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Roman Republic

Roman Empire

27 BC–235 AD

235–284

284–395

359 – Amida is taken by Shahanshah Shapur II for the Sasanian Empire.^[1]
363 – Amida is retaken by Emperor Julian for the Roman Empire from the Sasanian Empire.^[1]

Western Roman Empire

19 October 439 – Carthage is taken by King Gaiseric for the Vandal Kingdom.^[2]
c. 455 – Malta is lost to the Vandals.^[3]
480 – Illyria is seized by Odoacer.^[4]

Eastern Roman Empire

395–632

502 – Amida is taken by Shahanshah Kavad I for the Sasanian Empire.^[1] Martyropolis is also taken by Shahanshah Kavad I for the Sasanian Empire.^[5]
504 – Amida is retaken by the eastern Roman Empire from the Sasanian Empire.^[1]
c. 535 – Malta is retaken by the eastern Roman Empire from the Ostrogothic Kingdom.^[6]
May 589 – Martyropolis is lost to the Sasanian Empire.^[5]
591 – Martyropolis is returned to the eastern Roman Empire by the Sasanian Empire.^[5]^{[nb 1]}
602 – Amida and Martyropolis are taken by the Sasanian Empire.^[8]
618 – Alexandria is taken by the Sasanian Empire.^[9]^{[nb 2]}
622 – Martyropolis is retaken by the eastern Roman Empire from the Sasanian Empire.^[5]
628 – Amida is retaken by Emperor Heraclius for the eastern Roman Empire.^[1]
629 – Egypt, Palestine, and Syria are ceded to the eastern Roman Empire by the Sasanian Empire.^[11]

632–1081

639 – Constantina and Samosata are taken by the Rashidun Caliphate.^[12]^[13]
640 – Amida is lost to the Rashidun Caliphate.^[1] Martyropolis is lost to the Rashidun Caliphate.^[5]
September 642 – Alexandria is taken by Amr ibn al-A'as for the Rashidun Caliphate.^[14]
645 – Alexandria is retaken by the eastern Roman Empire.^[9]
646 – Alexandria is seized by Amr ibn al-A'as for the Rashidun Caliphate.^[15]
656 – Melitene is lost to the Rashidun Caliphate.^[16]^{[nb 3]}
697 – Carthage is seized by Hassan ibn al-Nu'man for the Umayyad Caliphate, but retaken by the eastern Roman Empire in the Autumn.^[18]
698 – Carthage is taken by Hassan ibn al-Nu'man for the Umayyad Caliphate.^[18]
700 – Theodosiopolis is taken by Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik for the Umayyad Caliphate.^[19]
831 – Palermo is lost to the Aghlabids.^[20]
839 – Amalfi becomes independent.^[21]
843 – Messina is lost to the Aghlabids.^[22]
29 August 870 – Malta is lost to the Aghlabids.^[3]
873 – Samosata is briefly retaken by Basil I for the eastern Roman Empire.^[13]
878 – Syracuse is lost to the Aghlabids.^[20]
902 – Taormina is lost to the Aghlabids.^[20]
917 – Anchialus is taken by Tsar Simeon I for Bulgaria.^[23]
934 – Melitene is retaken by John Kourkouas for the eastern Roman Empire.^[16]
958 – Samosata is retaken by John Tzimiskes for the eastern Roman Empire.^[13]
March 961 – Crete is retaken by Nikephoros Phokas for the eastern Roman Empire from the Emirate of Crete.^[24]
962 – Anazarbus is retaken by Nikephoros Phokas for the eastern Roman Empire.^[25]
971 – Veliki Preslav is taken by Emperor John I Tzimiskes for the eastern Roman Empire from Sviatoslav I, Grand Prince of Kiev.^[26]
c. 986 – Veliki Preslav is taken by Bulgaria.^[26]
c. 1000 – Veliki Preslav is retaken by the eastern Roman Empire from Bulgaria.^[26]
1014 – Melenikon is taken by the eastern Roman Empire from Bulgaria.^[27]
1045 – Ani is taken by the eastern Roman Empire from Armenia.^[28]
1064 – Ani is lost to the Seljuk Empire.^[28]

