User:Nguperez/sandbox/Langur virus

Langur Virus

Nguperez/sandbox/Langur virus
Langur Monkey's
Scientific classification
Class:	(-) RNA Dependent DNA Polymerase
Family:	Retroviridae
Subfamily:	Orthoretrovirinae
Genus:	Betaretrovirus
Species:	Langur Virus

General Intorduction

There are viruses all around Earth. Generally a human's body has build up its defenses which prevent humans from falling ill consistently. Langur Virus is derived from an Old World monkey, Langur, native to South Asia. This virus’ gene classification is (-)RNA dependent DNA polymerase, which mean that is uses reverse transcriptase to create complementary DNA from RNA template. The Langur Virus, PO-1-Lu, was initially discovered in 1977 when the virus was cultivated with langur  lung tissue in bat cells. Then it was discovered that this virus tended to infect bat and human cells. Human cells being the ones that were the most affected due to their receptor similarities. That receptor was identified as the sodium dependent transporter, which is encoded by the  hATBㅇgene.

Structure of Virus

The Langur Virus has the structure of a retrovirus. The cell is surrounded by a viral envelope that is made up of glycoproteins and lipids, which assist in the replication of the virus. The lipids surround the cell and protect the structure from other particles in the exterior. The glycoproteins bind to receptors of surrounding cells when attaching for viral replication. The structure is icosahedral, subunits of identical equilateral triangles that encapsulate the virus symmetrically. This shape provides great stability, each subunit is joined together to prevent penetration and the collapse of the viral capsid. Along with energy storage, proteins surrounding the virus are identical. As a result the viral energy is stored because the virus does not exhaust its energy on coding for more than one protein, which it uses to create the subunits for the capsid and surround itself. Inside the virus shell there exist two identical RNA strands and the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which the virus uses to perform viral replication in the cell of the host it infects.

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  Caption Figure 1: This is the image of a retrovirus.

Viral Classification

The Langur virus falls under the group of single stranded RNA. The genetic class is (-) RNA Dependent DNA Polymerase. This virus replicates by bringing its own enzyme when replicating in another cell.  As a result, Langur virus is the species. Retroviridae is the family. Orthoretrovirinae is the subfamily. Finally, betaretrovirus is the genus.

Replication Cycle

The retrovirus is composed of various glycoproteins that attach to the receptors of other cell exteriors to replicate. Once the virus attaches to the cell through fusion of the viral envelope capsid release, which is due to the co-receptor proteins and receptors binding. This then allows the Langur virus to enter the cell, along with the reverse transcription genome and viral DNA integrated into the host. This occurs by the single stranded RNA copying into 2 DNA strands by the polymerase carried into the cell. The RNA is degraded RNase H active site on the reverse transcriptase. The integrated virus serves as a template for the host RNA polymerase which will synthesize the progeny viron and messenger RNA. The RNA is then fixed into the cell mRNA and released into the inside of the cell (cytoplasm) where the proteinsynthesis of the virus will occur with the host cell.

Modulation of host processes

The Langur virus can cause various symptoms in humans.

Humans

Humans can experience headache, myalgia, gastrointestinal symptoms, bradycardia, hypotension, and hemorrhages in various parts of the body.

Tropism

The langur virus is a retrovirus that has been around for many years. Scientist have discovered many viruses that have been influenced by outside factors and through that have evolved into a new virus. However, in the case of langur virus there has not been enough research done on the strain in order to determine if it indeed has evolved into a new virus.

References

Benveniste, R. E., and G. J. Todaro. “Evolution of Primate Oncornaviruses: An Endogenous Virus from Langurs (Presbytis Spp.) with Related Virogene Sequences in Other Old World Monkeys.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 74, no. 10, Jan. 1977, pp. 4557–4561., doi:10.1073/pnas.74.10.4557.

Beran, George W. Viral Zoonoses. 1981.

Coffin, John M. "Structure, replication, and recombination of retrovirus genomes: some unifying hypotheses." Journal of General Virology 42.1 (1979): 1-26.

“Grey Langurs.” http://www.bbc.co.uk/, BBC, 2017, www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Gray_langur.

“Langur Virus.” Uniprot.com, Uniprot Consortium, 2017, www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/140052.

Notkins, Abner Louis., and Michael B. A. Oldstone. Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis III. Springer-Verlag, 1989.

O'Neil, Dennis. “Old World Monkeys.” www2.Palomar.edu, Dennis O'Neil, 2014, www2.palomar.edu/anthro/primate/prim_6.htm.

“Replication of Retroviruses.” Www.nature.com, Nature Education, 2014, www.nature.com/scitable/content/replication-of-retroviruses-14465196.

Sommerfelt, Maja A, et al. “The Endogenous Langur Type D Retrovirus PO-1-Lu and Its Exogenous Counterparts in Macaque and Langur Monkeys.” Virology, vol. 315, no. 2, 2003, pp. 275–282., doi:10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00548-8.

The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. “Langur.” Www.britannica.com, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc, 2017, www.britannica.com/animal/langur.

“Viral Life Cycles in Cells.” Viral Life Cycles in Cells, Michigan State University, msu.edu/course/mmg/569/lifecycles.htm.

Wikipedia. “Retrovirus.” En.wikipedia.org, Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, 12 Oct. 2017, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirus#Multiplication.