User:OldManRivers/Kwakwaka'wakw

Kwagu'ł girl, Margaret Frank (née Wilson) wearing abalone shell earings. Abalone shell earings were a sign of nobility and only worn by members of this class.

The Kwakwaka'wakw (also Kwakiutl) are an Indigenous nation, numbering about 5,500, who live in British Columbia on northern Vancouver Island and the mainland. Kwakwaka'wakw translates into "Kwak'wala speaking tribes", describing the collective tribes within their nation. Their language, now spoken by less than 5% of the population (about 250 people), is Kwak'wala. The Kwakwaka'wakw are known for their history, culture and art. In recent years, the Kwakwaka'wakw have been active on the revitalization of their culture and language.

History

Wawadit'la, also known as Mungo Martin House, a Kwakwaka'wakw "big house", with heraldic pole. Built by Chief Mungo Martin in 1953. Located at Thunderbird Park in Victoria, British Columbia.

The Kwakwaka'wakw are made up of 17 tribes who all speak the common language of kwak'wala. Their society was highly stratified, with three main classes, determined by heredity: nobles, commoners, and slaves. Their economy was based primarily on fishing, with the men also engaging in some hunting, and the women gathering wild fruits and berries. Ornate weaving and woodwork were important crafts, and wealth, defined by slaves and material goods, was prominently displayed and traded at potlatch ceremonies. These customs were the subject of extensive study by the anthropologist Franz Boas. In contrast to European societies, wealth was not determined by how much you had, but by how much you had to give away. This act of giving away your wealth was one of the main acts in a potlatch.

Disease, which developed as a result of direct contact with European settlers along the West Coast of Canada, drastically reduced the Indigenous Kwakwaka'wakw population during the late nineteenth-early twentieth century.

Oral-history

Main article: Kwakwaka'wakw mythology

Contact with Europeans

The first documented contact was with Captain George Vancouver in 1792.

Territory

Kwakwaka'wakw house pole, second half of the 19th century

The Tribes

The Kwakwaka'wakw are organized into 17 different tribes. Each tribe has its own history, culture, and peoples, but remain collectively similar as they are all kwak'wala speaking peoples.

• Kwagu'ł (Fort Rupert)
• Mamalilikala (Village Island)
• 'Namgis (Nimpkish-Cheslakees)
• Ławit'sis (Turnour Island)
• A'wa'et'ala (Knight Inlet)
• Da'naxda'xw (New Vancouver)
• Ma'amtagila (Etsekin)
• Dzawada'enux (Kingcome Inlet)
• Kwikwasut'inux (Gilford Island)
• Gwawa'enux (Hope Town)
• 'Nak'waxda'xw (Blunden Harbour)
• Gwa'sala (Smith's Inlet)
• Gusgimukw (Quatsino)
• Gwat'sinux (Winter Harbour)
• T'lat'lasikwala (Hope Island)
• Weka'yi (Cape Mudge)
• Wiwekam (Campbell River)

Society

Kwagu'ł girl, Margaret Frank (née Wilson) wearing abalone shell earings. Abalone shell earings were a sign of nobility and only worn by members of this class.

Culture

The Kwakwaka'wakw are a highly stratified bilineal culture of the Pacific Northwest. The Kwakwaka'wakw as a whole make up 17 separate tribes, each with their own history, culture and governance. Commonly among the tribes, there would be a tribal chief, who acted as the head chief of the entire tribe, then below him numerous clan or family chiefs. In some of the tribes, their also existed Eagle Chiefs, but this was a separate society within the main society and apart of the potlatching only. The Kwakwaka'wakw are one of the few bilineal cultures. Traditionally the rights of the family would be passed down through the paternal side, but in rare occasions, one could take the maternal side of their family also. Within the pre-colonization times, the Kwakwaka'wakw were made up of three classes; nobles, commoners, and slaves. The Kwakwaka'wakw shared many cultural and political alliances with numerous neighbors in the area including the Nuu-chah-nulth, Heiltsuk, Wuikinuxv and some Coast Salish.

Arts

Visual

Main article: Kwakwaka'wakw art

Totem poles in front of homes in Alert Bay in the 1900s

Music

Main article: Kwakwaka'wakw music

Kwakwaka'wakw music is the ancient art of the Indigenous or Aboriginal Kwakwaka'wakw peoples.. The music is an ancient art form, stretching back thousands of years. The music is used primarily for ceremony and ritual, and is based around percussive instrumentation, especially , log, box, and hide drums, as well as rattles and whistles. The four-day Klasila festival is an important cultural display of song and dance; it occurs just before the advent of the tsetseka, or winter.

Ceremonies and events

Potlatch

Main article: Potlatch

The potlatch culture of the Northwest is famous and widely-studied and remains alive in Kwakwaka'wakw, as does the lavish artwork for which their people and their neighbours are so renowned. The phenomenon of the potlatch and the vibrant societies and cultures associated with it can be found in Chiefly Feasts: The Enduring Kwakiutl Potlatch , which details the incredible artwork and legendary material that go with the other aspects of the potlatch, and gives a glimpse into the high politics and great wealth and power of the Kwakwaka'wakw chiefs.

Clothing and regalia

was very interesting like maira malik

Food and cuisine

The Kwakwaka'wakw lived in the Northwest Coast region and were excellent hunters, fishers, and gatherers. They mainly ate berries for fruit and the major catches for fish was Salmon traveling upriver in the summer. They sometimes went whale harpooning. The trip could last for days while the whale was being stalked. The wealthiest sometimes threw potlatches or giveaways where they would give most of their possessions to the guests as a way to show wealth and power.

Notable Kwakwaka'wakw

• David Neel
• James Sewid
• George Hunt (ethnologist)
• Calvin Hunt
• Henry Hunt (artist)
• Richard Hunt (artist)
• Tony Hunt (artist)
• Mungo Martin

Footnotes

• Chiefly Feasts: The Enduring Kwakiutl Potlatch Aldona Jonaitis (Editor) U. Washington Press 1991 (also a publication of the American Museum of Natural History)
• Bancroft-Hunt, Norman. People of the Totem: The Indians of the Pacific Northwest University of Oklahoma Press, 1988

See also

• Kwakwaka'wakw mythology
• Kwak'wala (language)
• In the Land of the Head Hunters
• Laich-kwil-tach - Southern Kwakiutl
• Kwakiutl District Council
• Sisiutl

External links

• U'mista Cultural Society - Alert Bay