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Caribou herds in Canada are discrete populations of the four subspecies,[Notes 1]Rangifer tarandus—Barren ground (R. t. groenlandicus), Woodland (R. t. caribou), Grant’s (R. t. granti), and Peary (R. t. pearyi), —and their ecotypes, that are represented in Canada. [1] Caribou herds can be found from the High Arctic region south to the boreal forest and Rocky Mountains and from the east to the west coasts.[2]

Arctic peoples, including the Caribou Inuit, the inland-dwelling Inuit of the Kivalliq Region in northern Canada, the Caribou Clan in Yukon, the Inupiat, the Inuvialuit, the Hän, the Northern Tutchone, and the Gwich'in (who followed the Porcupine caribou for millennia), have depended on caribou for food, clothing, and shelter.[3] The responsibility for the management and monitoring of herds is often shared between Inuit, Métis, and First Nations communities, local hunter and trapper associations, territorial and provincial governments, and the federal government.

Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) Ranges, Subspecies, Ecotypes, and Herds

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Ranges

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Caribou herds can be found from the High Arctic region south to the boreal forest and Rocky Mountains and from the east to the west coasts.[2]

In their August 2008 scientific review and, Environment Canada established that in order to monitor and manage the boreal caribou's recovery, they would use "local population range" as the "relevant spatial scale for the identification of critical habitat" because "habitat conditions within boreal caribou ranges affect their survival and reproduction."[4][5] This includes the spatial configuration, quantity, quality of habitat that local population need to survive.[4][6][5]: ii  In 2008, there were "57 recognized local populations or units of analysis for Boreal caribou in Canada."[4]: iii  The 2008 report described three measurable criteria for monitoring caribou habitat population trend—Declining (D), Stable (S), Increasing (I) or Unknown (U), population size—Very Small, Small, or Above Critical, and range disturbance— Very Low, Low, Moderate, High or Very High.[4]: v 

By 2018, the boreal woodland caribou had 51 herds,[7] and the Southern Mountain Caribou population had 15.[8] By 2019, the Southern Mountain Caribou South Selkirk herd was extirpated (locally extinct).[9][10]

Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou

In Québec's, the small herds of the Atlantic-Gaspésie woodland caribou in the Gaspésie's isolated "alpine habitats on mountain plateaus" are designated on SARA's Schedule 1 as endangered with fewer than 120 adults in 2014 with an anticipated date of extinction of 2056. They were once widespread with a habitat that spanned New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Their numbers decreased with development including forest management models that increased the populations of their predators like the Eastern Coyote and black bear.[11]

In British Columbia "Herd plans are currently being developed for each of the 54 herds in B.C."[12]

Subspecies

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There are four subspecies of Rangifer tarandus represented in Canada,[Notes 2]'—Woodland (R. t. caribou), Grant’s (R. t. granti), and Barren ground (R. t. groenlandicus), Peary (R. t. pearyi).[1]

The four subspecies are all found in Inuit Nunangat.[13]: 49–50 

For purposes of management and conservation, caribou populations are further divided into the boreal population in Yukon, Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador which includes the George River caribou and the Leaf River caribou, the Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou population in Quebec, the Dolphin-Union caribou in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, the barren-ground population in Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba which includes the large migratory herds such as the Ahiak herd, the Baffin Island herds, the Bathurst herd, the Beverly herd (Beverly Lake in western Nunavut),[14] the Bluenose East herd (southwest of Kugluktuk),[15] the Bluenose West herd, the Porcupine herd, the Qamanirjuaq herd, Lorillard herd, Wager Bay herd, Pen Islands herd, Cape Churchill herd, Southampton Island Herd, and Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Herd.[16] Porcupine caribou herd, Bluenose west herd, and the Dolphin Union herd, the Central Mountain population in British Columbia and Alberta, the Southern Mountain population in British Columbia, the Eastern Migratory population of Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Torngat Mountains population of Nunavut, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, the Newfoundland population in Newfoundland and Labrador and the Northern Mountain population in the Yukon, Northwest Territories, and British Columbia, Eastern Migratory in Newfoundland, Northern Mountain in British Columbia, Dolphin and Union, and Peary caribou.[2][17]

Barren-ground caribou (R. t. groenlandicus)

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Main article: Barren-ground caribou

The most abundant caribou with are the migratory barren-ground caribou which consist of huge herds that migrate annually to and from their natal grounds taking routes that are usually predictable.[11] Barren-ground caribou are "slightly larger and darker".[11] In Canada major barren-ground herds include the [Notes 3] Porcupine caribou herd, Cape Bathurst herd, Bluenose West herd, Bluenose east herd, Bathurst herd, Ahiak herd, and the Dolphin Union herd. Because they migrate to the tundra, both the Leaf River herd and George River herd are often included with the barren-ground caribou.[18][Notes 4]

