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This page is about sumo elders. For the Japanese poet Minamoto Toshiyori, see Minamoto no Shunrai.

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Takanohana and Kitanoumi as toshiyori in 2013

A toshiyori (年寄), also known as an oyakata (親方), is a sumo elder exercising both coaching functions with active wrestlers and responsibilities within the Japan Sumo Association (JSA). All toshiyori are former wrestlers who reached a sufficiently high rank to be eligible to this status. The benefits are considerable, as only toshiyori are allowed to run and coach in sumo stables, known as heya, and they are also the only former wrestlers given retirement pay.

Designations

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There are many terms used to define a trainer in the world of professional sumo. Alongside the official term of toshiyori (年寄), a sumo coach is also referred by the terms of oyakata (親方) and shishō (師匠).[2]

At the top of the social pyramid, the shishō, or stablemaster, takes on a paternal role.[3][4] Of all the coaches potentially present in the stable, he alone is the owner of the stable and therefore the highest authority in communal life.[5]

History

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Commemorative postcard of the first Ryōgoku Kokugikan in 1909 surrounded by various toshiyori

The function of sumo elder was born with the organization of the first tournaments authorized by the municipal administrations of major Japanese cities. Although sumo as a sport goes back several centuries, its professionalization dates back to the beginning of the Edo period. During this period, the peace established by the Tokugawa shogunate led to the vagrancy for many samurai who had lost their social standing with their previous masters, who had been deposed or killed so that the shogunate could assert itself.[6][7] Masterless samurai, called rōnin, had no choice but to put their martial art skills to good use in street sumo tournaments, called tsuji-zumō (辻相撲, tsuji-sumo, lit. 'street-corner wrestling'), for the entertainment of passers-by.[8] Eventually, the mix of disgraced rōnins with the commoners who took part in the contests of strength of the street tournaments created many conflicts over betting money.[9][10] Tense brawls, even deaths, sometimes occurred.[10] During the Keian era, public order became so disturbed that, in 1648, the Edo authorities issued an edict banning street sumo and matches organized to raise funds during festivities.[11] In 1684 (Jōkyō era), a sumo rōnin named Ikazuchi Gondaiyū obtained permission to lift the sumo ban edicted by the Edo authorities.[12] Because he allowed the return of matches by proposing a new etiquette associated with the conduct of fights, Ikazuchi was recognized as a key interlocutor by the authorities, which earned him a tournament organizer's license referring to him as a "toshiyori", one of the first mentions of the term in sumo.[13] Later, the term was definitively adopted by his successors in the organization of tournaments where it came to be used specifically to refer to the masters at the head of groups of wrestlers who took part in charity tournaments in support of sanctuaries, and who were responsible for enforcing discipline during festivities and avoiding fights.[14] In parallel with the emergence of toshiyori in the Edo-based sumo association, the associations in the cities of Osaka and Kyoto were organized around elders known as totori or tōdori (頭取).[15][16]

During the Genroku period, the various sumo groups were no longer scattered across the country, but rather concentrated in the major cities of Edo, Osaka and Kyoto.[17] These groups were self-organised under the leadership of elders, who welcomed the wrestlers into their homes, which took the name of heya (meaning "fraternity house") in reference to the rooms in which these elders met to organise matches during tournaments.[17] In 1719, the Edo municipal authorities issued an edict prohibiting all sumo groups that had not become professionalized from taking part in charity tournaments.[15] The direct consequence of this edict was the disappearance of the elders who came directly from the ranks of the rōnins, and only the elders who were wrestlers who had retired from the ring remained.[15] The organization based on Edo municipality edicts was gradually implemented in the other major sumo associations based in Osaka, Kyoto and Nagoya during the eighteenth century.[15] With the reform of the charity tournaments, the number of elders grew significantly, tripling in Edo between 1720 and 1780.[15] During the Hōreki era, masters began to inherit the names of their predecessors, and heya were gradually referred to by the name borne by the master.[17] The practice of becoming an elder until death or final retirement also became widespread around this time.[15] From the 1750s onwards, the practice of welcoming novice wrestlers into the elders' homes became more widespread, these houses becoming the first examples of stables.[15] During the Edo period, any wrestler or referee of any rank could inherit the name of his master, under whose protection he had placed himself, in order to perpetuate his legacy.[18]

