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Webliography on social psychology is a shareable research tool of reliable sources related to social psychology, specifically as referred to in the category social psychology and its specific subcategories, Social and political influence at play in the 2000s in the United States and Canada. Subcategories of "social and political influences" of interest include, Influence of mass media, Media manipulation, Culture of fear, Psychological manipulation. Related Wikipedia articles include Media bias in the United States, Watchdog journalism, Fact checking, Gatekeeping (communication), specifically Gatekeeping in the 21st century, Vested interest (communication theory), Gateway belief model, and . The category Epistemology includes articles on Critical thinking.

According to a December 1-4, 2016 Pew survey of 1,002 U.S. adults, sixty-four percent of those surveyed—regardless of their "incomes, education levels, partisan affiliations"— etc, claimed that "fabricated news stories cause a great deal of confusion about the basic facts of current issues and events."[1] Twenty-three percent "23% say they have shared a made-up news story – either knowingly or not."[1]

Fake news in the 2016 election and 2017 presidency

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In 2016, concerns have been raised by Barack Obama to Pope Francis among others, "about fake news and the potential impact on both political life and innocent individuals."[1] Fake news websites in the United States

See also: 2016 United States election interference by Russia
U.S. President Barack Obama
U.S. President Barack Obama said, "If we can't discriminate between serious arguments and propaganda, then we have problems."[2][3]

According to the Wikipedia article on Fake news website in the section 2016 election

"Fraudulent stories during the 2016 U.S. presidential election popularized on Facebook included a viral post that Pope Francis had endorsed Donald Trump, and another that actor Denzel Washington "backs Trump in the most epic way possible"."[4][5][6] "Donald Trump's son and campaign surrogate Eric Trump, top national security adviser Michael T. Flynn, and then-campaign managers Kellyanne Conway and Corey Lewandowski shared fake news stories during the campaign."[4][2][7][8][9] "Alternet reported that Trump himself had been the source of some of the related misinformation over the years."[4][10]

"After the 2016 election, Republican politicians and conservative media began to appropriate the term "fake news" by using it to describe not made-up news, but rather genuine news they saw "as hostile to their agenda", according to the New York Times, which cited Breitbart News, Rush Limbaugh and supporters of Donald Trump as dismissing mainstream news reports as "fake news"."[4][11]

Pizzagate

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Main article: Pizzagate conspiracy theory

The Pizzagate conspiracy theory "led a North Carolina man to bring a gun into a popular Washington, D.C. pizza restaurant under the impression that it was hiding a child prostitution ring."[1] Pizzagate which originated from a October 30, 2016 a "reputed white supremacist" tweet during the 2016 United States presidential election cycle alleging that "Anthony Weiner's laptop as part of an investigation into his sexting scandals, had discovered the existence of a pedophilia ring linked to members of the Democratic Party."[12][13][14] It was allegedly posted on Godlike Productions, on YourNewsWire,[14] and fake news websites, including SubjectPolitics, which falsely claimed the New York Police Department had raided Hillary Clinton's property.[12][13] It was posted by the Conservative Daily Post[15] and then went "the mainstream internet" after Reddit's post several days before the 2016 US presidential election.[12][16] Fake news[17] websites such as Alex Jones' Infowars.com,[a] Planet Free Will[21] and the Vigilant Citizen,[12][22][23] It was promoted by alt-right activists such as Mike Cernovich and Brittany Pettibone.[12][16] Other promoters included David Seaman, former writer for TheStreet.com,[24] CBS46 anchor Ben Swann,[25] and basketball player Andrew Bogut.[12][26] "Jonathan Albright, an assistant professor of media analytics at Elon University, said that a disproportionate number of tweets about Pizzagate came from the Czech Republic, Cyprus, and Vietnam and that some of the most frequent retweeters were bots."[12][27]

From relevant existing Wikipedia articles

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Media bias in the United States

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Main article: Media bias in the United States
  • liberal bias
  • conservative bias
  • mainstream bias
  • corporate bias

Fact checking

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Main article: Fact checking

In the article Fact checking under the section United States there is a list of entities that self describe as fact checkers.

