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Migrant children's detention centers

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A timeline of events related to United States immigrant detention centers of minors

According to a 2012 article by the The Center for Immigration Studies (CIS), since the 1980s, the United States government' enforcement action, including removal proceedings and/or detention and of non-criminal immigrant children and their families, has increased.[Flores 1] The CIS article said that "detained children [were] subjected to inhumane conditions and abuse by federal authorities and contractors."[Flores 1] and that "procedural safeguards" to protect migrant children, were lacking.[Flores 1] The 1985 class action lawsuit was brought against the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) by the National Center for Immigrants' Rights, Inc through lawyers Carlos Holguin and Peter A. Schey on behalf a minor Jenny Lisette Flores who was apprehended at the Mexico-United States border and detained for months by INS, in a adult detention center.[Flores 2]: 1648  [Flores_1985 1] [Notes 1][Flores 3] On March 7, 1988, in Jenny Lisette Flores, et al. represented by , Plaintiffs, v. Edwin Meese, Immigration and Naturalization Service, and Harold W. Ezell, a District court judge in California placed "limits on INS treatment of alien minors in custody."[Flores 4][Flores 1]

1990 9th Circuit judge reverses district court judge, then overturned in banc; 1992 Case reaches Supreme Court in favor of government1997 Flores agreement reached between government and plaintiffs; 2008 Congress passes TVPRA, partially codifying Flores into law; 2015 Judge interprets Flores to include all minors, and sets 20-day limit"[Flores 1][Flores 1] "Since 1997, the treatment of children in federal custody has been governed by the Flores v. Reno Settlement Agreement (FSA)." As the INS often did not comply with the requirements, Congress twice passed legislation to reform the immigration system as it applied to unaccompanied children. Later, the Department of Homeland Security began detaining children and their families in violation of the standards set forth in the FSA. Another settlement was reached to address the treatment of those children.[Flores 2]

