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User:Mullerybrux/Freshwater marsh

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Edits Needed:

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Functions and Services: Add carbon sequestration and filtration of water, and nutrient cycling.

Soils: more details on low oxygen rate and redox.

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A freshwater marsh is a non-forested marsh wetland that contains shallow fresh water, and is continuously or frequently flooded.[1][2] Freshwater marshes primarily consist of sedges, grasses, and emergent plants.[3][4] Freshwater marshes are usually found near the mouths of rivers, along lakes, or are present in low lying areas with low drainage like abandoned oxbow lakes.[5] [2] Unlike its counterpart the salt marsh, which is regularly flushed with sea water, freshwater marshes receive the majority of their water from surface water. [6]

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Types of Freshwater Marshes

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Freshwater marshes can be broken into several types including river marshes, lacustrine (lake), tidal freshwater, and palustrine depressional[7]. Subtypes of these wetland types can be used to further specify the type of freshwater marsh based on vegetation, hydrology or location[8].

River Marshes
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River marshes are typically found within the floodplain or delta of rivers, where the wetland receives water from the river. The majority of these wetlands only receive water seasonally, when the river is highest, but there are river marshes found where the river empties into deserts with no outlet. [2]

Lacustrine
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Lacustrine marshes are found at the edges of lakes where the lakes transition from deep water to upland or other wetlands. The hydrology of lacustrine marshes are dependent on the hydrology of the surrounding area. [2]

Tidal Freshwater
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Tidal freshwater marshes occur nearby tidal influences but receive most of their water from groundwater or streams. The wetlands mostly occur nearby brackish marshes where the salt water gradient decreases through those systems, therefore the freshwater tidal marshes are only affected by the tides through water levels but do not receive the salt water.[2]

Palustrine depressional
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Palustrine depressional marshes, sometimes also called basin or slope marshes, occur in hydrologically isolated areas such as a depression or on a hill slope. These marshes are not connected to rivers, lakes or oceans, but can be and frequently are fed by groundwater springs or seepages. [2] Within the category of palustrine, there are several subcategories that are based on the location or function of the marsh. These include but are not limited to vernal pools, playas or playa lakes, and prairie potholes.[2]

Soil

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Organic rich peat-like deposit of Kole Wetlands

Soils in freshwater marshes are considered hydric; soils that are saturated during the growing season and have anaerobic, or no oxygen, conditions due to the saturation.[9] The soils in freshwater marshes have high organic matter due to slow decomposition rates and are often black or brown.[10] [11] The anaerobic conditions of the soils are caused by microbial activity that deplete oxygen, which are then reverted to anaerobic processes that accumulate or deplete reduced iron and other minerals creating distinct soil morphology characteristics[9].

Functions and Services

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Wetlands have many services and functions that benefit the Earth. Marshes can remove carbon from the atmosphere and store it in their biomass or the ground, called carbon sequestration.[12] Fresh water marshes hold a significant amount of the worlds organic carbon, as much as a third.[13] In addition to carbon, other elements including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and iron, are cycled and transformed in freshwater marshes. These elements enter the system through water or from the atmosphere. Once in the wetland, they are transformed from photosynthesis, microbial processes such as nitrogen fixation and denitrification, or redoximorphic processes.[14] Freshwater marshes also assist with particle retention. Freshwater marshes have little to no movement in water, allowing for the sediment and particulates suspended in the water from erosion and overland flow to settle out of the water accumulating in the wetland[14].

Freshwater marshes can also support and provide services to humans. Many different types of food are produced within a freshwater marsh like fruits, rice, fish, and vegetables such as taro.[12] Freshwater marshes can also provide clothing in the form of pelts and materials for building such as reeds.[12] Freshwater marshes also provide recreational services like fishing, bird-watching, water fowl hunting, and trapping.[12] Another important function of marshes is flood mitigation. Marshes can slow down the rate at which water is traveling and create a buffer zone to stop flooding.[12]

Conservation and Restoration

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Wetlands are frequently being destroyed for development, agriculture, and other uses. Wetlands have decreased by as much as 50% since 1900 and in some parts of the world by 90%.[15] [16] Inland wetlands, freshwater marshes making up about 20-25% of all freshwater wetlands globally[2], have been decreasing approximately 1.2% each year throughout the last century (since 1900).[17]