1081–1204

1081 – Sinope is lost to the Turks.^[29]
c. 1085 – Anea and Ephesus are lost to the Turks.^[30]
1085 – Nicaea is taken by the Turks.^[31] Anazarbus is taken by Armenians.^[25]
c. 1088 – Phokaia and Samos are taken by Tzachas.^[32]
1097 – Smyrna, Anea, and Ephesus are retaken by the eastern Roman Empire.^[33]
19 June 1097 – Nicaea is retaken by the eastern Roman Empire.^[31]
1098 – Philadelphia is retaken by the eastern Roman Empire.^[34]
1120 – Sozopolis is retaken by Emperor John II Komnenos for the eastern Roman Empire.^[35]
1180 – Sozopolis is seized by Sultan Kilij Arslan II for the Sultanate of Rum.^[35]
1194 – Amisos is lost to the Turks.^[36]
1195 – Melenikon is seized by Tsar Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria from the eastern Roman Empire.^[27]
1201 – Mesembria is taken by Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria.^[37]

1204–1261

1204 – Amastris, Amisos, and Sinope are taken by the empire of Trebizond.^[38]
1205 – Heraclea Pontica is taken by the empire of Trebizond.^[39]
1206 – Nicomedia is taken by the Latin Empire.^[40]
1214 – Amastris and Heraclea Pontica are taken by Emperor Theodore I Laskaris for the empire of Nicaea from the empire of Trebizond.^{[nb 4]} Amisos and Sinope are taken by the Sultanate of Rum from the empire of Trebizond.^[42]
1218 – Platamon is taken by Theodore Komnenos Doukas.^[43]
1224 – Cyzicus is taken by the empire of Nicaea.^[44]
c. 1225 – Samos is taken by the empire of Nicaea.^[13]
1225 – Pegai is taken by Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes for the empire of Nicaea from the Latin Empire.^[45]
1230 – Adrianople, Ohrid, Didymoteichon, Serres, Stenimachos, Kritizmos, Melenikon, and Tzepaina are taken by Tsar Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria.^[46]
1233 – Pegai is taken by the Latin Empire.^[45]
1235 – Kallipolis is taken by the empire of Nicaea.^[47]
c. 1240 – Nicomedia is taken by the empire of Nicaea.^[40]
1242 – Philippopolis is taken by the empire of Nicaea.^[48]
1246 – Eastern Macedonia, Velevousdion, Melenikon, Stenimachos, Prilep, Pelagonia, Serres, Stypeion, Chotovos, Skopia, Veles, Kritizmos, Tzepaina and Prosakos are taken by Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes for the empire of Nicaea from Bulgaria.^[49] Emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes seizes Thessaloniki from the Empire of Thessalonica.^[50]
c. 1254 – Sinope is retaken by the empire of Trebizond from the Sultanate of Rum.^[29]
1254 – Philippopolis, Skopia, Peristitza, Stenimachos, Kritizmos and Tzepaina are taken by Tsar Michael II Asen of Bulgaria from the empire of Nicaea.^[51]
1255 – Stenimachos is retaken by Emperor Theodore II Laskaris for the empire of Nicaea from Bulgaria.^[48]
1256 – Tzepaina and the Vardar valley, including Velevousdion, Vrania, and Skopia, are ceded by Bulgaria to the empire of Nicaea.^[52]
1257 – Servia and Dyrrachium are ceded to the empire of Nicaea by the empire of Epirus.^[53] Laodicea on the Lycus, Chonai, Sakaina, and Hypsele are ceded to the empire of Nicaea by the Sultanate of Rum.^[54] Dyrrachium and Avlona are taken by Manfred, King of Sicily from the empire of Nicaea.^[55]
1259 – Platamon is taken by Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos for the empire of Nicaea.^[43]
1261 – Chios is ceded to the Republic of Genoa as per the Treaty of Nymphaeum.^[56] Anea comes under Genoese control.^[57]
25 July 1261 – Constantinople is taken by the empire of Nicaea.^[58]

