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Wahlwort

Anwendung

Laut damals geheimer Dienstvorschrift Der Schlüssel M – Verfahren M Allgemein diente diese Maßnahme in erster Linie dazu, Funksprüche auf diese Weise „auf unterschiedliche Länge“ zu bringen (mit Schlüssel M war die Enigma-M4 gemeint). Oft mussten nämlich inhaltsgleiche Klartexte unterschiedlichen Empfängern verschlüsselt mitgeteilt werden. Dazu wurden sie entsprechend den diversen Schlüsselnetzen mit unterschiedlichen Schlüsseln verschlüsselt, was unterschiedliche Geheimtexte mit jedoch gleicher Textlänge ergibt. Fallen nun dem Gegner nahezu gleichzeitig mehrere unterschiedliche, aber gleich lange Geheimtexte auf, eventuell noch vom selben Absender, so liegt für ihn die Vermutung einer „Geheimtext-Geheimtext-Kompromittierung“ nahe. Die britischen Codebreakers im englischen Bletchley Park (B.P.) kannten und schätzten diesen Fall und nannten ihn einen Kiss (English: für: „Kuss“). Solch ein Kiss galt als idealer Einstieg zum Brechen des Funkspruchs, noch deutlich besser als ein „Crib“, also eine vermutete Textpassage.

Application

According to the secret instruction book Der Schlüssel M – Verfahren M Allgemein at the time, this procedure was used primarily to give radio messages different lengths. Indeed, plaintexts with the same content often had to be transmitted to different receiving operators in their encrypted form. To do so they were encrypted with different keys corresponding to the different encryption networks, which resulted in ciphertexts that were different, yet, had the same length. If the opponent sent several ciphertexts that were different but with the same length, almost simultaneously and potentially from the same transmitting operator, then they would assume that it was likely to be a known-ciphertext-attack. The British Codebreakers from the English Bletchley Park (B. P.) knew and valued this specific scenario and named it a kiss. Such a kiss was considered as an ideal oportunity to decipher radio messages, even better than a "Crib", a deciphered text section.

Application

According to the service regulations in action The Key M - Process M General (germ.: Der Schlüssel M - Verfahren M Allgemein ), which were kept secret at that time, the main purpose of this procedure was to vary the lengths of radiograms (Key M is referring to the Enigma M4, part of the series of Enigma machines). Cleartexts of the same content had to be encoded and delivered to various recipients frequently. To do so, the cleartexts were encoded according to the key, which was assigned to that section of the key network. This resulted in various encrypted texts of the same length. In case the opponent notices different encrypted texts of a similar length, at approximately the same time, possibly from the same sender, one considers the case of a compromising of two encrypted texts. The British Codebreakers at Blechtley Park (B.P.) in England were familiar with such cases, which they happily received. They used to call such an incident a Kiss. Such a Kiss was an ideal starting point to break an encrypted radiogram. It was even better than a Crib, which is a sample of a presumably known plaintext in codebreaking.

Application

According to the secret regulations in force at that time Der Schlüssel M - Verfahren M Allgemein (Engl. The key M - Process M General), this procedure was used primarily to give radio messages different lengths ("Key M" refers to the Enigma M4, part of the series of Enigma machines). Indeed, plaintexts with the same content often had to be transmitted to different receiving operators in their encrypted form. To do so they were encrypted with different keys corresponding to the different encryption networks. This resulted in ciphertexts that were different, yet had the same length. If the enemy noticed different ciphertexts of a similar length at approximately the same time, possibly from the same transmitting operator, the receiving operator would assume that a known-ciphertext-attack was taking place. The British Codebreakers from the English Bletchley Park (B. P.) were familiar with such cases and glad to receive them naming this a kiss. Such a kiss was considered as an ideal oportunity to decipher radio messages, even better than a "Crib", a deciphered text section.

König-Ludwig-Brücke King Louis Bridge

Geschichte

[...]

