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This is a draft. It is not a real article. It is only designed to help propose changes and offer alternatives. Anyone can create one by going to the article talkpage and adding /NEWTITLE after the url address. You must add {{NOINDEX|visible = yes}} and {{workpage}} to the top of the page so that users know this is not the real article and search engines don't index it. Ocaasi c 07:00, 13 April 2011 (UTC)

Mary Gertrude Enig, PhD (born 1931) is a nutritionist who reviews research on and writes articles about the nutritional aspects of fats. She is known for her early opposition to trans fats before its dangers were widely accepted, her skepticism towards the diet-heart hypothesis, and her current advocacy of whole foods and certain saturated fats such as those found in coconut oil.

Academic and professional history

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Enig attended the University of Maryland, College Park (UMCP), receiving an MS, and later a PhD in Nutritional Sciences in 1984.[1] She was a Licensed Nutritionist in Maryland from May 1988 to October 2008.[2]

Enig is the co-founder, vice president and a member of the board of directors of the Weston A. Price Foundation (WAPF).[3] Prior to the founding of the WAPF in 1999, Enig worked as a nutritional consultant for individuals, industry and governments worldwide through Enig Associates, Inc. participating in forums such as those held by the ASEAN Vegetable Oil Club (AVOC) and testifying before the U.S. Congress. She was a faculty research associate at UMCP with the Lipids Research Group in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry from 1984 through 1991. While in graduate school and later as a research associate, Enig participated in biochemical research on lipids. She has published over 14 scientific papers on food fats and oils and presented over 35 on nutrition and is a former editor of the Journal of the American College of Nutrition.[1][4][5][6]

Enig is a Fellow of the American College of Nutrition[7] and was one of three to be named a Master of the organization in 2003.[8] She is also a member of The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics (THINCS).[9]

Dietary views

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Coconut oil

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Enig has conducted and published original research into the properties of coconut oil and is a vocal advocate for its dietary consumption, writing multiple articles regarding its health benefits and has been quoted in newspapers regarding her views on coconut oil.[10][11][12][13][14]

She says lauric acid, the main acid in coconut oil, "has antimicrobial properties and is the precursor to monolaurin, the antimicrobial lipid"[15][16]and that natural coconut oil may be effective in the treatment of viral infections such as measles, herpes, vesicular stomatitis, cytomegalovirus, and HIV/AIDS.[17][18] She also states that lauric acid "gives human milk its major antimicrobial properties, and it may be a conditionally essential fatty acid[19] since it cannot be made by mammals other than the lactating female and must be obtained from the diet."[15] Enig also notes that the saturated fat in coconut oil consists of medium chain fatty acids, which she says are not only not harmful, but help in promoting healthy metabolism.

Enig is critical of lowfat diets for weight loss and states in summary: "Perhaps the best way to lose unwanted weight (excess weight in the form of fat, that is) is to change the type of fat in the diet to the type of fat found in the coconut."[20] In collaboration with Sally Fallon, co-founder of the WAPF, Enig wrote a book about coconut-based diets for weight loss called Eat Fat, Lose Fat.[21]

Saturated and trans fats

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Enig disputes the lipid hypothesis, which postulates that consumption of saturated fats contributes to heart disease.[22] A vocal critic, she has both received and given criticism in scientific journals on the issue.[23][24][25] She raised concerns as early as the 1970s about the dangers of trans fats.[26][11][27][28][29][30] The negative effects of trans fats are now widely recognized, spurring efforts to remove them from food supplies world wide.[31] Her position regarding saturated fats is supported by recent meta-analyses of randomized intervention trials, which indicate that saturated fats are no riskier than monounsaturated fats or carbohydrates when substituted on an isocaloric basis[32][33][34] raising questions about the link between saturated fats and cardiovascular disease that had been widely thought settled.

