User:Mzc1954/sandbox

User:Mzc1954/sandbox/PROCOPIUS WALDVOGEL

ancient printing machine

One of the sheets that is thought to have been printed in Avignon in 1444- For other uses, see Mzc1954/sandbox (disambiguation). 1446. The sheets were dated according to the watermark in the middle of the sheet (it can be seen by enlarging it)

"Hebrew printing" began in the 15th century, mainly from the middle of the century with the printing revolution.

The beginning of the print in Hebrew

User:Mzc1954/sandbox/reference to extended value According to some researchers, the earliest printed Hebrew text whose remains have been discovered is ^ a book of penance corrections printed in Avignon in France. In 2015, the bibliographic factory led by Yitzhak Yodlov received two printing sheets that were recycled as part of the cover for another book, printed in Prague in 1515. The sheets had printed pages in Hebrew of Selihot for five fasts. Prof. Malachi Beit Aryeh, the former director of the National Library photographed the sheets with a radio-thermal device and identified a unique watermark in them, (three hills within two circles) produced by the paper factory in Fabriano, Italy <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_"https://otzarhasefer.com/images/pdf/attache3.pdf" (PDF). {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)">[[#ref_"https://otzarhasefer.com/images/pdf/attache3.pdf" (PDF). {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)|^]] . Based on Hebrew typography and paper, Yitzhak Yodlov wrote that he was the first Hebrew printing act. According to the watermark and other clues, a private research team headed by Moshe Rosenfeld, Yeshayahu Winograd and Dr. Elikim Kasal in cooperation with the Fabriano archive team dated the sheets to the years 1444-1446 The sheets are fake, they were submitted to the opinion of the Forensic Institute in Jerusalem, under the management of Avner Rosengarten, an expert in the field of forgery and a former senior official at MZP (the Police Forensic Identification Laboratory). The latter checked the material from which the pages are made and stated in 2019: "I found no evidence of forgery." Rosenfeld found in Avignon and other places further evidence of the authenticity of the pages. However, in the National Library his researches are rejected; "The position of the professional authorities currently authorized in the library is that there is no evidence that the pages in question are a book printed in the 15th century. The authorized authorities in the library have never presented another official public position on the subject," Shay Nitzan, the rector of the library, wrote in 2022, in response to his request of Rosenfeld. This issue therefore remains open, for now (2022) 357–362 (the response of the National Library at the end of the article). And again: Ofer Adrat, "A Jerusalem researcher claims who located a siddur that was printed a decade before Gutenberg's Bible. Now he has to convince the rest of the world", Haaretz 9.10.2022.}}.

The first books from Rome's printing presses in the Hebrew language, ten in number, were printed in square letters of a uniform type - without specifying the place and time of printing, and were executed in Rome near the year 1470. Among them: Commentary on the Book of Daniel by Rabbi Levi ben Gershom (Haralv 3), Commentary on The Torah for Ramban and the Book of Roots for RadK.

The first Hebrew book [[#ref_two pages of which are in the Chabad Library in New York, one of them is on display in the 2014-2015 exhibition|^]] , in which the year of printing, the place of printing and the name of the printer are indicated in the commentary, is Morush Resh 10 of the Torah which was printed in the year RAH 1475 in Reggio di Calabria in Southern Italy. The printer was Avraham ben Yitzchak ben Gershon who came from [[Spain] ] or Portugal. No other book printed in this type is known .il/books?id=sjwdAAAAIAAJ&q=the+first+Hebrew+book+resh%22y&dq=the+first+Hebrew+book+resh%22y&hl=iw&ei=8-NNTLejBeLU4waS7qGaDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAQ volume III]}} .

the Hebrew pattern

During the 15th century, about 29,000 books called inconbula, or cradle patterns, were printed in the world, of which 250 were in the Hebrew language [[#ref_Shoshana Halevi, daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/mahanaim/halevi-1.htm The beginning of Hebrew printing in the Land of Israel|^]] 51 inconbuli (68 copies) in Hebrew are found ^ in the Kern Valmadonna Library - the famous collection of Hebrew books of Jack V. Lunzer (Jack V. Lunzer) from Antwerp [[#ref_{{{1}}}|^]] . in [[the library