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Selected bibliography on publications related to caribou (North America)

This list is being constantly updated as articles are added throughout the web related to caribou (North America). Attempts will be made to add some annotations. This list was begun on September 6, 2014.

Background

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On December 17, 2013, I began to contribute to Migratory woodland caribou with this sentence:

"In their Annual Report 2006-2007,[1] the Office of the Environmental Commissioner of Ontario argued that, "Woodland caribou represent the "hard-to-perceive, slow-motion crisis"[2][3]: 33  that faces many species at risk.""[4]: 29 

On December 20, 2013, I created the page Boreal woodland caribou from migratory woodland caribou Wikichecker Oceanflynn (62).

On January 1, 2014 I began to contribute to on the article Reindeer

In July 2014 there was an active discussion on the talk page about merging Caribou (North America) with reindeer

On September 6, 2014, I created this list of caribou-related bibliographic references I had cited in Wikipedia articles. I also created a user page to monitor edits to reindeer the reindeer article as there was a September 6, 2014 proposal to merge the two articles caribou North America with reindeer. I voted against the merge but continued to contribute to both articles. Th sandbox page was designed to monitor these changes as a protection against any suggestion of conflict of interest. It will also serve to record mass deletions and reversions such as those that took place on the reindeer article in early September 2014.

I continued to add a lot of fully referenced content to a number of caribou-related articles, based on many journal articles and months of work, including reindeer and to the article I had created Caribou (North America) (now deleted), Boreal woodland caribou,

On September 16, 2015 AlbinoFerret announced the end of the discussion with a majority calling for merging caribou to reindeer. "There is consensus to merge the articles. The discussion was good and the arguments on both side stayed on topic. There is also strong support for merging caribou to reindeer."


On October 20, 2017 User Wasechun tashunka merged the Caribou (North America) with Reindeer and deleted -147,776 bytes.

On September 14, 2017 HG created this archived link to the archived Caribou article just prior to merging [1] "This is an old revision of this page, as edited by I dream of horses (talk | contribs) at 10:21, September 14, 2017 (HG) (3.2.0)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision."

2019 to do list

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Add:

  • "[S]ince the mid-1990s, the Bathurst herd has declined by approximately 90%, leading to severe harvest restrictions.[5]: 4 

My contributions to the article reindeer

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In North America, the species Rangifer tarandus (locally known in North America as caribou,[6][7][6] was subdivided into five subspecies by Alexander William Francis Banfield, who worked with both the Canadian Wildlife Service and the National Museum of Canada, in his often-cited 1961 classification, was subdivided into five subspecies of Rangifer tarandus: 1) the largely migratory barren-ground caribou subspecies Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus,which are found mainly in the Canadian territories of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, along with western Greenland; 2) the subspecies Rangifer tarandus caribou which is divided into ecotypes: boreal woodland caribou, (also known as forest-dwelling, woodland caribou (boreal), mountain woodland caribou and migratory woodland caribou) —the migratory George River Caribou Herd, for example in the Ungava region of Quebec; 3) Rangifer tarandus pearyi (Peary caribou), the smallest of the species, known as Tuktu in Inuktitut, found in the northern islands ofNunavut and the Northwest Territories; 4) Rangifer tarandus granti subspecies Grant’s caribou, which are mainly migratory and live in Alaska and the northern Yukon and 5) the R. t. dawsoni subspecies, †Queen Charlotte Islands caribou from the Queen Charlotte Islands {extinct since 1910)and </ref>[8][9] Caribou are classified by ecotype depending on several behavioural factors - predominant habitat use (northern, tundra, mountain, forest, boreal forest, forest-dwelling), spacing (dispersed or aggregated) and migration (sedentary or migratory).[10][11][12] For example, the subspecies Rangifer tarandus caribou is further distinguished by a number of ecotypes, including boreal woodland caribou, mountain woodland caribou and migratory woodland caribou) —the migratory George River Caribou Herd, for example in the Ungava region of Quebec.[8]

The Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus subspecies, in Norway referred to as the Svalbard reindeer which seems to have evolved from large European reindeer.[13] Svalbard reindeer has peculiarities in its metabolism. The skeleton shows a remarkable relative shortening of the legs, thus parallelling many extinct insular deer species.[14]

A 1961 classification divided reindeer into two major groups, the tundra reindeer (with six subspecies) and the woodland reindeer (with three subspecies).[citation needed] Some of the tundra's subspecies are small-bodied, high-Arctic island forms. These island subspecies are probably not closely related, since the Peary caribou and the extinct Arctic reindeer are closely related and probably evolved in high-Arctic North America, not from the large European reindeer as is Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus.[13]

Subspecies and Ecotypes

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Some of the species Rangifer tarandus and subspecies - R. t. buskensis,[15]R. t. caboti,[Notes 1][15][16] R.t. caribou, †R. t. dawsoni (extinct), R.t. eogroenlandicus, R. t. fennicus, R. t. granti, R. t. groenlandicus, R. t. l, R. t. pearsoni,[15]R. t. platyrhynchus, R. t. phylarchus,[15] R. t. pearsoni, R. t. pearyi, R. t. sibiricus,[15] R. t. tarandus, R. t. terraenovae[Notes 2][15][16] may be further divided by ecotype depending on several behavioural factors - predominant habitat use (northern, tundra, mountain, forest, boreal forest, forest-dwelling, woodland, woodland (mountain), woodland (boreal), woodland (migratory)), spacing (dispersed or aggregated) and migration (sedentary or migratory).[17][18][19] In North America, because of its vast range in a wide diversity of ecosystems, the subspecies Rangifer tarandus caribou is further distinguished by a number of ecotypes, including boreal woodland caribou, mountain woodland caribou and migratory woodland caribou). Populations or herds may not fit into narrow ecotypes. For example, Banfield's 1961 classification of the migratory George River Caribou Herd, in the Ungava region of Quebec, as subspecies Rangifer tarandus caribou, woodland caribou, remains although other woodland caribou are mainly sedentary.

I added the citation here:

Some populations of the North American caribou, for example, many herds in the subspecies, the barren-ground caribou, and some woodland caribou in Ungava and Labrador, migrate the farthest of any terrestrial mammal, travelling up to 5,000 km (3,100 mi) a year, and covering 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi).[20][21] Other North American populations, the woodland caribou (boreal) for example, are largely sedentary.[22] In Europe populations have a shorter migration. Island herds such as the subspecies R. t. pearsoni and R. t. platyrhynchus make local movements.(Citation needed|date=May 2012)

and this

In 1986 Kurtén reported that the oldest reindeer fossil was an "antler of tundra reindeer type from the sands of Süssenborn" in the Pleistocene

(Günz) period (680,000 to 620,000 BP).[23] By the 4-Würm period (110-70,000 to 12-10,000) its European range was very extensive. Reindeer occurred in

In 1986 Kurtén reported that the oldest reindeer fossil was an "antler of tundra reindeer type from the sands of Sussenbor" in the Pleistocene

...Spain, Italy and southern Russia. Reindeer [was] particularly abundant in the Magdalenian deposits from the late part of the 4-Wurm just before the end of the Ice Age: at that time and at the early Mesolithic it was the game animal for many tribes. The supply began to get low during the Mesolithic, when reindeers retired to the north.

— Kurtén 1968:170

"In spite of the great variation, all the Pleistocene and living reindeer belong to the same species."[23]

Günz period (680,000 to 620,000 BP).[23] By the 4-Würm period (110-70,000 to 12-10,000) its European range was very extensive. It was found in

Humans started hunting reindeer in the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods, and humans are today the main predator in many areas. Norway and Greenland have unbroken traditions of hunting wild reindeer from the ice age until the present day. In the non-forested mountains of centralNorway, such as Jotunheimen, it is still possible to find remains of stone-built trapping pits, guiding fences, and bow rests, built especially for hunting reindeer. These can, with some certainty, be dated to the Migration Period, although it is not unlikely that they have been in use since the Stone Age.Citation needed|date=May 2012