1261–1453

1262 – Imbros is retaken by the eastern Roman Empire from the Republic of Venice.^[59] Stenimachos is taken by Bulgaria from the eastern Roman Empire.^[48] Monemvasia, Mystras, and Maina are ceded to the eastern Roman Empire by the Principality of Achaea.^[60]
1263 – Philippopolis, Stenimachos, Agathopolis, Anchialos, Mesembria, and Sozopolis in Thrace are retaken by Michael Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes for the eastern Roman Empire from Bulgaria.^[61]
1265 – Sinope is taken by the Sultanate of Rum from the empire of Trebizond.^[29]
c. 1280 – Tralles is seized by the Menteshe beylik,^[62] but is then retaken by Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos for the eastern Roman Empire.^[63]
1282 – Skopia is taken by King Stefan Milutin of Serbia.^[64]
1284 – Tralles is taken by the Menteshe beylik.^[63]
c. 1285 – Miletus is taken by the Menteshe beylik.^[65]
1294 – Miletus,^[66] Melanoudion,^[67] and Dyo Bounoi are retaken by Alexios Philanthropenos for the eastern Roman Empire from the Menteshe beylik.^[68]
c. 1300 – Tripolis on the Meander is lost to the Turks.^[69]
1304 – Samos is conquered by the Republic of Genoa.^[13] Anchialos and Mesembria are taken by Tsar Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria from the eastern Roman Empire.^[70]
24 October 1304 – Ephesus is taken by the Menteshe beylik.^[71]
c. 1305 – Phygela is taken by the Aydınids.^[72]
1310 – Pergamon is lost to the Turks.^[73]
c. 1310 – Dardanellia, Lampsacus, and the Hekatonesoi islands are lost to Turks.^[74]
1313 – Magnesia is lost to the Sarukhanids.^[69]
1317 – Smyrna is captured by the Aydınids.^[75]
1321 – Moudania is taken by the Ottoman Empire.^[76]
6 April 1326 – Prusa is taken by the Ottoman Empire.^[77]
1327 – Miletus is lost to the Menteshe beylik.^[78]
1329 – Chios and Samos are retaken by the eastern Roman Empire.^[79]
1330 – Mesembria, Anchialus, Aitos, Yambol, and the territory between the river Tonzos and the Black Sea is retaken by the eastern Roman Empire from Bulgaria.^[80]
2 March 1331 – Nicaea is taken by the Ottoman Empire.^[81]
1332 – Mesembria, Anchialus, Aitos, Yambol, and the territory between the river Tonzos and the Black Sea is lost to Bulgaria.^[82]
c. 1336 – Cyzicus is lost to the Ottoman Empire.^[44]
1336 – Nea Phokaia is taken by Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos for the eastern Roman Empire.^[83]
1337 – Nicomedia is taken by the Ottoman Empire.^[84]
25 September 1345 – Serres is lost to King Stefan Dušan of Serbia.^[85]
1346 – Chios and Samos are taken by the Republic of Genoa.^[86]
1352 – Tzympe is taken by the Ottoman Empire.^[87]
1353 – Chalcedon is lost to the Ottoman Empire.^[39]
1354 – Kallipolis, Kypsela, and Rhaidestos are taken by the Ottoman Empire.^[88]
1355 – Lesbos is ceded to Francesco I Gattilusio.^[89]
1359 – Tyroloi is taken by the Ottoman Empire.^[90]
1360 – Heraclea Pontica is ceded to the Genoese.^[39]
c. 1360 – Ganos and Chora in Thrace are taken by the Ottoman Empire.^[91]
1363 – Pegai is lost to the Ottoman Empire.^[45]
August 1366 – Kallipolis is retaken by Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy for the eastern Roman Empire from the Ottoman Empire.^[92]
October 1366 – Mesembria, Anchialus, and Sozopolis are retaken by Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy for the eastern Roman Empire from Bulgaria.^[93]
1369 – Adrianople is taken by the Ottoman Empire.^[94]
1376 – Kallipolis is ceded to the Ottoman Empire.^[95] Ainos is ceded to Niccolò Gattilusio.^{[nb 5]}
c. 1385 – Platamon is taken by the Ottoman Empire.^[43]
1387 – Thessaloniki is taken by the Ottoman Empire.^[97]
1390 – Philadelphia is taken by Sultan Bayezid I for the Ottoman Empire.^[34]
1395 – Corinth is retaken by Theodore I Palaiologos for the eastern Roman Empire.^[98]
1397 – Corinth is ceded to the Knights Hospitaller.^[99]
1399 – Selymbria and cities along the Black Sea are taken by the Ottoman Empire.^[100]
c. 1402 – Palaia Phokaia is taken by the Gattilusi.^[83]
1403 – Thessaloniki and Kalamaria with their environs, Mount Athos, the Thracian coast from Panidos to Anchialus/Mesembria or Varna, and the islands of Skiathos, Skopelos, and Skyros are ceded to the eastern Roman Empire from the Ottoman Empire as per the Treaty of Gallipoli.^[101]
1404 – Corinth is ceded to the eastern Roman Empire by the Knights Hospitaller.^[98]
1430 – Patras is retaken by Constantine Palaiologos for the eastern Roman Empire.^[102]
c. 1450 – Imbros is ceded to the Lordship of Ainos.^[59]
early 1453 – Derkoi is taken by the Ottoman Empire.^[103]
March 1453 – Bizye is taken by the Ottoman Empire.^[104]
29 May 1453 – Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Empire.^[105]