The practice of allowing former wrestlers to coach new aspirants was eventually capped in 1927, when the sumo associations based in Osaka and Tokyo merged. At that time it was decided that the quota of Tokyo (and its eighty-eight elders) and Osaka (seventeen elders) would form the maximum number of names that could be inherited into the newly proclaimed All Japan Sumo Association.[19] At the beginning of the twentieth century, the conditions for inheriting one's master's name generally became stricter. In 1920, it was decided that only wrestlers and referees who had obtained the status of sekitori would be eligible for the privilege of inheriting the names.[18] In 1951, some historical shares (including the name Negishi) were discontinued.[18] In 1958, referees definitively lost their right to inherit a name share.[18]




Known shares

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List of normal shares

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The current number of elder shares was defined at the time of the merger between the Tokyo and Osaka sumo associations in 1927.[19] At the time, the Osaka association was composed of 17 elders while the Tokyo association was headed by 88 elders.[19] Since the merger, the official elder shares are:[20]

Name of the share Origins and observations
Rōmaji transliteration Japanese
Ajigawa 安治川 The name originates from Takashima stable with the former komusubi Tomegata [ja] (later transferred to Tomozuna stable [ja]). After his retirement, he took the name Tamagaki before reviving in 1942 the tradition of the Ajigawa name, which had been discontinued after the merger between the Tokyo and Osaka sumo associations.[21]
Araiso 荒磯
Arashio 荒汐
Asahiyama 朝日山
Asakayama 浅香山
Azumazeki 東関
Chiganoura 千賀ノ浦
Dekiyama 出来山
Dewanoumi 出羽海 An iconic name in professional sumo, Dewanoumi comes from the Kansei era and was the origin of a wrestler named Dewanoumi Unemon [ja]. He and the first successor to his name (Shikamazu Takiemon) were wrestlers who benefited from the patronage of the Shōnai Domain, and Unemon was originally named after the Dewa Province where the fiefdom of his lords was located.[22]
Edagawa 枝川
Fujigane 富士ヶ根
Fujishima 藤島
Furiwake 振分
Futagoyama 二子山
Hakkaku 八角
Hamakaze 浜風
Hanakago 花籠
Hanaregoma 放駒
Hatachiyama 二十山
Hidenoyama 秀ノ山 The name emerged at the end of the eighteenth century when it was used by a komusubi called Hidenoyama Denjirō, who was still an active wrestler and used the two-licence system to be both a trainer and an active wrestler. In 1828, his name and stable were inherited by former ōzeki Genjiyama.[23]
Ikazuchi 雷 The name has its roots in the early years of the Tokugawa shogunate's pacification of Japanese territory, when many samurai (known as rōnin) found themselves without status or income and turned to sumo to put their martial skills to good use which disrupted public order.[9][10] In 1648, the Edo authorities issued an edict banning street sumo and matches organized to raise funds during festivities and in 1684, a sumo rōnin named Ikazuchi Gondaiyū obtained permission to lift the ban and hold a tournament after proposing a new etiquette associated with matches organization.[24]
Inagawa 稲川
Irumagawa 入間川
Isegahama 伊勢ヶ濱 The name first appeared when the fifth Shikimori Inosuke [ja], a gyōji, began training wrestlers using the two-licence system.[25]
Isenoumi 伊勢ノ海 The name originates from the Shikimori gyōji family-line. This family was founded by a former wrestler who became an elder under the name Isenoumi Godaiyū.[26] Isenoumi himself was named after the Ise Bay.[27] Isenoumi later changed his name to Shikimori Godaiyū and launched his own line of referees,[26] while his initial name was kept as an elder share.
Iwatomo 岩友
Izutsu 井筒
Jinmaku 陣幕
Kabutoyama 甲山
Kagamiyama[a] 鏡山
Kasugano 春日野
Kasugayama 春日山
Kataonami 片男波 The name is inspired by Kataonami beach in Wakayama.[28]
Katsunoura 勝ノ浦
Kimigahama 君ヶ濱
Kiriyama 桐山