Bluenose East-Bathurst caribou

The Bluenose East-Bathurst caribou, (southwest of Kugluktuk), are cross-border caribou herds, with migrations that bring them into both Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. In 2016, the Nunavut Wildlife Management Board with the endorsement of the Government of Nunavut developed a "community-based caribou plan" for Kugluktuk that limited harvest to 340 caribou. In 2019, government representatives from Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, Kugluktuk MLA Mila Kamingoak, biologists from the Nunavut and N.W.T., representatives from N.W.T. First Nations groups, Nunavut hunters and trappers organizations including Kugluktuk Hunters and Trappers Organization (HTO) worked together to improve management of the Bluenose East-Bathurst caribou herds.[19] In 2016, although both Nunavut and N.W.T. governments opposed mining exploration on Bluenose East caribou calving grounds, the project went ahead.[15]

Gwich’in in the Northwest Territories have hunted Bluenose East and Bluenose West barren-ground caribou ( R. t. granti) herds and the Porcupine caribou herds (R. t. groenlandicus) from time immemorial. The word for caribou in the Gwich’in language, which is part of the an Athabaskan language, is tradivadzaih.

Bathurst herd

"Because of a continual decline of the Bathurst caribou population, the GNWT imposed a hunting ban for resident and outfitter hunters in 2010. The people of Wekweètì were still allowed to hunt a total of 150 animals, until the winter of 2015 when GNWT imposed a total hunting ban for all hunters. As the population continued to decline, the Tłı̨chǫ Government responded by introducing its own ban on hunting the Bathurst herd in October 2015. Caribou hunting is an important channel for the practice of Tłı̨chǫ culture and way of life on the land. The ban on hunting has created much hardship for families who usually rely on caribou as the main food source. Now they need to rely on the monetary system and financial support to buy store bought food."[20]: 44 

According to the official Canadian government site, the Dolphin-Union caribou are unique and while they resemble the Peary Caribou, they seem to be genetically related to Barren-ground Caribou.[11]

Boreal woodland (R. t. caribou)

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The boreal forest of Canada[21] is the vital habitat of the endangered subspecies, the boreal caribou. The survival of boreal caribou depends on maintaining "large unbroken swaths" of the forest to protect the animals from their predators. The boreal forest—which is not monolithic but a patchwork—sweeps through parts of all provinces and territories except Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island.[21] It covers approximately 25% of Canada's total landmass—270 million hectares—and consists of "swamps, bogs, meadows, forests of different types — including hardwoods and conifers — and the rivers and lakes that tie them all together".[21] It represents 75 per cent of the nation's forests.[21][Notes 5]

The boreal woodland caribou are the largest caribou in Canada.[11] They have the darkest coloured fur and their boreal forest habitat stretches from Newfoundland to British Columbia in a irregular distribution.[11] Most boreal woodland caribou are not migratory. Some populations, especially those that inhabit mountainous regions, like the Central Mountain population in British Columbia and Alberta, the Southern Mountain population in British Columbia, the Eastern Migratory population of Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Torngat Mountains population of Nunavut, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, the Northern Mountain caribou, move with the seasons to different elevations.[11]

Caribou crossing Leaf River

The forest-tundra ecotype of migratory woodland caribou, the George River caribou and the Leaf River caribou, migrate between forest and tundra.[11][22]

In southern Labrador and northeastern Quebec, the range of three herds of sedentary woodland caribou, the Lac Joseph herd (LJH) 59 000 km2, the Red Wine Mountains herd (RWMH) 46 000 km2, and the Mealy Mountains herd (MMH) 28 000 km2 is bounded on the north by the George River herd, which is a migratory forest-tundra caribou (migratory ecotype).[23]: 20  In the winter the multiple herds intermingle when the George River herd "enters the outer portions of the sedentary caribou ranges.[23] The Lac Joseph-Atikonak Lake area is as a major calving and summering area for the Lac Joseph Woodland Caribou herd.[23]

Eastern migratory caribou herds include four subpopulations such as the the George River herd.[24] The George River caribou are woodland caribou and are one of four subpopulations of the Eastern Migratory herds of caribou in northern Canada. The herd’s range extends through Labrador and Northern Québec (Labrador Woodland Caribou Recovery Team, 2004).[24]: 18 

South Selkirk mountain caribou

The cross boundary South Selkirk mountain caribou, a woodland mountain caribou, an ecotype of the boreal woodland caribou, had roamed the southern end of the Selkirk Mountains crossing the border between British Columbia, Canada and northern Idaho, eastern Washington, in the United States. They were the last naturally occurring caribou herd in the contiguous United States.[25][26]

In 2009 the herd of 50 animals was declining, by April 2018, only three remained,[26] According to David Moskovitz, author of Caribou Rainforest: From Heartbreak to Hope in 2019, the "last member of the last herd to regularly cross into the lower 48 states from Canada", a female, was moved in January 2019, a captive rearing pen near Revelstoke. The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) announced in is scientific journal, Science, that British Columbia's provincial biologists had captured the female caribou in Canada in the hopes of "preserving highly endangered herds".[27][28]