Wetland restoration, or bringing back the wetland and its functions[18], is an important step in conservation of freshwater marshes. Restoration can take two forms, re-establishment or rehabilitation.[18] One common way freshwater marshes are restored is restoration of channelized rivers.[10] When rivers are channelized and straightened, the marshes alongside the rivers disappear. Reverting rivers back to their natural state will allow nearby marshes to form again. [10]Another way to restore freshwater marshes is to break down levees, dikes, and berms that impede rivers from flooding.[10]

References

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  1. ^ US EPA, OW (2015-04-09). "Classification and Types of Wetlands". US EPA. Retrieved 2019-10-09.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Burton, T. M.; Uzarski, D. G. (2009-01-01), Likens, Gene E. (ed.), "Marshes - Non-wooded Wetlands", Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 531–540, doi:10.1016/b978-012370626-3.00062-4, ISBN 978-0-12-370626-3, retrieved 2024-02-22
  3. ^ "TPWD: Wetland Functions and Values". tpwd.texas.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-09.
  4. ^ Steve Eggers and Donald Reed (May 2014). WETLAND PLANTS and PLANT COMMUNITIES of MINNESOTA and WISCONSIN (3.1 ed.). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Regulatory Branch St. Paul District.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  5. ^ "Freshwater Marshes - NatureWorks". Nhptv.org. Retrieved April 30, 2010.
  6. ^ US EPA, OW (2015-04-09). "Classification and Types of Wetlands". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
  7. ^ Burton, T. M.; Uzarski, D. G. (2009-01-01), Likens, Gene E. (ed.), "Marshes - Non-wooded Wetlands", Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 531–540, doi:10.1016/b978-012370626-3.00062-4, ISBN 978-0-12-370626-3, retrieved 2024-02-23
  8. ^ Craft, Christopher (2022-01-01), Craft, Christopher (ed.), "5 - Inland marshes", Creating and Restoring Wetlands (Second Edition), Elsevier, pp. 117–161, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823981-0.00014-9, ISBN 978-0-12-823981-0, retrieved 2024-02-23
  9. ^ a b Hurt, G.W. (2005), "HYDRIC SOILS", Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, Elsevier, pp. 212–217, doi:10.1016/b0-12-348530-4/00030-8, retrieved 2024-03-13
  10. ^ a b c d Mitsch, William J., (2015-03-09). Wetlands (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 9781118676820. OCLC 1042861465.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Kayranli, Birol; Scholz, Miklas; Mustafa, Atif; Hedmark, Åsa (2010-02-01). "Carbon Storage and Fluxes within Freshwater Wetlands: a Critical Review". Wetlands. 30 (1): 111–124. doi:10.1007/s13157-009-0003-4. ISSN 1943-6246.
  12. ^ a b c d e Aldridge, D (April 2001). "Keddy PA. 2000. Wetland ecology: principles and conservation. 614 pp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. £32.95 (softback)". Annals of Botany. 87 (4): 548. doi:10.1006/anbo.2000.1343. ISSN 0305-7364.
  13. ^ Bernal, Blanca; Mitsch, William J. (May 2012). "Comparing carbon sequestration in temperate freshwater wetland communities". Global Change Biology. 18 (5): 1636–1647. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02619.x. ISSN 1354-1013.
  14. ^ a b Kent, Donald M. (2000-08-30). Applied Wetlands Science and Technology. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-3295-6.
  15. ^ Yi, Qu; Huixin, Gong; Yaomin, Zheng; Jinlian, Shi; Xingyu, Zeng; Huize, Yang; Jiaxin, Wang; Zhenguo, Niu; Liping, Li; Shudong, Wang; Tianjie, Zhao; Yue, Cao; Zongming, Wang; Dehua, Mao; Mingming, Jia (2024-01-02). "Global conservation priorities for wetlands and setting post-2025 targets". Communications Earth & Environment. 5 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1038/s43247-023-01195-5. ISSN 2662-4435.
  16. ^ Reis, Vanessa; Hermoso, Virgilio; Hamilton, Stephen K.; Ward, Douglas; Fluet-Chouinard, Etienne; Lehner, Bernhard; Linke, Simon (June 2017). "A Global Assessment of Inland Wetland Conservation Status". BioScience. 67 (6): 523–533. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix045. ISSN 0006-3568.
  17. ^ Davidson, Nick C. (2014). "How much wetland has the world lost? Long-term and recent trends in global wetland area". Marine and Freshwater Research. 65 (10): 934. doi:10.1071/mf14173. ISSN 1323-1650.
  18. ^ a b US EPA, OW (2018-07-27). "Basic Information about Wetland Restoration and Protection". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
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