Nach dem vollendeten Bau des neuen Kemptener Hauptbahnhofs im Jahr 1969 wurde eine der Betonbrücken nicht mehr von der Bahn benutzt und für den Straßenverkehr umgebaut. So konnte die Stadt im Jahr 1970 das älteste Brückenbauwerk der Stadt für Fußgänger und Fahrradfahrer freigeben. Ihren heutigen Namen König-Ludwig-Brücke erhielt die Brücke im Jahr 1988, amtlich heißt sie beim Denkmalamt Illerbrücke I. Zuvor waren die Brückenteile von 1957 wegen Korrosionsschäden demontiert worden. Zusätzlich wurden das Mittel- und das Weststück des nördlichen, hölzernen Überbaus 1986 mit einem Autokran ausgebaut. Das Weststück wurde gekürzt, um 180 Grad gedreht und ersatzweise in die östliche Lücke gesetzt.

Die Brücke ist die einzige erhaltene und längste aller Howe-Brücken in Deutschland, vermutet wird, dass dieses Alleinstellungsmerkmal weltweit zutrifft. Im Jahr 2005 wurde das Lärchen- und Eichenholz der Brücke mit einem Netz aus Kunstfaser vor Sonneneinstrahlung geschützt, um der Holzalterung entgegenzuwirken. Ursprünglich war die Brücke zum Schutz des Holzes gegen die Witterung verschalt. Diese Maßnahme konnte dennoch nicht gegen Feuchtigkeitsschäden vorbeugen.

Mittlerweile sind die Schäden durch Witterung so weit fortgeschritten, dass sich die Stadt Kempten im Dezember 2013 entschied, die Brücke aus Sicherheitsgründen zu sperren. Ein kleiner Personenkreis stellte die Sanierung der Brücke in Frage und forderte einen Abriss. Der Kemptener Stadtrat fasste den Beschluss zur Sanierung. Die Gelder dazu kommen aus verschiedenen Quellen, unter anderem aus Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit. Ab 1. September 2017 wurde die benachbarte Straßenbrücke gesperrt, um mit zwei großen Kränen die Holzkonstruktion, in drei Teile zerlegt, zuerst auf die Brücke und dann auf einen Parkplatz an der Kotterner Straße zu transportieren. Dort werden die Brückenteile in einer Art „Feldwerkstatt“ saniert und für den Wiedereinbau vorbereitet. Am 17. Juli 2018 wurde das mittlere und schwerste Brückenteil nach der Restaurierung wieder auf die Pfeiler gesetzt.

Konstruktion

Die Brücke überspannt das 120 Meter breite und an dieser Stelle 34 Meter tiefe Illertal mit drei Trägern, deren Spannweiten 35, 52 und 26 Meter (von West nach Ost) betragen. Der Querschnitt des hölzernen Brückenüberbaus, zwei kastenförmige Konstruktionen, haben jeweils zwei vertikale, 5,26 Meter hohe Trägerwände und je einen unten- und obenliegenden Windverband. Diese kastenförmigen Konstruktionen wurden etwa alle zwölf Meter durch Andreaskreuze quer ausgesteift. Die Trägerwände haben drei Schichten. Die beiden äußeren bestehen aus den Hauptstreben, die zur Brückenmitte ansteigen. Die Gegenstreben bilden die mittlere Schicht der Trägerwand. Die Streben haben einen quadratischen Querschnitt mit 19 Zentimeter Kantenlänge und sind aus behauenen Schweizer Lärchenbalken gefertigt. Daneben kam ölgetränktes Eichenholz zum Einsatz. Die Streckbäume (Obergurt und Untergurt) sind aus jeweils drei parallelen Balken mit rechteckigen Querschnittsabmessungen von 22 x 28 Zentimetern aufgebaut und sind etwa 10,6 Meter Lang. Die paarweisen eisernen Hängestangen sind in den Brückenfeldern etwa alle 2,12 Meter angeordnet. Die Durchmesser variieren zwischen fünf Zentimetern in der Nähe der Auflager und vier Zentimetern in Feldmitte. Dies weist auf die Berechnung der Howeschen Träger durch Karl Culmann hin. Die Hängestangen wurden bei der BHS in Sonthofen hergestellt. Diese beiden Kastenkonstruktionen tragen über gemeinsame Querbalken die beiden Gleise der Eisenbahn. Die gesamte Holzkonstruktion ruht auf zwei Pfeilern mit ungefähr 25 Meter Höhe und auf zwei Widerlagern, die aus Bruchsteinmauerwerk mit einer Verblendung aus Werkstein ausgeführt sind. Die beiden Widerlager haben spitztonnenförmige Räume, die auch als Löschwasserlager dienten. Der Schutz der Holzkonstruktion wurde durch ein „Dach“ aus doppelter Holzverschalung und einer Abdeckung mit Weißblech, der Seiten durch hängende Holztafeln erreicht. Diese Verkleidung schützte vor den Wettereinflüssen (Regen, Sonne) und vor Funkenflug und Asche der Dampflokomotiven.