Kise 木瀬 The name is a contraction of the name of its first holder, the gyōji Kimura Sehei (木村瀬平), who obtained the right to train wrestlers while continuing his activities as a referee.[29][30] His name is then considered a share in its own right and is inherited by the ninth Kimura Shōnosuke [ja].[25]
Kitajin 北陣
Kiyomigata 清見潟
Kokonoe 九重
Kumagatani 熊ヶ谷
Kumegawa 粂川
Magaki 間垣
Matsuchiyama 待乳山
Matsugane 松ヶ根
Michinoku 陸奥
Mihogaseki 三保ヶ関 The name has its origins in the Osaka-based sumo association and was an iconic share there before the two associations merged. Mihogaseki was also the name of a stable that had the distinction of being managed by a wrestler trained in a Mihogaseki stable until the retirement of Masuiyama II in 2013.[31]
Minato 湊
Minatogawa 湊川
Minezaki 峰崎
Miyagino 宮城野 The founder of the name is former sekiwake Miyagino Nishikinosuke, who was named after a locality under the control of his patrons of the Sendai Domain (now Miyagi prefecture).[32]
Musashigawa 武蔵川
Nakadachi 中立 The name origin is linked to the fourth Kimura Shōnosuke [ja], a gyōji who obtained the right to train wrestlers while continuing his activities as a referee under the name Nakadachi Shōnosuke (中立庄之助).[25]
Nakagawa 中川
Nakamura 中村
Naruto 鳴戸
Nishiiwa 西岩
Nishikido 錦戸
Nishikijima 錦島
Nishonoseki 二所ノ関 The name originated in the late Edo period with former ōzeki Nishonoseki Gunemon [ja] who obtained the right to train recruits and continue to compete in tournaments under the double-licence system. Gunemon's name is said to have been inspired by the Nisho shrines that were set up on the edge of the Ōshū Kaidō, on the border of the Hachinohe Domain, which was patron to Gunemon.[33] Today, the stone marking the border is still called Nisho's frontier/gate (二所の関, Nishonoseki).[34]
Oguruma 尾車
Oitekaze 追手風
Ōnaruto 大鳴戸
Onoe 尾上
Onogawa 小野川
Ōnomatsu 阿武松 The name originated with the promotion of Ōnomatsu (later regarded as sumo's sixth yokozuna) to the rank of ōzeki in October 1826. Ōnomatsu was given his definitive ring name by his patrons of the Chōshū domain to evoke a famous scenic spot in Hagi, Yamaguchi.[35]
Ōshima 大島
Oshiogawa 押尾川
Ōtake 大嶽
Otowayama 音羽山
Ōyama 大山
Sadogatake 佐渡ヶ嶽 The name has its origins with a Meiwa era maegashira by the name of Sadogatake Sawaemon [ja], who himself took his name from Sado Island.[28]
Sakaigawa 境川
Sanoyama 佐ノ山
Sekinoto 関ノ戸
Sendagawa 千田川
Shibatayama 芝田山
Shikihide 式秀 The name is a contraction of the name of its first holder, the gyōji Shikimori Hidegorō (式守秀五郎), who obtained the right to train wrestlers while continuing his activities as a referee. At first a name in the gyōji hierarchy, Hidegorō became an official name when the third holder of the title succeeded in imposing his name as a fully-fledged trainer's licence.[29]
Shikoroyama 錣山
Shiranui 不知火
Shiratama 白玉
Taganoura 田子ノ浦
Takadagawa 高田川
Takasago 高砂 The name comes from Takasago Uragorō, who, after his retirement, kept his ring name and trained his own recruits. The name itself comes from a Himeji Domain legacy inspired by the Takasago-no-Ura (高砂の浦), a famous beach in Harima Province (now Takasago in Hyōgo Prefecture).[36]
Takasaki 高崎
Takashima 高島
Takekuma 武隈
Takenawa 竹縄
Tamagaki 玉垣
Tamanoi 玉ノ井
Tanigawa 谷川
Tatekawa 立川
Tateyama 楯山
Tatsunami 立浪 The name as a coach's share has its origins in the Meiji Restoration and former maegashira Onigasaki Tsunanosuke [ja], but the reason for its choice is not explained by the sumo historiography.[21]
Tatsutagawa 立田川
Tatsutayama 立田山
Tokitsukaze 時津風 The name Tokitsukaze has its origins in the Osaka-based sumo association and had long been used for eleven generations before its incorporation into the Tokyo association.[37]
Tokiwayama 常盤山
Tomozuna 友綱
Urakaze 浦風
Wakafuji 若藤
Wakamatsu 若松
Yamahibiki 山響
Yamashina 山科
Yamawake 山分

Historical shares

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Before the establishment of a fixed number of elder shares, the various sumo associations had lineages of elders whose legacy of names has now disappeared. Others, such as the names of the two tate-gyōji, or those of wrestlers who became elder under the lifetime share system, have been discontinued and can no longer be used as elder shares.

