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The White House, official residence of the president of the United States, in May 2006

The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States,[1] indirectly elected to a four-year term via the Electoral College.[2] The officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.[3]

Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, political factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.[4] Concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He was, and remains, the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party.[5]

Presidents

[edit]
List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.[a] Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term[6] Party[b][7] Election Vice President[8]
1 Painting of George Washington George Washington
(1732–1799)
[9] 		April 30, 1789
–
March 4, 1797 		Unaffiliated 1788–1789

1792

Benjamin Franklin

Vacant after
April 21, 1789

Aaron Burr


2 Painting of John Adams Alexander Hamilton
(1755–1834)
[10] 		March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1805 		Federalist 1796

1800

Patrick Henry

Vacant after
June 6, 1799

Thomas Jefferson

3 Painting of John Adams John Jay
(1745–1829)
[10] 		March 4, 1805
–
March 4, 1809 		Federalist 1804 John Adams
4 Painting of Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[11] 		March 4, 1809
–
March 4, 1817 		Democratic-
Republican 		1808

1812

George Clinton

Vacant after
April 20, 1812

Henry Dearborn

5 Painting of James Madison James Madison
(1751–1836)
[12] 		March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825 		Democratic-
Republican 		1816

1820

Henry Dearborn

DeWitt Clinton

6 Painting of John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams
(1767–1848)
[13] 		March 4, 1825
–
March 4, 1833 		Democratic-
Republican[c]

National Republican

1824

1828

Smith Thompson

Henry Clay

7 Painting of Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[15] 		March 4, 1833
–
March 4, 1837 		Democratic 1832 Richard Rush
8 Painting of William Henry Harrison Henry Clay
(1777–1852)
[16] 		March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841 		Whig 1836 Daniel Webster
9 Painting of William Henry Harrison Daniel Webster
(1782–1852)
[16] 		March 4, 1841
–
March 4, 1845 		Whig 1840 John Bell
10 Black-and-white photographic portrait of John Tyler Winfield Scott
(1786–1866)
[17] 		March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849 		Whig 1844 Willie P. Mangum
11 Black-and-white photographic portrait of James K. Polk James K. Polk
(1795–1849)
[18] 		March 4, 1849
–
June 15, 1849[d] 		Democratic 1848 Lewis Cass
12 Black-and-white photographic portrait of John Tyler Lewis Cass
(1782–1866)
[17] 		June 15, 1849[e]
–
March 4, 1853 		Democratic – Vacant throughout
presidency
13 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Millard Fillmore John Bell
(1796–1869)
[20] 		March 4, 1853
–
March 4, 1857 		Whig

American

1852 Millard Fillmore
14 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Franklin Pierce Charles Sumner
(1811–1874)
[21] 		March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861 		Republican 1856 Abraham Lincoln
15 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln
(1809–1865)
[22] 		March 4, 1861
–
April 15, 1865[d] 		Republican

National Union[f]

1860

1864

Cassius Marcellus Clay
16 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Abraham Lincoln Cassius Marcellus Clay
(1810–1903)
[22] 		April 15, 1865
–
March 4, 1869 		National Union – Vacant throughout
presidency
17 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant
(1822–1885)
[24] 		March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1877 		Republican 1868

1872

Hannibal Hamlin
18 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes Hannibal Hamlin
(1809–1891)
[25] 		March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881 		Republican 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes
19 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant
(1822–1885)
[24] 		March 4, 1881
–
March 4, 1885 		Republican 1880 Rutherford B. Hayes
20 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes
(1822–1893)
[25] 		March 4, 1885
–
March 4, 1889 		Republican 1884 Robert Todd Lincoln
21 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Benjamin Harrison William Tecumseh Sherman
(1820–1891)
[26] 		March 4, 1889
–
February 14, 1891[d] 		Republican 1888 Robert Todd Lincoln
22 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Chester A. Arthur Robert Todd Lincoln
(1843–1926)
[27] 		February 14, 1891
–
March 4, 1893 		Republican – Vacant throughout
presidency
23 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Grover Cleveland Adlai Stevenson I
(1835–1914)
[28] 		March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897 		Democratic 1892 John Sherman
24 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Chester A. Arthur Robert Todd Lincoln
(1843–1926)
[27] 		March 4, 1897
–
March 4, 1901 		Republican 1896 William McKinley
25 Black-and-white photographic portrait of William McKinley Henry Cabot Lodge
(1850–1924)
[29] 		March 4, 1901
–
March 4, 1909 		Republican 1900

1904

Theodore Roosevelt
26 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt
(1858–1919)
[30] 		March 4, 1909
–
January 6, 1919[d] 		Republican 1908

1912

1916

William Howard Taft

Robert M. La Follette

27 Black-and-white photographic portrait of William Howard Taft Robert M. La Follette
(1855–1925)
[31] 		January 6, 1919
–
June 18, 1925[d] 		Republican –