Wegen des steigenden Gewichts der Lokomotiven (im Jahr 1854 etwa 19, 1859 etwa 30, 1890er Jahre etwa 60 Tonnen) wurde die Brücke später eingleisig betrieben. Im mittleren Brückenfeld wurden im Jahr 1880 aus Eisen gefertigte Zuggurte (Unterspannung) eingebaut, die an den hölzernen Oberbäumen (Funktion als Druckgurt der Konstruktion) befestigt wurden.

Nachdem im Jahr 1911 die Brücke von der Stadt Kempten gekauft wurde, wurden die Gleise abgebaut und die ursprüngliche Unterkonstruktion der Eisenbahnbrücke mit einer Straßenfahrbahn versehen.

History

After the construction of the new Kempten Station in 1969, one of the concrete bridges was closed to trains and altered for road traffic. Thus the town could reconvert their oldest bridge construction for pedestrians and cyclists in 1970. The bridge got its contemporary name König-Ludwig-Brücke (English: King Louis Bridge) in 1988, it is officially called Iller bridge I. by the monument authority. Before this, the bridge sections from 1957 had been removed because of corrosion damages. Moreover the middle and western sections of the northern wooden superstructure of 1986 had been removed with a mobile crane. The western section had been shortened, rotated 180 degrees and placed in the eastern gap as a substitute.

The bridge is the only saved Howe’s bridge and the longest of all in Germany, presumably worldwide. In 2005 the larch and oak wood of the bridge had been protected from solar radiations with a net made of synthetic fibers, to counter wood deterioration. Originally the bridge was boarded to protect the wood against weather. This prevision could however not prevent from damages due to damp.

Over time the damages caused by weather conditions were so advanced, that the town decided to close the bridge for safety reasons in December 2013. A little group of people put the restoration of the bridge into question and claimed for demolition. The Kempten council reached the decision of restoration. The funds for it came from different contributors, amongst others by the means of the Federal Ministry of the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. Since 1st September 2017, the neighboring road bridges were closed to carry the wood construction, which had been fragmented in three pieces, with two tall cranes, at first on the bridge and then on a parking lot on the Kotterner road. The sections of the bridge were restored there in a field workshop and prepared for the reconstruction. The middle section of the bridge – and the heaviest one – had been put back on its pillars after restoration on 17th July 2018.

