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Reorganization of Métis articles

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Intro:

  1. explain the French term métis
  2. acknowledge that it is a complex term with several meanings depending on region, historic vs contemporary use, legal use. [1]
  3. explain how term still gets used in modern context?



Deleted

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Deleted on July 13, 2017 Not necessary as this should be in the sub-section about Canadian metis Métis communities descended from unions between Native Americans and white settlers have developed over the centuries since European contact. In Canada, Métis in the western regions were heavily involved in the fur trade, and formed communities that have retained a unique culture.

Sources

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Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL

  • Paul R. Magocsi; Multicultural History Society of Ontario (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples. University of Toronto Press. p. 70.
  • Jacqueline Peterson (June 15, 2001). New Peoples: Being and Becoming Metis in North America. Minnesota Historical Society Press.
  • Nicole J. M. St-Onge; University of Regina. Canadian Plains Research Center (June 30, 2004). Saint-Laurent, Manitoba: Evolving Métis Identities, 1850-1914. CPRC Press.
  • Patrick C. Douaud (October 30, 2007). The Western Métis: Profile of a People. CPRC Press.
  • Irene Ternier Gordon (February 1, 2011). A People on the Move: The Métis of the Western Plains. Heritage House Publishing Co.
  • Martha Harroun Foster (January 30, 2006). We Know Who We Are: Métis Identity in a Montana Community. University of Oklahoma Press.
  • Brenda MacDougall (February 10, 2010). One of the Family: Metis Culture in Nineteenth-Century Northwestern Saskatchewan. UBC Press.
  • Thomas C. Pocklington; University of Regina. Canadian Plains Research Center (1991). The Government and Politics of the Alberta Métis Settlements. CPRC Press.

Clarification of Métis people in Canada

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The specific meaning of métis in Canada varies depending on context. Further, there is no consensus on the definition of métis in Canada and the définition of Métis people. [2] [3]

Consequently, most authors on this subject start by clarifying the terminology they will use. Sometimes you will see the term halfbreed (sang-mêlé in French) as the generic term for mixed-race and Métis used to refer to Western Métis. 

[4] Other authors will make the distinction between small m métis and capitalized M Métis. [3]

History

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Origins

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The history of the Métis begins with the French coureurs des bois and voyageurs.

Western Métis

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By 1815, we have evidence of the existence of a Métis community in Red River dependant on the fur trade. The hunter and trapper Jean-Baptiste Lajimonière asks Lord Selkark for Catholic priests in exchange for his services to the Red River colony [5]


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Ontario

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To receive an Aboriginal Status Card with The Ontario Metis Family Records Center you only need to demonstrate that you have aboriginal ancestry. [6] However, it is unclear whether this card allows people to have the same fishing and hunting rights as citizens of the Métis Nation. To become a registered member of the Communities of the Voyageur, you need to have aboriginal ancestry that is also French Canadian. To be granted citizenship within the Métis Nation of Ontario you must demonstrate Métis ancestry and swear that your a Métis in accordance with the following definition:[7]

Métis means a person who self-identifies as Métis, is of historic Métis Nation Ancestry, is distinct from other Aboriginal Peoples and is accepted by the Métis Nation.

In Nov. 2008, the Ontario government signed the Ontario-Métis Nation Framework Agreement with the Métis Nation of Ontario where it recognized the special status of the Métis Nation in Ontario and sets a framework for an intergovernmental relationship.[8]

Refs

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  1. ^ http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metis/
  2. ^ Paul R. Magocsi; Multicultural History Society of Ontario (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples. University of Toronto Press. p. 70.
  3. ^ a b Jennifer S.H. Brown. "Métis". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Vol. online version. Historica Foundation. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  4. ^ Patrick C. Douaud (October 30, 2007). The Western Métis: Profile of a People. CPRC Press. p. 1
  5. ^ Canada-Québec 1534-2010, Jaques Lacoursiere, Jean Provencher, Denis Vaugeois, ISBN 978-2-89448-653-5 at page 268, citing Mgr Albert Tessier, Canadiennes. Fides, Montréal, 1962: 120. Lajimonière quitte la rivière Rouge le 1er novembre 1815. Il atteint Montréal deux mois plus tard et livre son message à Selkirk « au cours de la soirée du premier de l’an »
  6. ^ Ontario Metis Family Records Center
  7. ^ Métis Nation of Ontario Citizenship Application Form Métis Nation of Ontario Citizenship Application Form
  8. ^ [1] and [2]
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Interesting links that may not meet reference level but informative

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