By 2019, the Southern Mountain Caribou South Selkirk herd was extirpated (locally extinct).[29][30]

Porcupine caribou (R. t. granti)

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Caribou calving grounds, 1983–2001

Porcupine caribou migrate 1,500 miles (2,400 km) annually from their winter range in the boreal forests of Alaska and Yukon northwest Canada over the mountains boreal forests to their calving grounds n the Porcupine River coastal plain on the Beaufort Sea.[31]

caribou calves are born in the first week of June and they are at their most vulnerable from their primary predators on the calving ground - golden eagles, grizzly bears and wolves - during the first three weeks when they are dependent on milk from their mothers. About one quarter of them die during this period.[32]: 5, 6  Their 1,500 miles (2,400 km) annual land migration between their winter range in the boreal forests of Alaska and northwest Canada over the mountains to the coastal plain and their calving grounds on the Beaufort Sea coastal plain,[31] is the longest of any land mammal on earth.

Peary caribou (R. t. pearyi)

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Main article: Peary caribou

The smallest caribou are the Peary caribou (R. t. pearyi) that live on the Canadian Arctic Archipelago islands. Their fur is the lightest colour. Habitat suitable for their survival is very limited.[11]

Ecotypes

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In Canada, caribou are classified by ecotype, which is defined by their habitat, for example, woodland or barren-ground, and by their behaviour, for example, migratory.[11] There are several ecotypes of Rangifer tarandus caribou woodland caribou, (boreal woodland caribou), woodland (migratory) and woodland (mountain). [33]

According to Mallory and Hillis in their 1996 article in Rangifer, commonly used taxonomic designations did "not appear to reflect current ecological conditions".[34]: 49  They observed that "populations of the same subspecies have evolved different demographic and behavioural adaptations, while populations from separate sub-species have evolved similar demographic and behavioural patterns."[34]: 49  Examples they provided included Insular ecotype,[34] montane ecotype,[34] barren-ground ecotype, [34]: 53 , and woodland caribou ecotype.[34]