Health agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the American Medical Association, however, still advise consumers to avoid coconut oil because of concerns with saturated fats.[35]

Enig believes that big business and other powerful vested interests played a significant role in the negative portrayals of saturated fats in order to sell margarine and similar spreads, which often contained substantial levels of trans fats.[36] She is skeptical of consumer groups like the Center for Science in the Public Interest, which flip-flopped on the issue of trans fats without admitting its earlier mistake in pushing for products containing them, and its continued campaigns in the name of public health.[5][37]

Enig sees benefits in the consumption of saturated fats and notes their function in certain signaling and stabilizing processes in the body at the cellular level involving proteins.[38] She also says that the "maintenance of a healthy digestive system requires input from lipids, which include molecules such as cholesterol, appropriate saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and other lesser known components such as glycosphingolipids."[39]

Selected works

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Books

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  • Mary Enig, Trans fatty acids in the food supply: A comprehensive report covering 60 years of research, (Enig Associates, 1993).
  • Sally Fallon, with Dr Mary Enig (contributing editor), Nourishing Traditions: The Cookbook that Challenges Politically Correct Nutrition and the Diet Dictocrats, (NewTrends Publishing, October 1999). ISBN 0-96708-973-5, ISBN 978-0967089737.
  • Mary Enig, Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils and Cholesterol, (Bethesda Press, May 2000). ISBN 0-96781-260-7, ISBN 978-0967812601.
  • Mary Enig and Sally Fallon, Eat Fat Lose Fat – The Healthy Alternative to Trans Fats, (Plume, March 28, 2006). ISBN 0452285666, ISBN 978-0452285668.

Chapter

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  • Mary Enig, "Diet, serum cholesterol and coronary heart disease", in Mann GV (ed): Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense – An evaluation by scientists. (Janus Publishing, London, 1993). pp 36-60. ISBN 1857560728.

Journal articles

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  • Enig, MG; Munn, RJ; Keeney, M. (1978). "Dietary fat and cancer trends--a critique". Federation Proceedings. 37 (9): 2215–20. PMID 566221.
  • Enig, MG; Pallansch, LA; Sampugna, J; Keeney, M. (1983). "Fatty acid composition of the fat in selected food items with emphasis on trans components". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 60 (10): 1788–1795. doi:10.1007/BF02680357. S2CID 84052714.
  • Enig, MG; Budowski, P; Blondheim, SH (1984). "Trans-unsaturated fatty acids in margarines and human subcutaneous fat in Israel". Human Nutrition. Clinical Nutrition. 38 (3): 223–30. PMID 6086551.
  • Enig, MG; Atal, S; Keeney, M; Sampugna, J (1990). "Isomeric trans fatty acids in the U.S. diet". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 9 (5): 471–86. doi:10.1080/07315724.1990.10720404. PMID 2258534.
  • Lieberman, Shari, Mary G. Enig, Harry G. Preuss. (December 2006). A Review of Monolaurin and Lauric Acid: Natural Virucidal and Bactericidal Agents. Alternative and Complementary Therapies 12 (6): 310-314. doi:10.1089/act.2006.12.310