"FactCheck.org and FactCheckEd.org: non-partisan,[28] nonprofit sister websites that are self-described "advocates for voters that aims to reduce the level of deception and confusion in U.S. politics," and serving as an educational resource for high school teachers and students, respectively (the latter founded 2005). They are projects of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the Annenberg School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania, and are funded primarily by the Annenberg Foundation."[29]

"Fact Checker (The Washington Post):[30] A project of The Washington Post, known for grading politicians on the factual accuracy of their statements with one to four "Pinocchios."[31] Created September 2007 by Post diplomatic writer Michael Dobbs specifically for the 2008 presidential campaign.[32] Ceased operation November 4, 2008,[33] but relaunched with a broader focus in January 2011, led by veteran Washington Post diplomatic correspondent Glenn Kessler.[34]"[29]

"PolitiFact.com:[35] A service of the Tampa Bay Times - Created August 2007, uses the "Truth-o-Meter" to rank the amount of truth in public persons' statements. 2009 Pulitzer Prize Winner."[29]

"Snopes.com focuses on, but is not limited to, validating and debunking urban legends and other stories in American popular culture."[29]

TruthOrFiction.com "validates and debunks urban legends, Internet rumors, e-mail forwards, and other stories of unknown or questionable origin."[29]

Gateway belief model

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Main article: gateway belief model
Gateway belief model (GBM)
Gateway belief model (GBM)