Ecotypes of Rangifer tarandus in North America based ib Mallory and Hillis[34]
Herd number Herd name Ecotype COSEWIC 1998 Recent population Subspecies Region FN/Inuit/Metis
1 Slate Islands"Slate Island Provincial Park". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Insular D 250 200[35] ON
2 Belcher Island (Inuit: Sanikiluaq)[36] Insular I 700 R. t. groenlandicus Qikiqtaaluk Nunavut Inuit
3 Coates Island[Notes 6] Insular[34]: 50  S[34]: 50  2, 100 (1998)[34]: 50  R. t. groenlandicus Nunavut Sadlermiut[37][Notes 7]
4 Southampton Island Insular I 30,000 (1997)[38], 1100 (1998) 7,000[38] R. t. groenlandicus NU Sadlermiut[37]
5 Banks Island Insular S 5000 R. t. groenlandicus NWT Inuvia...
5b Baffin Island? Insular R. t pearyi NU Inuit
1m Akin Montane S 500 R.t. caribou B.C. FN
2m Kaudy-Level Montane D 800 R.t. caribou B.C. FN
3m Spatizi-Lawyers Pass Montane D 1,260 R.t. caribou B.C. FN
4m Horse Ranch Montane I 300 R.t. caribou B.C. FN
5m Pink Mountain Montane, DU7[39], Northern Mountain[39] S 300 1996:1,300[40] 2002:850[41] R.t. caribou B.C. Sekani, Dunneza (Beaver)
6m Laird Plateau Montane S 125 R.t. caribou B.C. FN
7m Twelka Montane S 40 R.t. caribou B.C. FN
8m Tweedsmuir Montane I 200 R.t. caribou B.C. FN
9m Itcha-Iiqachuz Montane I 1,700 R.t. caribou B.C. FN
10m Caribou Mountains Montane D 1,500 R.t. caribou B.C. FN
11m Selkirk Mountains Moutane S 30 85[Notes 8] R.t. caribou B.C. FN
12m Hart River Montane S 1,200 R.t. granti Yukon
13m Little Rancheria Montane D, TH 450 R.t. caribou Yukon
14m Carcross Montane S 600 R.t. granti Yukon
15m Aishihik Montane S 1500 R.t. granti Yukon
16m Burwash Montane S 400 R.t. granti Yukon
17m Big River Montane D 750 R.t. granti Alaska FN/Inuit
18m Delta Montane S 8000 R.t. granti Alaska FN/Inuit
19m Denali Montane S 2100 R.t. granti Alaska FN/Inuit
20m Kenai Lowland Montane S 85 R.t. granti Alaska FN/Inuit
21m Kenai Mountains Montane S 300 R.t. granti Alaska FN/Inuit
22m Mentasta Montane S 3000 R.t. granti Alaska FN/Inuit
23m Mulchatna Montane I 33,000 R.t. granti Alaska FN/Inuit
24m Welchina Montane I 25,000 R.t. granti Alaska FN/Inuit
25m Sunshine Montane D 750 R.t. granti Alaska FN/Inuit
1BG Avalon Barren-ground (p.53) I 5000 to 300 (2012)[42] R.t. caribou Newfoundland
2BG Middle Range Barren-ground I 8000 R.t. caribou Newfoundland
3BG Pot Hill Barren-ground I 450 R.t. caribou Newfoundland
4BG Sandy Lake Barren-ground I 200 R.t. caribou Newfoundland
5BG Grey River Barren-ground I 4500 R.t. caribou Newfoundland
6BG Gaff Topsails Barren-ground I 1500 R.t. caribou Newfoundland
7BG Buchans Barren-ground I 2000 R.t. caribou Newfoundland
8BG LaPoile Barren-ground I 8500 R.t. caribou Newfoundland
9BG Hampden Barren-ground I 400 [43] R.t. caribou Deadman's Lookout on the Hampden Downs,[43] Newfoundland
10BG Humber Barren-ground I 450 R.t. caribou Newfoundland
11BG Northern Peninsula Barren-ground I 500 R.t. caribou Newfoundland
12BG Mealy Mountain Barren-ground I 1700 R.t. caribou Labrador
13BG White Bear Barren-ground D, TH 100 R.t. caribou Labrador
14BG Torngat Mountains Barren-ground I 7500 R.t. caribou Labrador
15BG Red Wine Mountains Barren-ground TH[38] 750 100[44][38] R.t. caribou Labrador’s District 19A[45] Innu[45]
16BG George River Barren-ground I 700,000 14,000 (2014)[Notes 9][46] R.t. caribou Quebec Napiska
17BG Leaf River Barren-ground I 70,000 R.t. caribou Quebec
18BG Northeast Mainland Barren-ground I 130,000 R.t. groenlandicus Nunavut
19BG Kaminuriak Barren-ground I 450,000 R.t. groenlandicus Nunavut
20BG Beverley Barren-ground I 420,000 R.t. groenlandicus Nunavut
21BG Bathurst Barren-ground I 450,000 R.t. groenlandicus NWT
22BG Bluenose Barren-ground I 80, 000 R.t. groenlandicus NWT
23BG Finlayson Barren-ground I 2500 R.t. groenlandicus Yukon
24BG Central Arctic Barren-ground I 12,500 R.t. granti Alaska
25BG Forty Mile Barren-ground I 1,600 R.t. granti Alaska
26BG Porcupine Barren-ground I 150,000 R.t. granti Alaska
27BG Western Arctic Barren-ground I 200,000 R.t. granti Alaska
28BG Alaska Peninsula Barren-ground I 30,000 R.t. granti Alaska
29BG Bonnet Plume Barren-ground I 5000 R.t. granti Alaska
1WC Lac Joseph Woodland caribou D, TH 600 R.t. caribou Quebec
2WC Gaspesie Park Woodland caribou D 250 R.t. caribou Quebec
3WC North Shore Woodland caribou D 2,000 R.t. caribou Quebec
4WC Grand Jardins Woodland caribou I 67 R.t. caribou Quebec
5WC Val d'Or Woodland caribou TH 50 R.t. caribou Quebec
6WC James Bay Woodland caribou S 4,500 R.t. caribou Quebec
7WC North East Ontario Woodland caribou D 4,500 R.t. caribou Ontario
8WC Northern Lake Superior Woodland caribou D 200 R.t. caribou Ontario
9WC Manitoba Woodland caribou D 5000 R.t. caribou Manitoba
10WC Saskatchewan Woodland caribou D, TH 2,500 R.t. caribou Saskatchewan
11WC Alberta Woodland caribou D, TH 250 R.t. caribou Alberta


I = increasing; S = stable; D = declining; TH = threatened.[34]: 49 

Herds

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Caribou herd ranges

Also for purposes of management and monitoring, caribou are subdivided into discrete herds/populations and/or designated units.

In a 2011 article entitled, "Northern caribou population trends in Canada", researchers listed herds/populations including 35 northern caribou herds across the Canadian Arctic.[47]