[edit]
Year Date Event image
1985 In 1985, Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) apprehended then-15-year-old Jenny Lisette Flores, from El Salvador after she attempted to cross the Mexico-United States border.[Flores 2]: 1648  and detained her in an adult prison where she was strip searched. The Center for Human Rights and Constitutional Law filed class action lawsuit Flores v. Meese against AG Edwin Meese, who served as United States Attorney General from February 25, 1985 to July 5, 1988 under President Ronald Reagan.[1]: 1648 [Flores_1985 2] [Notes 2][Flores 3]
1988 March 7 Flores v. Meese, 681 F. Supp. 665 (C.D. Cal. 1988). Jenny Lisette FLORES, et al., Plaintiffs, v. Edwin MEESE, Immigration and Naturalization Service, Harold W. Ezell, Defendants. No. CV 85-4544-RJK. United States District Court, C.D. California. March 7, 1988. National Center for Immigrants' Rights, Inc., Carlos Holguin, Peter A. Schey, Los Angeles, Cal., National Center for Youth Law, James Morales, Alice Bussiere, Teresa Demchak, San Francisco, Cal., American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU Foundation of Southern California), Paul Hoffman, John Hagar, Los Angeles, Cal., for plaintiffs. Robert C. Bonner, U.S. Atty., Frederick M. Brosio, Jr., Asst. U.S. Atty., Chief, Civil Div., Ian Fan, Asst. U.S. Atty., Los Angeles, Cal., for defendants.[Flores 4]
1993 Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292 (1993),[Flores 5] Attorney General Janet Reno v. Jenny Lisette Flores was a Supreme Court of the United States case in which the Court held that the Immigration and Naturalization Service's regulations regarding the release of alien unaccompanied minors did not violate.[Flores 5]
1997 January 28 During the administration of Bill Clinton, Flores v. Meese "set standards for the detention of minors by prioritizing them for release to the custody of their families and requiring those in federal custody to be placed in the least restrictive environment possible" according to a June 19, 2018 NBC News article.[2] The Center for Human Rights and Constitutional Law filed class action lawsuit Flores v. Meese against then-U.S. Attorney General Edwin Meese.[1]: 1648 [Flores 3] Immigration officials agreed to provide detained minors with "food and drinking water as appropriate, medical assistance if minor is in need of emergency services, toilets and sinks, adequate temperature control and ventilation, adequate supervision to protect minors from others, contact with family members who were arrested with the minor, and separation from unrelated adults whenever possible."[3] According to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 (TVPRA) and the 1996 settlement agreement in Flores v. Meese set the legal standards for law governing the rights of children in the immigration process.[Flores 6]: 1, 2 
2002 Unaccompanied Alien Children (UAC) is a term defined by the 2002 Homeland Security Act, an act that established the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), that was introduced following the September 11 attacks during the Presidency of George W. Bush.[4] United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), defines UAC as illegal immigrants who are under 18-years old and have no legal guardians in the United States.[5][6] Part of this major re-organization within the federal government was the abolition by Congress of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS). INS responsibilities were transferred to entities within DHS.[Flores 1]
2003 The Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) within the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) began to operate the Unaccompanied Alien Children Program. From 2003 to 2011 the ORR housed fewer than 8,000 children annually.[7][8]
2007 The Global Detention Project reported that there were 363 detention sites in use in the United States during the period 2007-2009[9][10]
2008 The Baptist Children's Center (BCFS San Antonio) in San Antonio, Texas operated by the Baptist Child and Family Services now known as BCFS Health and Human Services or BCFS was opened.
2008 December 23 Then-President George W. Bush signed the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008, which provided "substantial new protections" to UAC by "prohibiting them from being quickly sent back to their country of origin."[11]
2011 Beginning in October 2011, the U.S. Government recorded a dramatic rise – commonly referred to in the United States as “the surge” – in the number of unaccompanied and separated children arriving to the United States from these same three countries – El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. The total number of apprehensions of unaccompanied and separated children from these countries by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) jumped from 4,059 in FY 2011 to 10,443 in FY 2012 and then more than doubled again, to 21,537, in FY 2013.
2012 June 15 Then-President Barack Obama announced an American immigration policy through a executive branch memorandum entitled the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) that allowed some people who were brought to the United States as children to receive period of deferred action from deportation. DACA recipients also became eligible for an employment authorization document.[12][13]
2014 During the 2014 American immigration crisis, most children came from the Northern Triangle of Central America—Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador,[14] crossing the Rio Grande. Once in the United States, they turned themselves in to the United States Border Patrol.[11] According to a July 9, 2014 article in The New York Times, then-President Obama said the William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 was "partly responsible for tying [the] hands of the [Obama administration] in dealing with the "influx of children", which had risen to approximately 52,000 minors who arrived in the United States at the Southwest border without their parents have been caught since October, 2013.[11] Republicans said that Obama's DACA had caused the influx of unaccompanied migrant children.[11]
2014 December Homeland Security Secretary Jeh C. Johnson said during a press conference held at the the opening of the largest immigrant detention center in the United States—the South Texas Family Residential Center in Dilley, Texas, "Frankly, we want to send a message that our border is not open to illegal migration; and if you come here, you should not expect to simply be released."[15] The facility is operated by CoreCivic formerly known as CCA - Corrections Corporation of America and the director is Janice Killian. Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) was founded in Nashville, Tennessee, on January 28, 1983, by Thomas W. Beasley, Doctor Robert Crants and T. Don Hutto Beasley were the chief founders. Hutto had years of experience in corrections and was president-elect of the American Correctional Association. The two men met with representatives of the Federal Bureau of Prisons and Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS, now ICE), which operated under U.S. Department of Justice from 1933 to 2003, to discuss a potential joint venture for a facility to detain illegal aliens in Texas.[16]
2015 June 25 Los Angeles Times reported that CoreCivic's South Texas Family Residential Center in Dilley, Texas held 1,735 people and about 1,000 of the detainees were children.[17]
2015 The next major change to Flores, and almost certainly the most significant, came in 2015.[Flores 1] An Obama-appointed federal district court judge in California, Dolly Gee, ordered that the Obama administration must release detained children and their mothers who were caught crossing the border illegally, saying that detention centers in Texas had failed to meet the Flores standards.[Flores 1] This was a major development — Gee had now expanded Flores to cover not only unaccompanied children, but also accompanied children.[Flores 7][Flores 1]