References

Notes

^ The Sasanian cession of Martyropolis is placed either in late 590 or 591.^[7]
^ The Sasanian capture of Alexandria is alternatively placed in 619.^[10]
^ The Rashidun capture of Melitene is alternatively placed in 657.^[17]
^ The Nicaean capture of Amastris and Heraclea Pontica is placed in 1214 as per the works of Nicholas Mesarites, in contrast to George Akropolites' History, in which the conquest is dated to 1211, but is considered unreliable.^[41]
^ Ainos was ceded to Niccolò Gattilusio likely at some point between 1376 and 1379 at the earliest, and June 1384 at the latest.^[96]

Citations

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Kazhdan (1991), p. 77.
^ Venning (2006), p. 57.
^ ^a ^b Kazhdan (1991), p. 1277.
^ Venning (2006), p. 78.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kazhdan (1991), p. 1309.
^ Rosser (2001), p. 253.
^ Nicholson (2018), pp. 976–977.
^ Kazhdan (1991), pp. 77, 1309.
^ ^a ^b Kazhdan (1991), p. 60.
^ Venning (2006), p. 151.
^ Venning (2006), p. 157.
^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 497.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Rosser (2001), p. 350.
^ Venning (2006), pp. 165–166.
^ Venning (2006), p. 167.
^ ^a ^b Kazhdan (1991), p. 1336.
^ Nicholson (2018), p. 1001.
^ ^a ^b Venning (2006), p. 187.
^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 3.
^ ^a ^b ^c Rosser (2001), p. 360.
^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 73.
^ Rosser (2001), p. 269.
^ Rosser (2001), p. 21.
^ Venning (2006), p. 316.
^ ^a ^b Kazhdan (1991), p. 90.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kazhdan (1991), pp. 1715–1716.
^ ^a ^b Madgearu (2016), p. 280.
^ ^a ^b Kazhdan (1991), p. 98.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kazhdan (1991), p. 1904.
^ Kiminas (2009), pp. 83–84.
^ ^a ^b Kiminas (2009), p. 78.
^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 1665; Rosser 2001, p. 350.
^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 1920; Kiminas 2009, pp. 83–84.
^ ^a ^b Kazhdan (1991), p. 1648.
^ ^a ^b Rosser (2001), p. 366.
^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 78.
^ Madgearu (2016), p. 281.
^ Kazhdan (1991), pp. 74, 78, 1904.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kiminas (2009), p. 73.
^ ^a ^b Kiminas (2009), p. 79.
^ Shukurov (2001), p. 126.
^ Kazhdan (1991), pp. 78, 1904.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kazhdan (1991), p. 1682.
^ ^a ^b Kiminas (2009), p. 76.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kazhdan (1991), pp. 1615–1616.
^ Madgearu (2016), pp. 202, 216, 280.
^ Fine (1994), p. 129.
^ ^a ^b ^c Madgearu (2016), p. 279.
^ Rosser 2001, p. 358; Venning 2006, p. 584; Mihajlovski 2006, p. 525; Madgearu 2016, p. 280.
^ Venning (2006), p. 584.
^ Madgearu (2016), pp. 240, 279–280.
^ Madgearu (2016), p. 243: "Through his father-in-law, Rostislav Mihailovič, Michael Asan sued for peace. That was granted to him at a high cost: the peace concluded in the camp of the Byzantine army on the Regina (Ergene) river bank in June 1256 gave Tzepaina to Theodore II Laskaris, even though the Nicaeans had not been able to conquer it. Besides George Akropolites, the details of the peace treaty are known from the emperor’s letter announcing the recuperation, without any battle, of strong fort of Tzepaina. The emperor’s letter describes the Bulgarian-Nicaean frontier as leaving Philippopolis and Sofia to Bulgaria, while the Vardar valley with the cities of Velbužd, Vrania and Skopion was now under Nicaean control. In reality, however, the region between Velbužd and Skopion was not occupied by the Nicaeans, but remained under Bulgarian authority until Serbia conquered it in 1282."
^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 1882.
^ Korobeinikov (2014), p. 222.
^ Venning (2006), p. 591.
^ Kazhdan 1991, pp. 423–424; Rosser 2001, p. 77.
^ Kiminas (2009), p. 83.
^ Venning (2006), p. 595.
^ ^a ^b Kiminas (2009), p. 67.
^ Heslop (2020), p. 272.
^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 1933; Madgearu 2016, p. 250.
^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 1342.
^ ^a ^b Thonemann (2011), pp. 1–4.
^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 1912; Venning 2006, p. 618.
^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 1373.
^ Venning (2006), p. 630.
^ Nicol (1993), p. 124.
^ Herda et al. (2019), p. 64.
^ ^a ^b Rosser (2001), p. 250.
^ Fine (1994), p. 229.
^ Foss (1979), p. 144.
^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 1672.
^ Kiminas (2009), p. 81.
^ Kiminas (2009), pp. 69, 75.
^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 1920.
^ Shaw (1997), p. 14.
^ Nicol (1993), p. 145.
^ Herda et al. (2019), p. 41.
^ Rosser (2001), pp. 77, 350.
^ Fine 1994, p. 273; Venning 2006, p. 651.
^ Venning (2006), p. 652.
^ Fine (1994), p. 274.
^ ^a ^b Kazhdan (1991), p. 1665.
^ Venning (2006), p. 656.
^ Kazhdan (1991), p. 1881.
^ Kazhdan 1991, pp. 423–424; Rosser 2001, pp. 77, 350.
^ Necipoglu (2009), p. 25.
^ Fine (1994), p. 326.
^ Luttrell (1986), p. 107.
^ Kiminas (2009), p. 64.
^ Kiminas (2009), p. 56.
^ Venning (2006), p. 677.
^ Fine 1994, p. 423; Venning 2006, p. 677.
^ Venning (2006), p. xx: "it was for a long time believed that the Ottoman Turks must have captured the city of Adrianople in 1362, only eight years after their capture of Gallipoli in 1354, although no chronicle or history supplies a precise date. A poem composed in Adrianople around 1366, however, clearly indicates that the city was still in Byzantine hands at that time, so that 1369 now seems a more likely date"
^ Fine 1994, p. 407; Venning 2006, p. 683.
^ Luttrell (1986), p. 110.
^ Necipoglu (2009), p. 39.
^ ^a ^b Kazhdan (1991), p. 532.
^ Rosser (2001), p. 196.
^ Fine (1994), p. 423.
^ Venning 2006, pp. 699–700; Necipoglu 2009, p. 33.
^ Kazhdan (1991), pp. 1597–1598.
^ Kiminas (2009), p. 55.
^ Kiminas (2009), p. 65.
^ Venning (2006), p. 726.