number herd/population subspecies ecotype Inuit/First Nations provinces/territory size managed by suspended
1 Porcupine R. t. granti migratory Gwich'in, (ISR: Aklavik, Inuvik, Paulatuk, Tuktoyaktuk) Alaska, NWT, Nunavut International Porcupine Caribou Board (IPCB)[Notes 10] 218,000[48] Stable or increasing population[13]: 9 
2 Tuktoyaktik Peninsula Herd Peary (R. t. pearyi) sedentary Inuvialuit ISR, Northwest Territories
3 Cape Bathurst barren-ground (R. t. groenlandicus) migratory Inuvialuit ISR (Aklavik, Inuvik, Paulatuk, Tuktoyaktuk NWT "8,200 animals, down from 20,000 in 2015"[49] managed by yes 2007-
4 Bluenose West* barren-ground (R. t. groenlandicus) migratory Inuvialuit, Sahtú region, Gwich’in NWT 21,000 (2018)[50] managed by commercial
5 Bluenose East barren-ground (R. t. groenlandicus) migratory Délı̨nę primary harvesting community in Sahtú region NWT 19,300 (2018) down from 39,000 in 2015.[49][50] managed by some
6 Dolphin-Union R. t. groenlandicus/pearyi) eco Sachs Harbour (Banks Island), Victoria Island (Ulukhaktok), Inuvialuit, Kitikmeot endemic to Victoria Island (ISR) Kitikmeot region northern mainland (NU) number of animals managed by locally managed[13]
7 Bathurst barren-ground (R. t. groenlandicus) eco ISR (NT) Aklavik, Inuvik, Tuktoyaktuk Cape Bathurst, NT size managed by yes since 2014[13]: 9–10 
8 Ahiak barren-ground (R. t. groenlandicus) migratory Kitikmeot (NU): Gjoa Haven, Umingmaktok, Cambridge Bay; Kivalliq (NU): Arviat, Whale Cove, Rankin Inlet, Baker Lake, Chesterfield Inlet, Repulse Bay, Coral Harbour Nunavut unknown[13]: 8–9  managed by
9 Beverly barren-ground (R. t. groenlandicus) migratory Kivalliq (NU): Arviat, Whale Cove, Rankin Inlet, Baker Lake[Notes 11], Chesterfield Inlet, Repulse Bay, Coral Harbour Nunavut ...[13]: 8  managed by
10 Lorillard barren-ground (R. t. groenlandicus) sedentary Kivalliq (NU): Chesterfield Inlet, Baker Lake Nunavut Stable or increasing population[13]: 9  managed by
11 Qamanirjuaq barren-ground (R. t. groenlandicus) migratory[Notes 12] Kivalliq (NU): Chesterfield Inlet, Baker Lake, Arviat (NU) is only near the migration route the Qamanirjuaq herd and can only harvest in specific seasons.[13]: 8 [Notes 13] Nunavut Stable or increasing population[13]: 9  managed by
12 Wager Bay barren-ground (R. t. groenlandicus) sedentary Kivalliq (NU): Repulse Bay, Baker Lake, Chesterfield Inlet Nunavut Stable or increasing population[13]: 9  managed by
13 Southampton Island* barren-ground (R. t. groenlandicus) sedentary Kivalliq (NU): Coral Harbour, Repulse Bay, Chesterfield Inlet, Rankin Inlet Qikiqtaaluk (NU): Cape Dorset, Baffin Island Nunavut managed by restricted total allowable harvest (TAH) with quotas[13]: 10 
14 Coats Island barren-ground (R. t. groenlandicus) sedentary[Notes 14] Coats Island, Nunavut 900 - 6000 (1986) managed by ban[51]
15 Mansel Island barren-ground (R. t. groenlandicus) sedentary Mansel Island, Nunavut managed by
16 Leaf River Woodland caribou (R.t. caribou) migratory Nunavik communities Nunatsiavut: Leaf River, Ungava Peninsula managed by Indefinite ban in Nunatsiavut since 2013[13]: 10 
17 Torngat Mountains Woodland caribou (R.t. caribou) montane woodland caribou Nunatsiavut (Labrador): Nain; Nunavik (Quebec): Kangiqsualujjuaq Labrador, Quebec managed by 1 herd Stable or increasing population[13]: 10 
18 George River* Woodland caribou (R.t. caribou) migratory Nunavik; Nunatsiavut; (Labrador): Nain, Hopedale, Makkovik, Postville, Rigolet managed by Restricted access (harvest quota). Indefinite ban in Nunatsiavut since 2013[13]: 10 
19 Lac Joseph subpopulation* Woodland caribou (R.t. caribou) sedentary woodland caribou[Notes 15] managed by Ban in Labrador (provincial land) protects the Mealy Mountain, Red Wine and Lac Joseph subpopulations.[13]: 8 
20 Dominion Lake* Woodland caribou (R.t. caribou) sedentary woodland caribou managed by Ban in Labrador (provincial land) protects the Red Wine-Dominion Lake subpopulation.[13]: 8 
21 Red Wine* Woodland caribou (R.t. caribou) sedentary woodland caribou managed by Ban in Labrador (provincial land) protects the Red Wine-Dominion Lake subpopulation.[13]: 8 
22 Joir River subpopulation Woodland caribou (R.t. caribou) sedentary woodland caribou managed by
23 Mealy Mountain subpopulation Woodland caribou (R.t. caribou) sedentary woodland caribou managed by Ban in Labrador (provincial land) protects the Mealy Mountain subpopulations.[13]: 8 
24 Ellesmere Island Group Peary (R. t. pearyi)Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). Resolute Bay Nunavut 581 animals[52]: 1  Resolute Bay Hunters and Trappers Association (HTA) organized "self-regulated harvesting restrictions" (1975-)[52]: 2 
25 Axel Heiberg Island Group Peary (R. t. pearyi)[Notes 16] island Eastern Queen Elizabeth Islands (EQEI), Nunavut 23[53] managed by
26 Ringnes Island Group Peary (R. t. pearyi) eco Amund Ringnes and Ellef Ringnes, Sverdrup Islands, Nunavut[53] size managed by
27 Melville, Prince Patrick complex Peary (R. t. pearyi) ecotype NWT and Nunavut 5,500+ adult caribou up from ≤1,000 in 1997[54] managed by
28 Bathurst Island Group Peary (R. t. pearyi) ecotype provinces/territory managed by
29 Devon Island Group Peary (R. t. pearyi) ecotype Inuit/First Nations Nunavut [55] managed by
30 Banks & Northwest Victoria* Peary (R. t. pearyi) ecotype Inuit/First Nations provinces/territory size managed by suspended
31 Prince of Wales & Somerset Peary (R. t. pearyi) ecotype provinces/territory managed by size
32 Boothia Peninsula Peary (R. t. pearyi) ecotype Inuit/First Nations provinces/territory managed by size
33 North Baffin* barren-ground (R. t. groenlandicus) ecotype[Notes 17] Inuit Nunavut size managed by suspended
34 Northeast Baffin* barren-ground (R. t. groenlandicus) ecotype Inuit Nunavut size managed by suspended
35 South Baffin* barren-ground (R. t. groenlandicus) ecotype Inuit Nunavut size managed by suspended
    • Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR), Northwest Territories (NT)