In fact, Judge Gee even went a step further. Flores calls on the government to release children "without unnecessary delay".[Flores 1] Gee interpreted that to mean 20 days. In other words, now all minors in detention, whether or not they were with their parents, couldn't be detained for more than three weeks. This ruling laid the groundwork for the current crisis at the border, in which children are released while their parents can still be detained awaiting hearings — hence, the "separation" of families. The alternative is simply releasing the entire family after three weeks or less. In other words, "catch-and-release".[Flores 1] ||

2016 According to a May 31, 2019 US Customs and Border Patrol report, in FY2017, the USBP Southwest Border 41,435 unaccompanied minors were apprehended by the US Border Patrol compared to 50,036 in 2018, representing an increase of 21 percent.[18] This chart shows the number of unaccompanied minors apprehended by the US Border Patrol spanning the years from 2014 to 2019 based on US Customs and Border Patrol statistics.[18]
Stacked-bar chart showing the number of unaccompanied minors apprehended by the US Border Patrol, broken down by country of origin, 2014 - May 31, 2019.
2017 July 5 In his opinion of Flores v. Sessions (No. 17-55208 D.C. No. 2:85-cv-04544- DMG-AGR) before the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Judge Stephen Reinhardt ruled that "Nothing in the text, structure, or purpose of the HSA or TVPRA[Notes 3]renders continued compliance with Paragraph 24A, as it applies to unaccompanied minors, "impermissible."[Notes 4] "Nor does anything in the two statutes turn the Flores Settlement[Notes 5] or any part of it into an "instrument of wrong".[Notes 6] "Not a single word in either statute indicates that Congress intended to supersede, terminate, or take away any right enjoyed by unaccompanied minors at the time of the acts’ passage. Thus, we hold that the statutes have not terminated the Flores Settlement's bond-hearing requirement for unaccompanied minors. We therefore affirm the decision of the district court granting plaintiffs' motion to enforce Paragraph 24A of the Flores Settlement in its entirety."[Flores 8]: 35  He also said that "ORR treats some children whose parents are present in the United States as "unaccompanied alien children" if the parents are not "available to provide care and physical custody."[Notes 7][Flores 8]: 16–17 
2017 In 2017 Southwest Key "served 24,877 children".[19]
2017 Flores v. Sessions was filed on Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Dolly M. Gee, the presiding District Judge Dolly M. Gee , argued and submitted the case on April 18, 2017 in San Francisco, California. Flores v. Sessions was filed July 5, 2017 The Ninth Court Circuit Judges heard the case, Stephen Reinhardt, A. Wallace Tashima, and Marsha S. Berzon. The opinion was read by Judge Stephen Reinhardt The plaintiff's attorneys in Jenny Lisette Flores, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jefferson B. Sessions III, Attorney General. The Appellee's included US Attorney General Jeff Sessions, Thomas E. Price (Tom Price), M.D. Secretary of Health and Human Services [Notes 8][20], John Kelly, Secretary of Homeland Security; U.S. Department of Homeland Security; U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Defendants-Appellants.
2018 June The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) had "contracts with 100 shelters in 17 states" that housed 11,313 children.[19] Southwest Key, which is "among the largest child migrant shelter providers" in the United States, runs 27 of the 100 shelters in Texas, Arizona, and California.[19]
2018 June Then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced that the United States would "block access to asylum for most victims of domestic violence and gang violence."[21]