Bibliography

Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press.
Foss, Clive (1979). Ephesus After Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine, and Turkish City. Cambridge University Press.
Herda, Alexander; Brückner, Helmut; Müllenhoff, Marc; Knipping, Maria (2019). "From the Gulf of Latmos to Lake Bafa: On the History, Geoarchaeology, and Palynology of the Lower Maeander Valley at the Foot of the Latmos Mountains". Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 88 (1): 1–86.
Heslop, Michael (2020). Medieval Greece: Encounters Between Latins, Greeks and Others in the Dodecanese and the Mani. Routledge.
Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium.
Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs. Wildside Press LLC.
Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2014). Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century. Oxford University Press.
Luttrell, Anthony (1986). "John V's Daughters: A Palaiologan Puzzle". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 40. Dumbarton Oaks: 103–112.
Madgearu, Alexandru (2016). The Asanids: The Political and Military History of the Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1280). Brill.
Mihajlovski, Robert (2006). "Three Byzantine Lead Seals from Devolgrad (Ancient Audaristos) near Stobi". In John Burke; Ursula Betka; Penelope Buckley; Kathleen Hay; Roger Scott; Andrew Stephenson (eds.). Byzantine Narrative: Papers in honour of Roger Scot. BRILL.
Necipoglu, Nevra (2009). Byzantium between the Ottomans and the Latins: Politics and Society in the Late Empire. Cambridge University Press.
Nicol, Donald M. (1993). The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453 (Second ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Nicholson, Oliver, ed. (2018). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press.
Rosser, John H. (2001). Historical Dictionary of Byzantium. Scarecrow Press.
Shaw, Stanford J. (1997). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis. Cambridge University Press.
Shukurov, Rustam (2001). "The enigma of David Grand Komnenos". Mésogeios. 12: 125–136.
Thonemann, Peter (2011). The Maeander Valley: A Historical Geography from Antiquity to Byzantium. Cambridge University Press.
Venning, Timothy, ed. (2006). A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire. Palgrave Macmillan.

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