Migrations

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Woodland and barren-ground migratory caribou herds usually return to the calving grounds of the females in the herd and are often named after these areas. This is referred to female natal philopatry or natal homing.[56] Examples include the George River caribou herd (GRCH), Leaf River caribou herd (LRCH), Porcupine caribou, also known as Grant's caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti).[57][58]

Caribou management and conservation

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Caribou are included on the Minister of the Environment's List of Wildlife Species at Risk which federally recognizes species with designations ranging from of special concern, threatened, endangered, extirpated, to extinct under Schedule I of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). The list is update annually based on assessments by Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) experts and scientists.[59] Caribou populations that are on Schedule 1 and are listed as threatened include the Boreal population in Yukon, Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador. Caribou herds that are listed as endangered and are included on Schedule 1 include the The Atlantic-Gaspésie caribou population in Quebec and the Dolphin and Union population in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. The Barren-ground population in Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba are listed as threatened abut not included on Schedule 1. Central Mountain population in British Columbia and Alberta, the Southern Mountain population in British Columbia, the Eastern Migratory population of Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Torngat Mountains population of Nunavut, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador are listed as endangered but are not included on Schedule 1. The Newfoundland population in Newfoundland and Labrador and the Northern Mountain population in the Yukon, Northwest Territories, and British Columbia are listed as Special Concern and are not included on Schedule 1. The Caribou dawsoni subspecies Rangifer tarandus dawsoni of British Columbia are listed as extinct.[59]

The April 2018 report by the Auditor General of Canada there are 51 herds of the boreal woodland caribou with 37 of them in decline.[7]

What was once the largest caribou herd in the world with 800,000–900,000 animals, the George River caribou herd (GRCH), in the Ungava Peninsula of Quebec and Labrador in eastern Canada, had declined to 14, 2000 animals by 2014.[60][60]

By 2011, the Leaf River Herd (LRH) (Rivière-aux-Feuilles) herd decreased to 430,000 caribou in 2011[61][62] and could be threatened with extinction by 2080.[63]

In 2018, the Nunatsiavut government asked the Newfoundland-Labrador to not classify the George River and Torngat Mountains caribou herds as endangered because Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) used outdated data on the size of the herds.[64]

In a 2018 article, Canadian Geographic listed the declining populations across Canada. These included the Eastern Migratory caribou declining from 1,100,000 to 225,000 and listed as endangered, Newfoundland populations declining from 100,000 to 32,000 listed as special concern, boreal woodland caribou declining at 33,000 listed as threatened, barren ground caribou declining from 2,000,000 to 300,000 listed as threatened, Atlantic-Gaspesie caribou declined from 1,500 to 130 listed as endangered, Torngat Mountains caribou declining from 5,000 to 1,400 listed as endangered, Central mountain declining from 1,300 to 500 listed as endangered, Southern mountain declined from 2,500 to 1,400 listed as endangered, Northern Mountain caribou declining from 48,000 to 43, 000 listed as special concern, Dolphin and Union declining from 100,000 to 20, 000 listed as endangered, and Peary caribou declining from 50,000 to 13,700 listed as threatened.[2]