2018 June 14 In a June 14, 2018 article in the Los Angeles Times, the government-contracted youth shelter Estrella del Norte (shelter) in Tucson, Arizona, which is operated by Austin-based nonprofit Southwest Key, was described as understaffed and 'prison-like'. In mid-June 2014, th 300-bed shelter for children housed 287 children. The article cited a shelter 'insider' as saying that the migrant youth shelter was "unequipped for Trump's 'zero tolerance' policy." Cindy Casares, a spokeswoman for Southwest Key said that the shelter has been in operation for 20 years and their staff ration "meets state licensing requirements".[19] In a Los Angeles Times telephone interview with Antar Davidson, who worked at Estrella del Norte for a few months, Davidson described conditions in Estrella del Norte as "prison-like" and recounts being told to forbid siblings without their parent from hugging one another.[19]
2018 June 15 According to KPBS Public Media, over a period of 6 weeks in April and May government officials "separated 2,000 children from parents facing criminal prosecution for unlawfully crossing the border."[21]
2018 June 18 House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi and a over a dozen members of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus, including Juan Vargas (D-Chula Vista), visited Casa San Diego in El Cajon, California which is operated by Southwest Key under contract with the HHS's ORR[21] There were 65 boys ranging in age from 6 to 17 housed there. According to KPBS Public Media, the U.S. government had separated about 10 percent of the boys from their parents.[21]
2018 June 19 In spite of a law that mandates access to lawmakers in Florida, U.S. Senator Bill Nelson, Rep. Debbie Wasserman-Schultz and other lawmakers, were denied entry to the |Homestead Temporary Shelter for Unaccompanied Children in Homestead, Florida a facility that houses 1,000 migrant children.[22][23] The Homestead Temporary Shelter for Unaccompanied Children holds 1,179 children ranging in age from 13 to 17 and is the "largest facility housing immigrant children in South Florida".[24] Cape Canaveral-based Comprehensive Health Services, Inc. has a c. $31 million contract with the federal government to operate Homestead and Leslie Wood is program director.[24]
2018 June 23 After her June 23, 2018 tour, Rep. Debbie Wasserman-Schultz reported that at least children—from newborns to 5-year-olds—who were taken away from their parents were housed in two Miami-Dade County, Florida shelters—His House Children's Home in Miami Gardens, Florida and Catholic Charities' Msgr. Bryan Walsh Children's Village, previously known as Boys Town, in Cutler Bay, Miami.[25] in Miami, Florida under the jurisdiction of the HHS ORR.[25]His House Children's Home[23] His House is a a 232-bed facility.[24]
2019 June 23 Based on an inspection, The New Yorker reported that infants, child and teenage migrants were being detained in the Clint Border Patrol Station without adequate food, bedding, soap, toothpaste and clean clothing.[26] The BBC also carried the story.[27]
2019 June 20 In June 2019, three Ninth Circuit heard the case, 17-56297 Jenny Flores v. William Barr, in which Sarah Fabian, the senior attorney in the Department of Justice's Office of Immigration Litigation requested the Court to overturn the July 2017 district court's order "requiring the government to provide detainees with hygiene items such as soap and toothbrushes in order to comply with the “safe and sanitary conditions” requirement set forth in the 1997 Flores Settlement Agreement". During the June 20, 2019 proceedings, Ninth Circuit Judge William Fletcher said it was "inconceivable" that the United States government would consider it "safe and sanitary" to detain child migrants in conditions where it was "cold all night long, lights on all night long, sleeping on concrete and you've got an aluminium foil blanket?"[27][28] Fabian said that the Flores agreement mandating "safe and sanitary" conditions for detained migrant children was "vague" and it was not compulsory for the government to provide toothbrushes, soap or adequate bedding to them.[29]
2019 July 1 A congressional delegation reported that migrant women detained at the El Paso facility were "told to drink from toilet".[30][31][32][33] In July 2019, Democratic Representatives who had a scheduled tour of migrant detention centers alleged that the migrants had suffered various forms of mistreatment.[32]
2019 July 3 According to The New York Times, President Trump criticized the lawmakers for their negative comments about the U.S. Customs and Border Protection detention facilities and said that they were "living far better" there than in their home countries.[34]