Approximate range of caribou subspecies in North America. Overlap is possible for contiguous range. 1.Rangifer tarandus caribou

subdivided into ecotypes woodland (boreal), woodland (migratory), woodland (montane), 2.Rangifer tarandus Dawsoni extinct 1907, 3. Rangifer tarandus granti, 5.Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus and Rangifer tarandus pearyi,


More recent contributions include: In October 2017, U. S. Secretary of the Interior, Ryan Zinke, announced that as of December 6, 2017, lands under the administration of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management will be up for bid on the "largest offering of public lands for lease in the history of the [BLM] — 10.3 million acres".[24] The Prudhoe Bay Oil Field, near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska is situated between the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to the east. Industry will be allowed to run "roads, pipelines and drill rigs" in the very sensitive habitat areas, including the the Teshekpuk caribou herd calving grounds. The Teshekpuk herd remains at the calving grounds for several weeks in spring before moving Teshekpuk Lake for relief from mosquitoes and botflies before their annual migration.[24]


Teshekpuk Lake and Central Arctic herds
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...By 2017, the Teshekpuk herd numbers, whose calving grounds are in the region of the shallow Teshekpuk Lake,[24] had declined to 41,000 animals.[24] Teshekpuk Lake in the North Slope is in the traditional lands of the Iñupiat who depended on the Teshekpuk herd. Teshekpuk Lake is also in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska, where the U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) had approved oil and gas drilling in January 11, 2006 in the Lake Teshekpuk region.[25][26] On September 25, 2006, the U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska protected the wildlife habitat around the lake from an oil and gas lease sale.[27] In the summer of 2006 300,000 comments were sent by the Iñupiat and others to the US Secretary of the Interior and ConocoPhillips CEO to protest the decision. On September 25, 2006, the U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska issued a decision that removed the wildlife habitat around Teshekpuk Lake from an oil and gas lease sale.[27] In October 2017, U. S. Secretary of the Interior, Ryan Zinke, announced that as of December 6, 2017, lands under the administration of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management will be up for bid on the "largest offering of public lands for lease in the history of the [BLM] — 10.3 million acres".[24] The National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPR-A) is the "single largest parcel of public land in the United States" covering about 23 million acres". The reserve’s eastern border sits about 100 miles to the west of the more famous Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.