language caribou Aleut itx^aygix^
Proto-Eskimo *tu?tu
Sirenik tumta
Siberian Yupik tungtu
Alutiiq tuntu
Yup'ik tuntu
Seward Inupiaq tuttu
Qawiaraq tuttu
Malimiutun tuttu
North Slope tuttu
Uummarmiutun tuttu
Siglitun tuktu
Inuinnaqtun tuktu
Natsilik tuktu
Kivalliq tuktu
Aivilik tuktu
North Baffin tuktu
South Baffin tuttu
Nunavik tuttu
Labrador Inuttut tuttuk
North Greenlandic tuktu
West Greenlandic tuttu
East Greenlandic tuttuq
.. itx^aygix^
.. *tu?tu
.. tumta
.. tungtu
.. tuntu
.. tuntu
.. tuttu
.. tuttu
.. tuttu
.. tuttu
.. tuttu
.. tuktu
.. tuktu
.. tuktu
.. tuktu
.. tuktu
.. tuktu
.. tuttu
.. tuttu
.. tuttuk
.. tuktu
.. tuttu
.. tuttuq

Common Names: Caribou (English and French); Qalipu/Xalibu (Mi’kmaq); Minunasawa atikw (Innu); Ahtik/Atik (Cree); Tǫdzi (Tłįchǫ); T’onzi/Tohzi (North Slavey); Vadzaih (Gwichin); Ch’atthaii (Vuntut Gwichin); (see COSEWIC 2012 regarding Aboriginal names).[65] Seward Inupiaq tuttu Qawiaraq tuttu Malimiutun tuttu

Names for caribou in indigenous languages
caribou syllabics or meaning language people region R. t. subspecies and ecotype language family
itx^aygix^ Aleut Alaska? R.t granti?
*tu?tu Proto-Eskimo
tumta Sirenik
tungtu Siberian Yupik
tuntu Alutiiq
tuntu Yup'ik
tuttu Seward Inupiaq
tuttu Seward Inupiaq
qalipu one who paws Mi'kmaq Mi'kmaq what is now Eastern Canada and U.S. R. t. caribou language family
atihkw language Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi region R. t. caribou
Tuttut tumai[66] Inupiaq language Inuipiat people Alaska R. t. granti (Western Arctic caribou herd)
bedzeyh tene[67] Koyukon Athabaskan culture Alaska (Western Arctic caribou herd) R. t. granti
tuntut tumait[67] Yup'ik Central Alaskan Yup'ik people Alaska (Western Arctic caribou herd) R. t. granti
Tuktu[68] ??? (Inuktitut Inuit Nunavut (barren-ground) and Labrador R. t. groenlandicus
vadzaih[69] caribou Gwich’in language Gwich’in Northwest Territories (Porcupine River) R. t. granti
Wëdzey[70] Hän
atíhko caribou Woods Cree Cree Northern Manitoba R t groenlandicus Algonquian languages


North Slope tuttu Uummarmiutun tuttu Siglitun tuktu Inuinnaqtun tuktu Natsilik tuktu Kivalliq' tuktu Aivilik tuktu North Baffin tuktu South Baffin tuttu Nunavik tuttu Labrador Inuttut tuttuk[71] North Greenlandic tuktu West Greenlandic tuttu East Greenlandic tuttuq