Name of the share Observation
Rōmaji transliteration Japanese
Akaō 赤翁 Used by former ōzeki Hiodoshi after his retirement
Akitsushima 秋津嶋
Araiwa 荒岩
Asogatake 阿蘇ヶ嶽
Chitosegawa 千歳川
Gofuku 呉服
Goshoguruma 御所車
Goshonoura 御所ヶ浦
Izumigawa 出水川
Kagamiyama[a] 鏡山
Kagura 神楽
Kimenzan 鬼面山
Kimura Shōnosuke 木村 庄之助 Name of the senior tate-gyōji
Kitanoumi 北の湖 Lifetime share of the eponymous yokozuna Kitanoumi
Komatsuyama 小松山
Kujiranami 鯨波
Kusakaze 草風
Matawatetsu 捻鉄
Matsugae 松ヶ枝
Minanogawa 男女ノ川
Nagahama 永浜
Nanatsumori 四賀峰
Natorigawa 名取川
Negishi 根岸 Elder share discontinued in 1951. Previously considered as a formal share created in honor of a printer called Mikawa Jiemon who was in charge of printing the banzuke (sumo rankings sheet).[38] At the time of their disappearance, the Negishi elders had been responsible for the banzuke calligraphy since the mid-eighteenth century.[18]
Ōhashi 大橋
Ōikazuchi 大雷 Honorary title of former yokozuna Umegatani I
Ōkido 大木戸
Shikimori Inosuke 式守 伊之助 Name of the junior tate-gyōji
Taihō 大鵬 Lifetime share of the eponymous yokozuna Taihō
Takanohana 貴乃花 Lifetime share of the eponymous yokozuna Takanohana
Takeshima 竹嶋
Tomagashima 笘ヶ嶋
Yatsugamine 八ッヶ峰
Yukimiyama 雪見山
Yotsugamine 四賀峰

Becoming a toshiyori

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The Japan Sumo Association relations between its members are primarily shaped by rules and norms related to the ownership and transfer of "elder shares" held by the association coaches.[39] Acquiring a share is extremely difficult, as the elders' privileged status within the association, with a guaranteed position and salary, develops a strong demand among retired wrestlers, which keeps the value of a share very high.[18]

Standard share

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JSA chairman Musashigawa (former Mienoumi) addresses the public at the beginning of the last day of the 2008 September tournament.

Normal process


To become a toshiyori, a retired wrestler must acquire an elder share (called toshiyori-kabu) within the Japan Sumo Association.[18][40] Only wrestlers who have reached the ranks of san'yaku (meaning yokozuna, ōzeki or sekiwake and komusubi) and have held it for at least one tournament are directly entitled to apply to remain as an executive within the association. Wrestlers who have attained the rank of maegashira must have held their status for twenty tournaments, while jūryō wrestlers must have held theirs for thirty tournaments.[40]

The transfer of a share to a new owner is not automatic, and prospective buyers must wait until an elder has left the association, usually because he has reached the maximum age for membership of the association (set at 65 years old), to obtain his share.[18] In the event of the death of an elder, a purchaser can also obtain the share through the deceased's family.[18] In the latter case, the new buyer is traditionally expected to provide financially for the family of the deceased, although transfers are often simply settled with a sum of money.[18]

Special cases

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Share rented to a family or owner who is still active


Yokozuna and ōzeki receive preferential treatment and can remain in the association without acquiring elder status for five years (yokozuna) and three years (ōzeki).[41]

Extraordinary process

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Former lifetime share system


An exception to the normal acquisition is made for the most successful rikishi, with era-defining yokozuna being offered a "single generation" or "lifetime" elder stock, called ichidai toshiyori (一代年寄).[42][43] This process allows the wrestler to stay as an elder without having to use a traditional share in the association, and enter his retirement duties with his ring name.[43][44] This exception system has been offered to three former wrestlers : Taihō, Kitanoumi and Takanohana.[45][46][47] A fourth, Chiyonofuji, was offered this status but preferred a normal share and became known as Kokonoe.[47][48] These four all achieved more than twenty tournament championships in their active careers.[45] In October 2021, Yokozuna Hakuhō, the Emperor's Cup number record holder, was however denied the ichidai toshiyori kabu and Masayuki Yamauchi (a Yokozuna Deliberation Council member) declared to a press conference that "no such system exists" under the new Public Interest Incorporated Foundation [ja] statutes of the association, implying that the system would no longer be used.[47][49]

Ranking

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See also: Corporate title

Historically, the beginnings of a hierarchical organization developed around the 1780s, when the highly profitable charity tournaments were organized. During this period, the main tournament organizer and his assistant emerged as the two most important elders of the Edo-based sumo association.[15]