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References

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  1. ^ Environmental Commissioner of Ontario 2007.
  2. ^ Ornstein, Robert Evan; Ehrlich, Paul R. (1989b), "Managing a world long gone: the old mind in politics, the environment, and war", New World New Mind: Moving Toward Conscious Evolution (PDF), Nature, New York: Doubleday, p. 302In Caribou (North America)
  3. ^ Ehrlich, Paul R. (January 2002), "Human natures, nature conservation, and environmental ethics" (PDF), Bioscience, 52 (1), Stanford University: 31–43, retrieved 15 December 2013{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)In Caribou (North America)
  4. ^ Wilkinson, Christopher J. A. (2008), "An examination of recovery planning for forest-dwelling woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in Ontario, Canada", Rangifer, 28 (1), Ontario, Canada: Office of the Environmental Commissioner: 13–32, retrieved 15 December 2013{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  5. ^ Gunn, Anne; Russell, Don; Greig, L. (2014). "Insights into integrating cumulative effects and collaborative co-management for migratory tundra caribou herds in the Northwest Territories, Canada". Ecology and Society. 19 (4). doi:10.5751/ES-06856-190404. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
  6. ^ a b "Designatable Units for Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in Canada" (PDF), COSEWIC, Ottawa, Ontario: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, p. 88, 2011, retrieved 18 December 2013
  7. ^ COSEWIC 2011:3.
  8. ^ a b Banfield, Alexander William Francis (1961), "A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer", Bulletin, Biological Services, 177 (66), National Museum of Canada
  9. ^ Reindeer
  10. ^ Bergerud, Arthur T. (1996), "Evolving Perspectives on Caribou Population Dynamics, Have We Got it Right Yet?", Rangifer, Special Issue (9): 59–115
  11. ^ Festa-Bianchet, M.; Ray, J.C.; Boutin, S.; Côté, S.D.; Gunn, A. (2011), "Conservation of Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in Canada: An Uncertain Future", Canadian Journal of Zoology, 89: 419–434 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  12. ^ Mager, Karen H. (2012), Population Structure and Hybridization of Alaskan Caribou and Reindeer: Integrating Genetics and Local Knowledge (PDF) (PhD dissertation), Fairbanks, Alaska: e University of Alaska Fairbanks, retrieved 27 December 2013
  13. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference HighArctic was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Willemsen, G.F.(1983). Osteological measurements and some remarks on the evolution of the Svalbard reindeer, Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 48 (3):175-185
  15. ^ a b c d e f Grubb, P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  16. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Geist was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Bergerud, Arthur T. (1996), "Evolving Perspectives on Caribou Population Dynamics, Have We Got it Right Yet?", Rangifer, Special Issue (9): 59–115
  18. ^ Festa-Bianchet, M.; Ray, J.C.; Boutin, S.; Côté, S.D.; Gunn, A. (2011), "Conservation of Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in Canada: An Uncertain Future", Canadian Journal of Zoology, 89: 419–434 {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  19. ^ Mager, Karen H. (2012), Population Structure and Hybridization of Alaskan Caribou and Reindeer: Integrating Genetics and Local Knowledge (PDF) (PhD dissertation), Fairbanks, Alaska: e University of Alaska Fairbanks, retrieved 27 December 2013
  20. ^ Cite error: The named reference IUCN was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  21. ^ Caribou Migration Monitoring by Satellite Telemetry. Mrnf.gouv.qc.ca. Retrieved on 2011-09-16.
  22. ^ Bergerud, Arthur T. (1988), "Caribou, wolves, and man", Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 3: 68–72
  23. ^ a b c Kurtén 1968, p. 170.
  24. ^ a b c d e Solomon, Christopher (November 10, 2017). "America's Wildest Place Is Open for Business". New York Times. Sunday Review. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
  25. ^ |title=Erosion Slicing Arctic Alaska Habitat
  26. ^ Rosen, Yereth (July 2, 2007). "Study says erosion slicing Arctic Alaska habitat". Anchorage, Alaska work=Reuters. Retrieved November 10, 2017. {{cite news}}: Missing pipe in: |location= (help)
  27. ^ a b "New area in Alaska opened to drilling - US news - Environment". NBC News. January 12, 2006. Retrieved November 10, 2017.