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ There was a subspecies, now extinct, the Caribou dawsoni that was usually grouped with the woodland caribou. (SARA profile 2014)
  2. ^ There was a subspecies, now extinct, the Caribou dawsoni that was usually grouped with the woodland caribou. (SARA profile 2014)
  3. ^ There are three herds in Alaska, the Western Arctic herd, Teshekpuk herd, and the Central Arctic herd. The Porcupine herd is transnational as its range includes Alaska and northern Canada.
  4. ^ This animated map was created by CircumArctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment Network (CARMA), an international group of scientists, managers and community people who have a common interest in caribou. The map shows caribou herds migrating over the course of a year based on data collected from c. 1990-2006. Caribou aggregate in June on the calving grounds and in July data is collected, such as caribou counts, in early July.
  5. ^ According to a February 26, 2019 article in The Narwhal, with about 80 per cent of the boreal forest intact, which is rare, the Canadian boreal forest "represents 25 per cent of the planet’s remaining intact forest, leading the world alongside the Amazon."
  6. ^ Coats Island was designated as a caribou reserve in 1920.
  7. ^ The original Sadlermiut were annihilated by disease in 1902-03. Sadlermiut were believed to be "direct descendants of Dorset Eskimos, who preceded the bearers of Thule culture in the area. CE
  8. ^ Selkirk Mountain Caribou Park Proposal:A population of about 85 endangered mountain caribou, primeval Inland Temperate Rainforest with trees up to 1,800 years old, hundreds of species of lichens, rare plants, core habitat for blue-listed grizzly bears and wolverines, and spawning grounds of the bull trout of Kootenay Lake and the Arrow Lakes Reservoir: this is the Selkirk Mountain Caribou Park Proposal. The Valhalla Wilderness Society (2011).
  9. ^ The George River caribou herd was once the "largest caribou herd in the world". Numbers dropped by about 98 per cent since 1994.
  10. ^ International Porcupine Caribou Board (IPCB) was established as part of a 1987 agreement between the federal governments of Canada and the United States.
  11. ^ Inuit from Baker Lake benefit from the "overlapping ranges of five caribou herds (Beverly, Qamanirjuaq, Wager Bay, Lorillard, and Ahiak)."
  12. ^ There are 7 migratory barren-ground caribou herds across Inuit Nunangat. From east to west they are Cape Bathurst, Bluenose West, Bluenose East, Bathurst, Ahiak, Beverly, and Qamanirjuaq.
  13. ^ The Beverly and Qamanirjuaq Caribou Management Board focus on this specific population/herd which crosses multiple boundaries.
  14. ^ On Nunavut mainland and ISR mainland there are 5 "major populations of sedentary barren-ground caribou: Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, Wager Bay, Lorillard, Boothia Peninsula, and North Melville Peninsula". On the southern Arctic islands of Hudson Bay there are 3 populations: Southampton, Coats, and Mansel Island.
  15. ^ There are 3 "populations of sedentary woodland caribou: in Labrador (Mealy Mountain—Joir River subpopulation, Red Wine–Dominion Lake subpopulation, and Lac Joseph".
  16. ^ Local populations of Peary caribou occur on the Western Queen Elizabeth Islands (WQEI), Eastern Queen Elizabeth Islands (EQEI), Prince of Wales/Somerset/Boothia (PSB), and Banks/Victoria (BV)
  17. ^ "In Canada, caribou are represented by four subspecies; Peary (R. t. pearyi), Woodland (R. t. caribou), Grant’s (R. t. granti), and Barren ground (R. t. groenlandicus). Of the four, barren-ground caribou are the most abundant and can be further divided into two ecotypes, the taiga wintering migratory, and the tundra wintering types (Nagy et al. 2011). "

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Monte Hummel; Justina C. Ray (2008-08-01). Caribou and the North: a shared future. Toronto, Ontario: Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-839-3.
  2. ^ a b c d Kylie, Aaron (October 26, 2018). "Mapping the decline of Canada's caribou" (Text). Canadian Geographic. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
  3. ^ (Banfield 1961:170; Kurtén 1968:170)Ernest S. Burch, Jr. (1972). "The Caribou/Wild Reindeer as a Human Resource". American Antiquity. 37 (3): 339–368. doi:10.2307/278435. JSTOR 278435. S2CID 161921691.
  4. ^ a b c d Environment Canada (August 2008). Scientific Review for the Identification of Critical Habitat for Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), Boreal Population, in Canada (PDF) (Report). Ottawa, ON: Environment Canada. p. 180. Retrieved May 18, 2019.
  5. ^ a b Report on the Progress of Recovery Strategy Implementation for the Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), Boreal population, in Canada for the Period 2012-2017 (PDF) (Report). Environment and Climate Change. Ottawa, ON. 2017. p. 94. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 18, 2019. Species at Risk Act (SARA) for Woodland Caribou, Boreal population
  6. ^ Environment Canada. 2011. Scientific Assessment to Support the Identification of Critical Habitat for Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), Boreal Population, in Canada. Ottawa, ON. 115 pp. plus Appendices.
  7. ^ a b Government of Canada, Office of the Auditor General of Canada (April 24, 2018). "Report 3—Conserving Biodiversity". Retrieved May 7, 2019.
  8. ^ Operations, Ministry of Forests Lands and Natural Resource. "Southern Mountain Caribou - Province of British Columbia". Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  9. ^ Narwhal, The. "'A map of the world as caribou see it': Q&A with author David Moskowitz". The Narwhal. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  10. ^ Moskowitz, David (2018-10-11). Caribou Rainforest: From Heartbreak to Hope. Seatle, WA: Braided River. ISBN 978-1-68051-128-4.
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  14. ^ The Beverly Caribou Herd’s headlong rush to extinction February 22, 2016 Don Jaque
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  16. ^ Technical Thematic Report No. 10. - Northern caribou population trends in Canada, 2010, retrieved October 30, 2017, [Not all herds are barren-ground] "Ahiak Herd, Baffin Island herds, Bathurst Herd, Beverly Herd, Bluenose-East Herd, Bluenose-West Herd, Cape Bathurst Herd, Dolphin and Union Herd, George River Herd, Leaf River Herd, Lorillard and Wager Bay herds, Peary caribou, Pen Islands and Cape Churchill herds, Porcupine Herd, Qamanirjuaq Herd, Southampton Island Herd, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Herd" {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
  17. ^ Cronin, Matthew A.; MacNeil, M. D.; Patton, J. C. (2005), "Variation in Mitochondrial DNA and Microsatellite DNA in Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in North America" (PDF), Journal of Mammalogy, 86 (3): 495–05, doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[495:vimdam]2.0.co;2, S2CID 29939254, retrieved 17 December 2013{{citation}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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