User:Noktonissian/sandbox/History of Lanna Language
History
[edit]Proto-Southwestern Tai language
[edit]Tai migration
[edit]
The ancestors of the Northern Thai people were speakers of Proto-Southwestern Tai dialects that migrated from what is now southeastern China, specifically what is now Guangxi and northern Vietnam where the diversity of various Tai languages suggests an Urheimat. The Proto-Southwestern Tai languages began to diverge from the Northern and Central branches of the Proto-Tai languages, covered mainly by various Zhuang languages, sometime around 112 AD, but likely completed by the sixth century.[1] Due to the influx of Han Chinese soldiers and settlers, the end of the Chinese occupation of Vietnam, the fall of Jiaozhi and turbulence associated with the decline and fall of the Tang dynasty led some of the Tai peoples speaking Proto-Southwestern Tai to flee into Southeast Asia, with the small-scale migration mainly taking place between the eighth and twelfth centuries. The Tais split and followed the major river courses, with the ancestral Northern Thai originating in the Tai migrants that followed the Mekong River.[2]
Phonology of Proto-Southwestern Tai
[edit]Old Lanna Tai language
[edit]Old Lanna Tai language would emerge around the
Phonology of Old Lanna Tai
[edit]Indianized kingdoms
[edit]Ancestors of the Northern Thai people established Ngoenyang, an early kingdom that existed between the 7th to 13th centuries, as well as smaller kingdoms like Phayao, in what is now modern-day northern Thailand. They settled in areas adjacent to the kingdom of Hariphunchai, coming into contact with Mon-speaking people whose writing system was eventually adapted for the Northern Thai language as the Tai Tham script.[3] In the 13th century, King Mangrai consolidated control of these territories, establishing the kingdom of Lan Na. In the 15th century, King Tilokkarat ushered in a golden age for Northern Thai literature, with a profusion of palm leaf manuscripts written in Tai Tham, using vernacular Northern Thai and interspersed with Pali and Buddhist Indic vocabulary.[4][3]
Tone split
[edit]The tone split ...
Modern Lanna Tai language
[edit]Early Modern Lanna Tai language
[edit]After the great tone split, Old Lanna Tai transformed into Early Modern Lanna Tai around the 16th century. Generally, the phonology of Early Modern Lanna Tai is simliar as Modern Lanna Tai except for some differences.
Lanna Tai under Thai subordination
[edit]In 1775, Kawila of Lampang revolted with Siamese assistance, and captured the city, ending 200 years of Burmese rule. Kawila was installed as the prince of Lampang and Phraya Chaban as the prince of Chiang Mai, both as vassals of Siam. In 1899, Siam annexed the Northern Thai principalities, effectively dissolving their status as sovereign tributary states.
The Compulsory Education Act of 1921 banned schools and temples from using languages other than Central Thai (standard Thai), in an effort to bring remote regions under Siamese control.[3] Northern Thai was relegated from the public sphere, with influential religious leaders like Khruba Srivichai jailed for using Northern Thai in sermons.[3] In the 1940s, authorities promulgated Thai cultural mandates that reinforced the importance of learning and using Central Thai as the prestige language.[3]
These economic and educational pressures have increased the use of standard Thai to the detriment of other regional languages like Northern Thai.[5][6] Today, Northern Thai is typically code-switched with standard Thai, especially in more developed and urbanized areas of Northern Thailand, whereas exclusive use of Northern Thai remains prevalent in more remote areas.[6]
- ^ Edmondson, J.A. and Gregerson, K.J. (2007). The Languages of Vietnam: Mosaics and Expansions in Language and Linguistics Compass, 1(0). pp. 727–749.
- ^ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2014). 'Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai.' MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities, Special Issue No 20: 47–64.
- ^ a b c d e Kemasingki, Pim; Prateepkoh, Pariyakorn (2017-08-01). "RIP Kham Mueang: the slow death of a language". Chiang Mai Citylife. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
- ^ Chiu, Angela S. (2017-03-31). The Buddha in Lanna: Art, Lineage, Power, and Place in Northern Thailand. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-7312-7.
- ^ Panyaatisin, Kosin (2018-07-21). Dialect Maintenance, Shift and Variation in a Northern Thai Industrial Estate (phd thesis). University of Essex.
- ^ a b Sukprasert, Maliwan; Wongsothorn, Achara (2015). "Kham Mueang Dialect Usage over Three Generations in Tambon Wiang Phayao". Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. 41: 153–166. ISSN 0125-2860.