Construction

The bridge spanned the 120 meters width and at this point 34 meters deep of the Iller valley with three beam (pillars?, their span widths amount (are) to 35, 52 und 26 meters (from West to East). The cross section of the wooden superstructure, two box-shaped constructions, which have respectively two girder supporting systems of 5,26 meters high and each one has an overhead and an underlying wind brace. These box-shaped constructions were stiffened across almost each 12 meters with a saltire / Saint Andrew’s Cross / crux decussate. The girder supporting systems have three layers. Both outer layers are composed of two principal rafters / main struts, which rise until the middle of the bridge. The tie beams / king posts form the middle layer of the girder supporting system. The struts have a square cross section with 19 centimeters edge length and are constituted of building stones and are finished with Swiss larch wooden beams. Aside there was oil-soaked oak wood as input. The horizontal beams (upper belt and lower belt) are each one composed of three parallel beams with the cross-section dimensions of 22 x 28 centimeters and are about 10,6 meters long. The iron pairwise suspension / hanger rods are arranged about every 2,12 meters in the sections of the bridge. The cross-section dimensions vary between five centimeters near the bridge bearing and four centimeters in the middle section. This refers to the calculation of the Howe Truss by Carl Culmann. The suspension / hanger rods were produced by the BHS-Sonthofen. These both box-shaped constructions support both rails of the railroad on joint crossbeams. The whole wooden construction lean on two pillars nearly 25 meters high and on two counter bearings, which are carried out with a quarry stone work with a revetment of ashlar. Both counter bearings have pointed arch shaped zones, which were used as storage for firefighting water. The shelter of the wooden construction was reached from the sides with hanging timber panels by a “roof” made of double-walled wooden laggings and a tin revetment. This revetment was weatherproof (rain, sun) resistant to flying sparks and ashes of steam trains.

Because of the growing / increasing weight of the trains (in 1854 around 19, in 1859 around 30, in the 1890’s around 60 tons) the bridge was later lead to a single-tracked use. In 1880 an iron tension flange (undervoltaged) made to measure was built in the middle section of the bridge, which were fixed to the upper beams (function as compression flange of the construction).

After the town Kempten bought the bridge in 1911, the rails were worn out and the original substructure of the railroad bridge was fitted with a roadway.

Breisacher Tor

Breisach's Gate

Stühlinger bridge

Stühlinger Bridge

Work in progress ...

German Language Day

The association initiated the German Language Day in 2001. It takes place annually on the second Saturday of September.

German in the constitution

In September 2005, on the occasion of the 5th edition of the German Language Day, the association called for a first petition to add to the constitution “The language of Germany is German”. Therefore, they constituted a team in the same year.

In January 2011 the association undertook a new approach for “German in the constitution” together with the Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland (VDA) (English: Association for German cultural relations abroad) and the Bild newspaper. This initiative gathered 46.000 signatures which were given to the Federal President. Shortly after, the VDS and the VDA submitted an online petition to the German Parliament in order to codify German in the Constitution.

Critisism by linguists

Linguistics describes the phenomena which were criticised by the association for the German language almost exclusively as phenomenon of language change. According to them, language change has influenced the shape of language as it is known today; through a lot of centuries the regulation of language by normative institutions has been an epiphenomenon, language has substantially developed inherent. The laws of language change but also social aspects played a part in it and the economy principle in communication (by production and reception of it; meaning the minimal effort for the speaker and the listener). Languages has changed over and over again because other languages had a high social prestige; for German it last happened in the 18th and the 19th century with French when numerous foreign words were introduced in German.

During the 20th century English took on the role of French, particularly after 1945. However significantly more and wider classes of population were reached through general spread of mass media than in the previous centuries. Therefore, the current development of German technical terminology is often considered as a problem from a non-linguistic view because the development of German lexicon is only still limited with means of the own language in a lot of modern communication fields.

Criticism rises from every sides against the association and its work. The opinion of Thomas Niehr from the RWTH Aachen University is that the association neglects fundamental knowledge and differences of linguistics. Others criticise that the association would be a fertile ground for xenophobia and right radicalism. The association rejects such allegations considering them as defamation.

The opinion about the association is divided in linguistics. On the one hand, the association includes several individual linguists in a scientific committee / an academic advisory council. On the other hand, Falco Pfalzgraf for example considers the association as a partially purist association; According to its own information, the association would not like to rank among the defenders of linguistics purism but has however shown that it is what it is about. This opinion splits numerous linguists.

Stefan Niggemeier writes: a group of specialists in German studies indicates that the behaviour of the association is a paradigm for an intolerant obscuring linguistic purism and that the association constantly serve the nationalist tendencies.

Membership

Since 2003 the association is a partner organization of Bundesverband mittelständische Wirtschaft (BVMW).

In 2009 the association joined the network European Movement Germany.