twin Cities-based bootlegger, and political fixer, termed during the Prohibition era "The Al Capone of St. Paul"
• Jake Guzik, immigrant from Austria-Hungary to Chicago, prostitution ring boss in The Levee, and political fixer linked to the Chicago Outfit
• Mike Heitler, Ukrainian Jewish immigrant and prostitution ring boss tied to the Chicago Outfit
• Phillip Kastel, leader of a massive illegal gambling operation in Louisiana with links to the Genovese crime family and the New Orleans crime family
• Meyer Lansky, Belarusian Jewish immigrant and mob boss with ties to the Genovese crime family
• Abe Reles, most feared hit man of Murder, Inc.
• Arnold Rothstein, New York's crime boss
• Dutch Schultz, German-American Jewish crime boss operating in the Bronx and Harlem
• Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel, Lansky associate, casino owner, and Las Vegas' crime boss
• Abner Zwillman, New Jersey crime boss

References

• Amir, Menachem. (1971). “Criminality Among Jews: An Overview.” Issues in Criminology 6(2): 1–39.
• Bayor, Ronald H. 2016. The Oxford Handbook of American Immigration and Ethnicity. Oxford University Press
• Block, Alan A. (1976). Lepke, Kid Twist, and the Combination: Organized Crime in New York City, 1930–1944.
• Cohen, Rich (1999). Tough Jews: Fathers, Sons, and Gangster Dreams, London: Vintage ISBN 0-09-975791-5 (teview in The New York Times)
• Davis, Marni. 2012. “Jews and Booze: Becoming American in the Age of Prohibition.” In Jews and Booze, New York University Press.
• Eisenberg, Dennis, Dan Uri & Eli Landau (1979). Meyer Lansky: Mogul of the Mob, New York: Paddington Press.
• Fried, Albert (1980). The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster in America, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston ISBN 0-231-09683-6
• Henderson Clarke, Donald (1929). In the Reign of Rothstein, New York: The Vanguard Press.
• Ianni, Francis A. J. 1971. “The Mafia and the Web of Kinship.” The Public Interest 22: 78–100.
• Joselit, Jenna Weissman. Our Gang: Jewish Crime and the New York Jewish Community, 1900–1940. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-253-15845-1
• Kraus, Joe. 2019. The Kosher Capones: A History of Chicago's Jewish Gangsters. Northern Illinois University Press
• Kraus, Joe. 1995. “The Jewish Gangster: A Conversation Across Generations.” The American Scholar 64(1): 53–65
• Rockaway, Robert A. (1993). But He Was Good to His Mother: The Lives and Crimes of Jewish Gangsters. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House.
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• Rubin, Rachel (2000). Jewish Gangsters of Modern Literature, Chicago: University of Illinois Press
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