List

[edit]
Name Status (year) Location Facility type Security Authority Management Capacity Max single-day pop Demographics
and segregation
Children's Center Inc. In use (2008) Galveston, Texas Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		    48
(2007) 		Minors only
Children's Village-Dobbs Ferry
(TRAC Program) 		In use (2008) Dobbs Ferry, New York Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Children's Village 12
(2009) 		  Minors only
Children's Village-Queens
(TRAC Program) 		In use (2008) Flushing, Queens, New York Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Children's Village 24
(2009) 		  Minors only
Corpus Christi Facility In use (2007) Corpus Christi, Texas     HHS/
ORR 		    78
(2007) 		Minors only
Crittenton In use (2007) Fullerton, California Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Crittenton Services for Children and Families 50
(2007) 		  Minors only
Devereux In use (2008) Scottsdale, Arizona Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Devereux Arizona 23
(2007) 		32
(2007) 		Minors only
Heartland International Children's Center
(Heartland/ICC) 		In use (2008) Chicago, Illinois Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Heartland International Children's Center
(Heartland/ICC) 		    Minors only
International Education Services In use (2008) Brownsville, Texas Other - foster care / shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		International Education Services 53
(2007) 		  Minors only
International Education Services
(IES Shelter) 		In use (2008) Los Fresnos, Texas Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		International Education Services, Inc. 191
(2005) 		390
(2007) 		Minors only
Juvenile Facility-Chicago
(Tai Contract Facility) 		In use (2007) Chicago, Illinois Prison - juvenile detention Secure HHS/
ORR 		    159
(2007) 		Minors only
LSS El Paso
(Lutheran Social Services of the South) 		In use (2008) El Paso, Texas Other - shelter / foster care Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Lutheran Social Services of the South 36
(2007) 		  Minors only
Lutheran Community Services Northwest In use (2007) Seattle, Washington Other - foster care Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Lutheran Community Services Northwest   4
(2007) 		Minors only
Marin County Juvenile Hall In use (2008) San Rafael, California Prison - juvenile detention Secure HHS/
ORR 		Marin County 3
(2007) 		  Minors only
Open Arms International In use (2008) Miami, Florida Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Open Arms International   36
(2007) 		Minors only
Selma R. Carson Home
(Pioneer Human Services) 		In use (2008) Fife, Washington Other - group home Secure HHS/
ORR 		Pioneer Human Services 20
(2007) 		44
(2007) 		Minors only
Southwest Initiatives Group, LLC In use (2007) Nixon, Texas Other Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		    139
(2007) 		Minors only
South Texas Family Residential Center In use (2015) Dilley, Texas Detention center Secure   CoreCivic formerly known as Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) 3,000   Mothers and children
Southwest Key - El Paso
(Southwest Key Program-Juvenile) 		In use (2008) El Paso, Texas Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Southwest Key 94
(2007) 		42
(2007) 		Minors only
Southwest Key -Canutillo In use (2008) Canutillo, Texas (near El Paso) Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Southwest Key 94
(2007) 		98
(2007) 		Minors only
Southwest Key -Conroe In use (2008) Conroe, Texas Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Southwest Key 64
(2007) 		64
(2007) 		Minors only
Southwest Key -Houston
(Southwest Key-Mesa) 		In use (2008) Houston, Texas Other - shelter Secure HHS/
ORR 		Southwest Key 41
(2007) 		42
(2007) 		Minors only
Southwest Key -Lemon Grove In use (2008) Lemon Grove, California Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Southwest Key     Minors only
Southwest Key -Phoenix Juvenile Shelter In use (2008) Phoenix, Arizona Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Southwest Key 128
(2007) 		154
(2007) 		Minors only
Southwest Key -Pleasant Hill In use (2008) Pleasant Hill, California Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Caa 24
(2007) 		  Minors only
St. Michael's Home
(Catholic Charities) 		In use (2008) Houston, Texas Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Catholic Charities 72
(2007) 		72
(2007) 		Minors only
Tampa Bay Academy In use (2008) Riverview, Florida Other - residential treatment centre Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Tampa Bay Academy   5
(2007) 		Minors only
Tornillo tent city In use (2018)[35][36][37] Tornillo, Texas Other - shelter Secure DHS/
ICE 		4,000[38] Male minors only
Tumbleweed Shelter In use (2008) Phoenix, Arizona Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Tumbleweed Center for Youth Development 10
(2007) 		9
(2007) 		Minors only
U.S. Catholic Conference of Bishops In use (2007) Richmond, Virginia Other Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		    1
(2007) 		Minors only
Youthcare
(Casa de los Amigos) 		In use (2008) Seattle, Washington Other - shelter Semi-secure HHS/
ORR 		Youthcare 4
(2007) 		7
(2007) 		Minors only