References

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  1. ^ a b Passwater, Richard A. (November 1993–January 1994). Health Risks from Processed Foods and Trans Fats. Interview with Dr. Mary Enig. Whole Foods Magazine.
  2. ^ "Verification Page". Maryland Board of Dietetic Practice.
  3. ^ "Weston A Price Foundation Board of Directors".
  4. ^ Bowden, Jonny. (2007). The 150 Healthiest Foods on Earth – The Surprising, Unbiased Truth About What You Should Eat and Why. Gloucester, MA: Fair Winds Press. pp. 108, 167, 177, 301, 311. ISBN 1592332285.
  5. ^ a b Special interest’s secret recipe. (June 15, 2006). The Washington Times. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
  6. ^ Burros, Marian. (October 7, 1992). Now What? U.S. Study Says Margarine May Be Harmful. The New York Times. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
  7. ^ Eauclaire, Sally. "Soy backlash". Vegetarian Times. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ "American College of Nutrition - Awards Information". Retrieved 10 August 2008.
  9. ^ "Member List". The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics.
  10. ^ Trimming the Fats. (December 10, 2003). The Washington Post.
  11. ^ a b Webb, Densie. (September 5, 1990). Processed oils rival butter in raising cholesterol. Wilmington Morning Star. N.Y. Times News Service.
  12. ^ Enig, Mary (25 April 1996). "A New Look at Coconut Oil – Health and Nutritional Benefits from Coconut Oil: An Important Functional Food for the 21st Century". Presented at the AVOC Lauric Oils Symposium, Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam.
  13. ^ Punchihewa, P.G. Recent Activities of the Asian Pacific Coconut Community. (October 1999). COGENT Newsletter. IPGRI.
  14. ^ Asian and Pacific Coconut Community. (n.d.).Articles on the Health Benefits of Coconut Oil.
  15. ^ a b Enig, Mary (May 2000). Know Your Fats. Bethesda Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-96781-260-7.
  16. ^ Enig, Mary (September 1995). "Health and nutritional benefits from coconut oil and its advantages over competing oils" (PDF). Indian Coconut Journal. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  17. ^ Enig, Mary. "On Natural Coconut Oil for AIDS and Other Viral Infections".
  18. ^ Garin: Claims on health benefits of VCO need proof The Philippine Star. 12 Sept 2010.
  19. ^ Enig, Mary (18 December 2006). "More Good News on Coconut Oil". The Weston A. Price Foundation. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  20. ^ Enig, Mary (31 December 2001). "Lowfat Diets". The Weston A. Price Foundation.
  21. ^ Mary G. Enig and Sally Fallon Eat Fat, Lose Fat: Lose Weight and Feel Great with Three Delicious, Science-based Coconut Diets, Plume, ISBN 0-45228-566-6
  22. ^ Enig, Mary (1 January 2000). "The Skinny on Fats". The Weston A. Price Foundation. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Stone, Neil J. (1994). "Book Review Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense -- an Evaluation by Scientists Edited by George V. Mann. 149 pp., illustrated. London, Janus, 1993. $17.95. 1-85756-072-8 (Distributed in the U.S. By Paul and Company, Concord, Mass)". New England Journal of Medicine. 330 (13): 943–944. doi:10.1056/NEJM199403313301321.
  24. ^ "More on Coronary Heart Disease: The Dietary Sense and Nonsense". New England Journal of Medicine. 331 (9): 614–616. 1994. doi:10.1056/NEJM199409013310914.
  25. ^ Ravnskov U, Allen C, Atrens D, Enig MG, Groves B, Kauffman JM, Kroneld R, Rosch PJ, Rosenman R, Werkö L, Nielsen JV, Wilske J, Worm N. (February 22, 2002). Studies of dietary fat and heart disease. Science 295 (5559): 1464-6. doi:10.1126/science.295.5559.1464c PMID 11859893.
  26. ^ Pollan, Michael. (2008). In Defense of Food – An Eater's Manifesto. Penguin. p. 45. ISBN 1594201455.
  27. ^ Enig, MG; Munn, RJ; Keeney, M (1978). "Dietary fat and cancer trends--a critique". Federation Proceedings. 37 (9): 2215–20. PMID 566221.
  28. ^ Interview With Stephen Joseph. (May 12, 2003). Live from the Headlines. CNN.
  29. ^ Hailing publicity, lawyer dunks call for Oreo ban. (May 16, 2003). The Chicago Tribune. Reuters.
  30. ^ Enig, Mary (30 June 2001). "Cholesterol and Heart Disease—A Phony Issue". The Weston A. Price Foundation.
  31. ^ L'Abbé, M R; Stender, S; Skeaff, C M; Tavella, M; Ebert, DS; Delp, EJ (2009). "Approaches to removing trans fats from the food supply in industrialized and developing countries". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 63: S50–S67. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.14. PMC 2830089. PMID 19190645.
  32. ^ Jakobsen, MU; O'Reilly, EJ; Heitmann, BL; Pereira, MA; Bälter, K; Fraser, GE; Goldbourt, U; Hallmans, G; Knekt, P (2009). "Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 89 (5): 1425–32. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27124. PMC 2676998. PMID 19211817.
  33. ^ Mozaffarian, D; Micha, R; Wallace, S; Wallace, Sarah (2010). "Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". PLOS Medicine. 7 (3): e1000252. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000252. PMC 2843598. PMID 20351774.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  34. ^ Siri-Tarino, Patty W., Qi Sun, Frank B. Hu, and Ronald M. Krauss. (2010). Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91 (3): 535-546. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27725.
  35. ^ Maloof, Rich. Coconut Oil. MSN Health and Fitness.
  36. ^ Enig, Mary (1999). "The Oiling of America". The Weston A. Price Foundation. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ Allyn, Karen. (2006). Forward Motion. Interview with Mary Enig. Washington, DC.
  38. ^ Enig, Mary (8 July 2004). "The Importance of Saturated Fats for Biological Functions". The Weston A. Price Foundation.
  39. ^ Enig, Mary (27 September 2004). "Digestion and Absorption of Food Fats". The Weston A. Price Foundation.


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