Much like other staff members of the JSA (such as referees and ushers), elders are also subject to a rank structure; only the lowest-ranking members are strictly known as toshiyori. The current ranks are as follows:

Promotion up to iin occurs almost exclusively by seniority and is generally a fairly quick process; the majority of all elders are ranked as iin. Two exceptions apply: Elders using a borrowed share cannot be promoted from toshiyori, while very successful former wrestlers (generally, yokozuna and ōzeki) immediately receive full iin privileges as iin taigu toshiyori upon their retirement from active competition, even before their normal advancement up the ladder will take them to shunin and later iin status. However, it is customary for all new elders, even former yokozuna, to be assigned as security guards for the hanamichi in their first tournament after retirement.[50]

Furthermore, the fuku-riji and riji positions require a nomination for and subsequent election to the board of the JSA (or direct confirmation in case there are no more candidates than positions), with elections being held biennially. Yakuin taigu iin are named to their position by the chief director.

The elders of the Association receive a salary that depends on their rank within the association.[51]

Tasks and occupations

[edit]

Coaching

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Only retired wrestlers can open stables.[52]

Elders are not distributed evenly between stables. This distribution creates quite wide discrepancies in the quality of training within the stables, with some, like Musashigawa stable having only the stablemaster for fourteen wrestlers, and others, like Kasugano stable, having seven masters for almost the same number of wrestlers.[53]

Running the association

[edit]

Management of the association is organized solely around the elders, who are the only ones that can manage the organization.[54] Elders are divided into a board of trustees overseeing the actions of a board of directors, itself made up exclusively of elders.[19]

The sumo association is made up of several departments that oversee all the association's activities and are staffed by elders elected to these positions.[19]

The members receive a salary and are expected to assist in the running of their stable and the association, from selling tickets and security work at the most junior level, to taking charge of one of the association departments as a director. These members are also the only persons given the authority to train new sumo wrestlers. They do this by opening or taking over a training stable, or heya (changed to -beya as a suffix) which will take the same name as the founder's elder name. Thus Dewanoumi will be the owner of Dewanoumi stable. Typically about 50% of the association members have their own stable, while the rest are required to be affiliated with one and assist the principal owner. It is common for the most senior members of the association to concentrate on their association responsibilities and pass the day-to-day management of a stable to another. If a senior oyakata wishes to do this, the two may elect to swap names so that the stable can keep the more prestigious name. A recent example was in 1996, when the association's chairman Dewanoumi (former yokozuna Sadanoyama), swapped names with Sakaigawa (former sekiwake Washūyama) who took over the running of Dewanoumi stable.

The association members are also split into various ranks. A new retiree will begin his career as a coach at toshiyori rank (commonly called oyakata), except for former ōzeki and yokozuna who are automatically granted "Committee Member" rank. The most senior Association members are "Committee Members."

+

Supervising the matches

[edit]
Main article: Judge (sumo)
Some toshiyori serve as ring-side judges during matches; seen here debating a call by the gyōji.

The elders' judging function developed around 1750, with the emergence of interests linked to the prestige of local lords. The latter, by sponsoring wrestlers, increasingly questioned the refereeing of matches involving their wrestlers, to the detriment of the gyōji's decisions. To avoid tensions, elders were placed in the corners of the ring to discuss the results of matches.[55]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Although spelled similarly, two shares named Kagamiyama coexisted in the Tokyo and Osaka based sumo association until both merged in 1927, at which point only the Tokyo line survived when the Osaka line was discontinued.