Southwest Key

[edit]
Main article: Southwest Key

In Arizona, Texas, and California, Southwest Key runs 27 of the 100 shelters.The Southwest Key runs 27 of the 100 shelters contracted nationwide on behalf of the HHS' Office of Refugee Resettlement. These 100 shelters were housing 11,313 by June 2018, according to HHS spokesman, Kenneth Wolfe.[19] Southwest Keys shelters include Casa Padre in Brownsville, Texas,[39][38] Casa El Presidente in Brownsville, Texas,[40] Casa El Paso in El Paso, Texas,[41] Nueva Esperanza in Brownsville Texas which held 208 unaccompanied minors as of May 2018[42] La Esperanza in Brownsville Texas,[42] Estrella del Norte in Tucson, Arizona, Hacienda del Sol in Youngtown, Arizona[43] Southwest Key-Casa Quetzal in Houston, Texas which held 233 unaccompanied minors as of May 2018[42] Casa San Diego in El Cajón, California, holds 65 boys aged 6 to 17. About 10% of them were children separated from their families as of mid-June 2018.[44][45] Casa Lemon Grove in Lemon Grove, California, a 14-bed center for children aged 6 to 17.[46] Casa El Cajon near El Cajón, California, an 11-bed center for children aged 6 to 17.[46] Casa Kokopelli in Mesa, Arizona.[47]

migrant detention facilities

[edit]

Clint

[edit]
  • migrant detention facilities
  • May 2019 700 migrant children
  • July 2019 c. 24 migrant children

El Paso facilities

[edit]

On July 1, 2019 a Hispanic Congressional caucus, visited Casa Franklin, a facility for migrant children in El Paso." called Casa Franklin, which is run by the nonprofit Southwest Key on behalf of the Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Refugee Resettlement.[48]