Bibliography

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A

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  • Banfield, Alexander William Francis (1961), "A Revision of the Reindeer and Caribou, Genus Rangifer", Bulletin, Biological Services, 177 (66), National Museum of Canada{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) evolution, taxonomy, In Caribou (North America)
  • Bergerud, Arthur T. (1974), "Decline of caribou in North America following settlement", Journal of Wildlife Management, 38: 757–770{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)In Caribou (North America)
  • Bergerud, Arthur T. (1978), "Caribou", in Schmidt, J.L.; Gilbert, D.L. (eds.), Big game of North America: ecology and management, Harrison, PA.: Stackpole Books, pp. 83–101{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)In Caribou (North America)
  • Bergerud, Arthur T. (1980), "A review of the population dynamics of caribou and wild reindeer in North America", in Reimers, E.; Gaare, E.; Skjenneberg, S. (eds.), Report of Proceedings Second International Reindeer/Caribou Symposium 1979, Roros, Norway, pp. 556–581, retrieved May 7, 2019{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)In Caribou (North America)
  • Bergerud, Arthur T. (1988), "Caribou, wolves, and man", Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 3: 68–72{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)In Caribou (North America)
  • Bergerud, Arthur T. (1996), "Evolving Perspectives on Caribou Population Dynamics, Have We Got it Right Yet?", Rangifer, Special Issue (9): 59–115{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)In Caribou (North America)
  • Bergerud, A.T. (2000), "Caribou", in Demarais, Stephen; Krausman, Paul R. (eds.), Ecology and management of large mammals in North America, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, p. 778, ISBN 0137174225{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
  • Bergerud, Arthur T.; Luttich, Stuart N.; Camps, Lodewijk (December 2007), The Return of Caribou to Ungava, Native and Northern Series, McGill-Queen's, p. 656, ISBN 9780773532335, retrieved 16 December 2013{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)In Caribou (North America)
  • Banfield, AWF (1966), "The caribou", in Smith, I.N. (ed.), The Unbelievable Land, Ottawa: Queen's Press, pp. 25–28{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)In Caribou (North America)
  • Bennett, John (1 June 2008), Uqalurait: An Oral History of Nunavut, McGill-Queen's Native and Northern Series, McGill-Queen's University Press{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)In Caribou (North America)
  • Bro-Jørgensen, Jakob; Dabelsteen, Torben (2008), "Knee-clicks and visual traits indicate fighting ability in eland antelopes: multiple messages and back-up signals", BMC Biology, 6: 47, doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-47, PMC 2596769, PMID 18986518{{citation}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)In Caribou (North America)
  • Burch Jr, Ernest S. (1972). "The Caribou/Wild Reindeer as a Human Resource". American Antiquity. 37 (3): 339–368. doi:10.2307/278435. JSTOR 278435.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)In Caribou (North America)






  • "Gwich'in Tribal Council Annual Report 2012 - 2013: Unity through diversity" (PDF), Gwich’in Tribal Council, 2013, retrieved 5 September 2014 in Unity in diversity, Gwich’in, Caribou (North America).

    "The GTC is a signatory to the Porcupine Caribou Harvest Management Plan (HMP) and the Implementation Plan for the Porcupine Caribou Herd in Canada." page 25 and is involved in the "Cape Bathurst and Bluenose Carribou Management Plan" that identifies "a process for the use and management of the herd to ensure that the herd continues to increase in population for the future." The GTC is also involved in the Porcupine Caribou Harvest Management Plan's "Caribou and the Dempster Highway Elders Campaign" through which the Council have brought Gwich’in Elders to help monitor harvesting along the Dempster Highway since 2006 during peak caribou migration seasons from August to October following a request from the Tetlit Gwich’in Renewable Resource Council.

    — page 25









  • Russell, Don E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013), Migratory Tundra Rangifer, Annual Arctic Report Card, NOAA Arctic Research Program, retrieved 14 January 2014{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)In Caribou (North America) This report is rich in data regarding migratory herds in the entire circumpolar region, providing current data (up to 2013) on dozens of herds globally. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) under the United States Department of Commerce, publishes an annual Arctic report card. Don Russell, is one of the founding members and current coordinator of CARMA. His post-graduate career spans over 4 decades included research on the Porcupine herd, and on oil activities around Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. He worked for the Government of Yukon the Canadian Wildlife Service.



  • Thomas, D. C. (1998), "Needed: less counting of caribou and more ecology", Rangifer, Special Issue Number 10: 15–23{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) In Caribou (North America)In Caribou (North America)Thomas suggested that "if population surveys cannot be expected to produce accurate and precise results, funding is better directed to collecting information on demographic indices, such as pregnancy rates and calf survival, as well as ecological studies to identify habitat requirements (Culling and Culling 2006:44)."
  • Thomas, D. C.; Gray, D. R. (2002), Update COSEWIC status report on the woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in Canada, Ottawa, Ontario: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, p. 98{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) "Thomas and Graynote that caribou populations are prone to wide fluctuations in numbers and suggest a 20-year span (3 generations) should be adopted as the standard for assessing trends (Culling and Culling 2006:46)."





Cite error: There are <ref group=Notes> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=Notes}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Kolpashikov was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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