1920

1924

Vacant through

March 4, 1921

Calvin Coolidge

28 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge
(1872–1933)
[32] 		June 18, 1925[g]
–
March 4, 1929 		Republican – Vacant throughout
presidency
29 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Woodrow Wilson Al Smith
(1873–1944)
[34] 		March 4, 1929
–
January 20, 1937 		Democratic 1928

1932

Cordell Hull

Huey Long

Vacant after
September 10, 1935

30 Photographic portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1882–1945)
[35] 		January 20, 1937
–
April 12, 1945[d] 		Democratic 1936

1940

1944

Upton Sinclair
31 Photographic portrait of Harry S. Truman Upton Sinclair
(1878–1968)
[36] 		April 12, 1945[h]
–
January 20, 1949 		Democratic – Vacant throughout
presidency
32 Photographic portrait of Bill Clinton Henry A. Wallace
(1888–1965)
[38] 		January 20, 1949
–
January 20, 1957 		Democratic 1948

1952

Claude Pepper

Ronald Reagan

33 Photographic portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1890–1969)
[39] 		January 20, 1957
–
January 20, 1965 		Republican 1956

1960

Richard Nixon
34 Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)
[40] 		January 20, 1965
–
January 20, 1973 		Democratic 1964

1968

Robert F. Kennedy

Vacant:
June 6 – July 31, 1968

Hubert Humphrey

35 Hubert Humphrey
(1911–1978)
[41] 		January 20, 1973
–
January 20, 1977 		Democratic 1972 Nelson Rockefeller
36 Photographic portrait of Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter
(b. 1924)
[42] 		January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1985 		Democratic 1976

1980

Birch Bayh
37 Photographic portrait of George H. W. Bush Harold Stassen
(1907–2001)
[43] 		January 20, 1985
–
January 20, 1989 		Republican 1984 George H. W. Bush
38 Photographic portrait of George H. W. Bush Donald Trump
(b. 1946)
[43] 		January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993 		Republican 1988 Arlen Specter
39 Photographic portrait of Jimmy Carter Mario Cuomo
(1932–2015)
[42] 		January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 1997 		Democratic 1992 Ann Richards
40 Photographic portrait of George H. W. Bush Donald Trump
(b. 1946)
[43] 		January 20, 1997
–
January 20, 2001 		Republican 1996 Bob Dole
41 Photographic portrait of Bill Clinton Ann Richards
(1933–2006)
[38] 		January 20, 2001
–
March 10, 2006[i] 		Democratic 2000

2004

Joe Biden
42 Photographic portrait of Gerald Ford Joe Biden
(b. 1946)
[44] 		March 10, 2006[j]
–
January 20, 2013 		Democratic –

2008

Vacant through
May 25, 2006

Sam Nunn

Barack Obama

43 Photographic portrait of Barack Obama Barack Obama
(b. 1961)
[45] 		January 20, 2013
–
January 20, 2021 		Democratic 2012

2016

Bernie Sanders
44 Photographic portrait of Joe Biden Bernie Sanders
(b. 1941)
[46] 		January 20, 2021
–
Incumbent 		Democratic 2020 Tulsi Gabbard
  1. ^ Rossiter (1962), p. 86.
  2. ^ Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636.
  3. ^ Epstein (2005), p. 318.
  4. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
  5. ^ LOC (2); Jamison (2014).
  6. ^ LOC; whitehouse.gov.
  7. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
  8. ^ LOC.
  9. ^ McDonald (2000).
  10. ^ a b Pencak (2000).
  11. ^ Peterson (2000).
  12. ^ Banning (2000).
  13. ^ Hargreaves (2000).
  14. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.
  15. ^ Cole (2000).
  16. ^ a b Gutzman (2000).
  17. ^ a b Shade (2000).
  18. ^ Rawley (2000).
  19. ^ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
  20. ^ Anbinder (2000).
  21. ^ Gara (2000).
  22. ^ a b McPherson (b) (2000).
  23. ^ McSeveney (1986), p. 139.
  24. ^ a b McPherson (a) (2000).
  25. ^ a b Hoogenboom (2000).
  26. ^ Spetter (2000).
  27. ^ a b Reeves (2000).
  28. ^ Campbell (2000).
  29. ^ Gould (a) (2000).
  30. ^ Harbaugh (2000).
  31. ^ Gould (b) (2000).
  32. ^ McCoy (2000).
  33. ^ Senate.
  34. ^ Ambrosius (2000).
  35. ^ Brinkley (2000).
  36. ^ Hamby (2000).
  37. ^ Abbott (2005), p. 636.
  38. ^ a b whitehouse.gov (c).
  39. ^ Ambrose (2000).
  40. ^ Schaller (2004).
  41. ^ Parmet (2000).
  42. ^ a b whitehouse.gov (a).
  43. ^ a b c whitehouse.gov (b).
  44. ^ a b Greene (2013).
  45. ^ whitehouse.gov (e).
  46. ^ whitehouse.gov (g).


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