  • July 2019 several hundred people are still detained.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Cases from the United States District Court for the Central District of California (C.D. Cal) are appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
  2. ^ Cases from the United States District Court for the Central District of California (C.D. Cal) are appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
  3. ^ Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008 (TVPRA)
  4. ^ See Flores v. Lynch, 828 F.3d at 910
  5. ^ Flores Settlement
  6. ^ See Wright, 364 U.S. at 647.
  7. ^ 6 U.S.C. § 279(G)(2). See D.B. v. Cardall, 826 F.3d 721, 734 (4th Cir. 2016) (affirming the classification of a child as an unaccompanied minor when his parent was present in the United States and holding that for a parent to be "available to provide care" for a child, the parent "must be available to provide what is necessary for the child’s health, welfare, maintenance, and protection".
  8. ^ Thomas E. Price (Tom Price), M.D. Secretary of Health and Human Services under President Donald Trump from February 10, 2017 until his resignation on September 29, 2017 following the release of a review by the Office of Inspector General (OIG) regarding his use of private charters and military aircraft for travel.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Sussis, Matthew (11 February 2019). "The History of the Flores Settlement". The Center for Immigration Studies (CIS). Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  2. ^ a b c López, Rebeca M. (2012). "Codifying the Flores Settlement Agreement: Seeking to Protect Immigrant Children in U.S. Custody". Marquette Law Review. 95 (4): 1633–1677. {{cite journal}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)
  3. ^ a b c Flores v. Meese, CV 85-4544 RJK (Px) (C.D. Cal July 11, 1985) ("Complaint for Injunctive and Declarative Relief, and Relief in the Nature of Mandamus").
  4. ^ a b "Flores v. Meese, 681 F. Supp. 665 (C.D. Cal. 1988)". Justia Law. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  5. ^ a b Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292 (1993)
  6. ^ "The rights of children in the immigration process" (PDF). ACLU. July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  7. ^ "Judge Orders Release of Immigrant Children Detained by U.S." The New York Times. 25 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  8. ^ a b Stephen Reinhardt. "Flores v. Sessions. No. 17-55208 D.C. No. 2:85-cv-04544- DMG-AGR" (PDF). Opinions of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit: 35. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference MarqLRev12 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Timm, Jane C. (19 June 2018). "Fact check: Did Obama administration separate families?". NBC News. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  3. ^ Kandel, William A. (18 January 2017). Unaccompanied Alien Children: An Overview (PDF) (Report). Vol. R43599. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  4. ^ "Legislative Updates – Homeland Security Act of 2002". Office of Legislative Policy And Analysis. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  5. ^ "Who We Serve – Unaccompained alien children". hhs.gov. 2 October 2012.
  6. ^ Burnett, John (23 December 2018). "What 'Unaccompanied Alien Children' Means". NPR.org. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  7. ^ US Department of Health and Human Services. Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs (ASPA) (2 May 2019). "Latest UAC Data – FY2019". HHS.gov. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  8. ^ Hauslohner, Abigail (25 June 2019). "U.S. returns 100 migrant children to overcrowded border facility as HHS says it is out of space". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  9. ^ "United States Profile". Global Detention Project. 25 January 2009. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  10. ^ "United States List of Detention Sites". Global Detention Project. 7 November 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  11. ^ a b c d Carl Hulse (9 July 2014). "Immigrant Surge Rooted in Law to Curb Child Trafficking". New York Times.
  12. ^ Young (Fall 2006). "To Dream or Not to Dream: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (Dream) Act". Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy. 16 (1): 8, 9. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  13. ^ "What is the DREAM Act and who are DREAMers?". LawLogix. Hyland. 9 July 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  14. ^ Zong, Jie, and Jeanne Balatova. "Central American Immigrants in the United States." Migration Policy Institute. September 2, 15. Accessed February 21, 2017.
  15. ^ Laird, Lorelei. "Meet the father of the landmark lawsuit that secured basic rights for immigrant minors". ABA Journal. No. February 1, 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference Beasley_Hutto_2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ Hennessy-Fiske, Molly (25 June 2019). "Immigrant families in detention: A look inside one holding center". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  18. ^ a b Fiscal Year-To-Date 2019 covers October 1, 2018 to May 31, 2019. U.S. Border Patrol Southwest Border Apprehensions by Sector FY2018 (Report). 31 May 2019.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Hennessy-Fiske, Molly. "'Prison-like' migrant youth shelter is understaffed, unequipped for Trump's 'zero tolerance' policy, insider says". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 July 2019. Cite error: The named reference "latimes_Hennessy-Fiske_20180614" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  20. ^ "Federal auditor calls for recouping $341K Tom Price spent on flights". POLITICO. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  21. ^ a b c d "Nancy Pelosi, Other Congress Members, Tour San Diego Immigration Detention Facilities". KPBS Public Media. 18 June 2018. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  22. ^ Hanks, Douglas; Medina, Brenda (18 June 2018). "Up to 1,000 children held by immigration authorities now living in Homestead compound". Miami Herald. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  23. ^ a b Smiley, David; Medina, Brenda; Daugherty, Alex; Chang, Daniel (19 June 2018). "Nelson, Wasserman Schultz blocked from entering immigrant children shelter in Homestead". Miami Herald. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  24. ^ a b c Swisher, Skyler (22 June 2018). "From extortion to sex exploitation, South Florida facilities holding migrant kids have faced problems". Sun-Sentinel.com. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
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[edit]

{{CBP detention centers for minors

[[Category:2010s controversies in the United States [[Category:Trump administration controversies [[Category:2018 controversies in the United States [[Category:Child welfare in the United States [[Category:Crime and children [[Category:Foster care in the United States [[Category:Illegal immigration to the United States [[Category:Anti-immigration politics in the United States [[Category:Immigration policy of Donald Trump [[Category:Trials regarding custody of children [[Category:Trump administration controversies [[Category:Internments in the United States [[Category:United States Department of Health and Human Services [[Category:United States Department of Homeland Security [[Category:Human rights abuses in the United States [[Category:United States Department of Justice [[Category:Asylum tribunals [[Category:Penal system in the United States [[Category:Race-related controversies in the United States

[[Category:Social history of the United States[[Category:Immigration detention centers and prisons in the United States [[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Texas [[Category:1987 establishments in [[Category:Lists of immigration detention facilities [[Category:Deportation from the United States
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