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Nagayama Satoshi (19 January 2024). "揺らぐ「相撲部屋」制度―入門者減が招く大相撲の危機とは" (in Japanese). Nippon.com. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
  2. ^ Buckingham 1994, p. 7.
  3. ^ Buckingham 1994, p. 82.
  4. ^ West 1997, p. 171.
  5. ^ Buckingham 1994, p. 83.
  6. ^ Cuyler 1979, p. 57.
  7. ^ Kakuma 1993, p. 16.
  8. ^ Cuyler 1979, p. 58.
  9. ^ a b Kakuma 1993, p. 14.
  10. ^ a b c Cuyler 1979, p. 59.
  11. ^ Cuyler 1979, p. 60.
  12. ^ Cuyler 1979, pp. 62–63.
  13. ^ Cuyler 1979, p. 63.
  14. ^ Cuyler 1979, pp. 63–64.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h Cuyler 1979, p. 72.
  16. ^ "相撲年寄". The World Encyclopaedia (in Japanese). Heibonsha. Retrieved 7 December 2023 – via Kotobank encyclopedia.
  17. ^ a b c Ikeda, Masao (1998). "相撲部屋". The Revised New Edition of the World Encyclopaedia (in Japanese). Heibonsha. ISBN 4582040012. Retrieved 23 February 2024 – via Kotobank.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cuyler 1979, p. 144.
  19. ^ a b c d e Cuyler 1979, p. 143.
  20. ^ "List of elder stocks by occupation and attachment to sumo stables and clans". Sumo Reference. Retrieved 1 April 2024.
  21. ^ a b "大相撲名門列伝シリーズ(4) 立浪部屋" [Sumo Famous Biographies Series (4): The Tatsunami stable]. Sumo Magazine [ja] (November 2017). Baseball Magazine, Inc.: 25.
  22. ^ "大相撲名門列伝シリーズ(1) 出羽海部屋・春日野部屋" [Sumo Famous Biographies Series (1): The Dewanoumi and Kasugano stables]. Sumo Magazine [ja] (May 2017). Baseball Magazine, Inc.: 8.
  23. ^ "大関伝　93人目～103人目 - 103人目 源氏山 吉太夫". Atsuo Tsubota Database (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  24. ^ Cuyler 1979, pp. 61–63.
  25. ^ a b c "大相撲人物大事典" [Encyclopedia of Sumo Personalities]. Sumo Magazine [ja] (April 2001). Baseball Magazine, Inc. ISBN 978-4583036403.
  26. ^ a b "式守伊之助". Heibonsha Encyclopaedia (in Japanese). Retrieved 6 November 2023 – via Kotobank.
  27. ^ "大相撲名門列伝シリーズ(5) 時津風部屋" [Sumo Famous Biographies Series (5): The Tokitsukaze stable]. Sumo Magazine [ja] (January 2018). Baseball Magazine, Inc.: 30–34.
  28. ^ a b "大相撲名門列伝シリーズ(2) 二所ノ関部屋" [Sumo Famous Biographies Series (2): The Nishonoseki stable]. Sumo Magazine [ja] (July 2017). Baseball Magazine, Inc.: 32.
  29. ^ a b "年寄名跡の代々" [The generations of sumo elders]. Sumo Magazine [ja] (January 1997). Baseball Magazine, Inc.
  30. ^ "木村瀬平". Kodansha Digital Dictionary of Japanese Biography +Plus (in Japanese). Kodansha. 2015. ISBN 4-06-210800-3. Retrieved 13 December 2024 – via Kotobank.
  31. ^ Koike, Ken'ichi. "名門歴史探訪 相撲部屋物語1 三保ケ関部屋" [Prestigious Sumo Stable History Investigation (1): Mihogaseki Stable]. Sumo Magazine [ja] (January 2016). Baseball Magazine, Inc.: 30.
  32. ^ Ogita, Ryōji (November 2009). 江差の刀工 萬歳安国一代記 [A History of Yasukuni Manzai, a swordsmith of Esashi] (in Japanese). Ogita Kozo. pp. 22–23.
  33. ^ Iwata, Kozo [in Japanese] (January 1962). 関址と藩界 その歴史地理的解明 [Seki Ruins and Clans: A Historical Geographical Clarification]. Yokura Shobo. p. 192.
  34. ^ "白河二所の関碑". Nasu Match. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
  35. ^ Atsuo Tsubota. "Biographies of Yokozuna (4th to 13th)" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 5 March 2002. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  36. ^ Cuyler 1979, p. 98.
  37. ^ "大相撲名門列伝シリーズ(5) 時津風部屋" [Sumo Famous Biographies Series (5): The Tokitsukaze stable]. Sumo Magazine [ja] (January 2018). Baseball Magazine, Inc.: 36–39.
  38. ^ Cuyler 1979, p. 152.
  39. ^ West 1997, p. 165.
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  41. ^ Kitade Koichi (6 July 2021). "特集 - 大相撲の力士をやめたらどうなるの？". NHK (in Japanese). Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  42. ^ Buckingham 1994, p. 89.
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  46. ^ "Injured Takanohana retires from sumo". The Japan Times. 21 January 2003. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
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  48. ^ "一代年寄の栄誉、辞退した千代の富士 北の富士さんが明かす舞台裏". The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 26 November 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
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  51. ^ West 1997, pp. 182–183.
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Bibliography

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