Pew Research has shown that in the United States by 2012, the "views of the general public often diverge sharply from experts on a number of important societal issues".[36][37] This is known as the "consensus gap".[38] According to gateway belief model, a theory applied in the communication sciences,psychology, and science communication, the gap between viewpoints, known as the "consensus gap" "can be reduced by highlighting or communicating the actual degree of social or scientific consensus on an issue".[39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][38][49]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Many Americans Believe Fake News Is Sowing Confusion: 23% say they have shared a made-up news story – either knowingly or not, Pew Research Center, December 15, 2016, retrieved February 20, 2017 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b Tapper, Jake (17 November 2016), Fake news stories thriving on social media - Phony news stories are thriving on social media, so much so President Obama addressed it. CNN's Jake Tapper reports., CNN, retrieved 18 November 2016
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference HarrisEddy was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b c d Fake news website, Wikipedia, February 20, 2017 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  5. ^ Alyssa Newcomb (15 November 2016), "Facebook, Google Crack Down on Fake News Advertising", NBC News, NBC News, retrieved 16 November 2016
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference didthepope was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Dewey, Caitlin (17 November 2016), "Facebook fake-news writer: 'I think Donald Trump is in the White House because of me'", The Washington Post, ISSN 0190-8286, retrieved 17 November 2016
  8. ^ Drum, Kevin (17 November 2016), "Meet Ret. General Michael Flynn, the Most Gullible Guy in the Army", Mother Jones, retrieved 18 November 2016
  9. ^ Masnick, Mike (14 October 2016), "Donald Trump's Son & Campaign Manager Both Tweet Obviously Fake Story", Techdirt, retrieved 18 November 2016
  10. ^ Holliway, Kali (12 January 2017). "14 Fake News Stories Created or Publicized by Donald Trump". AlterNet. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  11. ^ Peters, Jeremy W. (25 December 2016). "Wielding Claims of 'Fake News,' Conservatives Take Aim at Mainstream Media". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Pizzagate conspiracy theory, Wikipedia, February 20, 2017 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  13. ^ a b Silverman, Craig (November 4, 2016). "How A Completely False Claim About Hillary Clinton Went From A Conspiracy Message Board To Big Right Wing Blogs". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  14. ^ a b Gillin, Joshua (December 6, 2016). "How Pizzagate went from fake news to a real problem". PolitiFact. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
  15. ^ Emery Jr., C. Eugene (November 4, 2016). "Evidence ridiculously thin for sensational claim of huge underground Clinton sex network". PolitiFact. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  16. ^ a b Wendling, Mike (December 2, 2016). "The saga of 'Pizzagate': The fake story that shows how conspiracy theories spread". BBC News. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
  17. ^ "Don't get fooled by these fake news sites". cbsnews.com. CBS. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
  18. ^ Blake, Andrew (December 9, 2016). "Infowars' Alex Jones appeals to Trump for aid over fears of 'fake news' crackdown". The Washington Times. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
  19. ^ Dicker, Rachel (November 14, 2016). "Avoid These Fake News Sites at All Costs". US News and World Report. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
  20. ^ Couts, Andrew (November 16, 2016). "Here are all the 'fake news' sites to watch out for on Facebook". The Daily Dot. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference NYT was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Alexander, Cedric (December 7, 2016). "Fake news is domestic terrorism". CNN. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
  23. ^ Peck, Jamie (November 28, 2016). "What the hell is #Pizzagate?". Death and Taxes. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
  24. ^ Zuylen-Wood, Simon Van (January 2, 2017). "This Is What It's Like to Read Fake News For Two Weeks". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  25. ^ Wemple, Erik (January 18, 2017). "CBS affiliate's 'big question': Why no law enforcement investigation of 'Pizzagate' allegations?". Washington Post. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
  26. ^ Mandell, Nina (December 7, 2016). "Andrew Bogut pushed the Pizzagate conspiracy". USA TODAY. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  27. ^ Fisher, Marc; Cox, John Woodrow; Hermann, Peter (December 6, 2016). "Pizzagate: From rumor, to hashtag, to gunfire in D.C." The Washington Post. Retrieved December 23, 2016.
  28. ^ "About Us". FactCheckED.org. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  29. ^ a b c d e Fact checking, Wikipedia, February 20, 2017 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  30. ^ Rucker, Philip. "Fact Checker". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  31. ^ Kessler, Glenn. "About the Fact Checker". Blog.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  32. ^ "washingtonpost.com Launches "FactChecker"". Findarticles.com. 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  33. ^ Rucker, Philip. "Fact Checker". Voices.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  34. ^ Kessler, Glenn (2012-07-19). "Welcome to the new Fact Checker". The Washington Post.
  35. ^ "St. Petersburg Times Online". Politifact.com. Retrieved 2009-06-07.
  36. ^ Gateway belief model, Wikipedia, February 20, 2017 {{citation}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  37. ^ Pew (2012). "Major Gaps Between the Public, Scientists on Key Issues". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  38. ^ a b Cook, John; Jacobs, Peter (2014). "Scientists are from Mars, Laypeople are from Venus: An Evidence-Based Rationale for Communicating the Consensus on Climate". Reports of the National Center for Science Education. 34 (6): 3.1.
  39. ^ Hotchkiss, Michael (2015). "Emphasizing consensus about safety boosts support for vaccines". Princeton University News.
  40. ^ van der Linden, Sander; Leiserowitz, Anthony; Feinberg, Geoffrey; Maibach, Edward (2015). "The Scientific Consensus on Human-Caused Climate Change as a Gateway Belief: Experimental Evidence". PLOS ONE. 10 (2): e0118489. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118489. PMC 4340922. PMID 25714347.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  41. ^ van der Linden, Sander; Leiserowitz, Anthony; Maibach, Edward (2016). "Climate Change's Unseen Consensus". US News and World Report.
  42. ^ Maibach, Ed; van der Linden, Sander (2016). "The importance of assessing and communicating scientific consensus". Environmental Research Letters. 11: 0913003. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/091003.
  43. ^ Ding, Ding; Maibach, Edward; Xiaoquan, Zhao; Roser-Renouf, Connie; Leiserowitz, Anthony (2011). "Support for Climate Policy and Societal Action are Linked to Perceptions about Scientific Agreement". Nature Climate Change. 1: 462–466. doi:10.1038/nclimate1295.
  44. ^ Lewandowsky, Stephan; Gilles, Gignac; Vaughan, Samuel (2013). "The Pivotal Role of Perceived Scientific Consensus in Acceptance of Science". Nature Climate Change. 3: 399–404. doi:10.1038/nclimate1720.
  45. ^ van der Linden, Sander; Clarke, Chris; Maibach, Edward (2015). "Highlighting Consensus among Medical Scientists Increases Public Support for Vaccines: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment". BMC Public Health. 15 (1): 1207. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2541-4.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  46. ^ Aklin, M.; Urpelainen, J. (2014). "Perceptions of scientific dissent undermine public support for environmental policy". Environmental Science & Policy. 38: 173–177. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2013.10.006.
  47. ^ Cook, John; Lewandowsky, Stephan (2016). "Rational Irrationality: Modeling Climate Change Belief Polarization Using Bayesian Networks". Topics in Cognitive Science. 8 (1): 160–179. doi:10.1111/tops.12186.
  48. ^ Myers, Teresa; Maibach, Edward; Peters, Ellen; Leiserowitz, Anthony (2015). "Simple Messages Help Set the Record Straight about Scientific Agreement on Human-Caused Climate Change: The Results of Two Experiments". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0120985. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120985.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  49. ^ Pearson, Adam; Schuldt, Jonathan (2016). "The role of race and ethnicity in climate change polarization: evidence from a U.S. national survey experiment". Climatic Change. 136 (3): 495–505. doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1631-3.


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