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Polish folk dances are a tradition rooted in ten centuries of Polish culture and history. Many of the dances stem from regional customs and historical events and are distinct from Czech, Slovak and Germanic styles. National dances include formal ballroom or ballet elements. Nowadays, the dances are only performed during major events, holidays or in tourist-oriented public spaces.
The most notable and renowned dances of Poland, also known as Poland's National Dances, are the Krakowiak, Mazurka, Oberek, Polonaise and Bohemian Polka. A great promoter of Polish folk music abroad was pianist and composer Frédéric Chopin, who often incorporated folklore into his works.
Overview
[edit]Polish folk dances (singular: taniec ludowy, pronounced [ˈtaɲɛts luˈdɔvɨ]; plural: tańce ludowe [ˈtaɲtsɛ luˈdɔvɛ]) tend to be lively, energetic, and joyful. Hops, twirls, and athletic movements are common. Many dances involve a circle (Polish: koło [ˈkɔwɔ] "circle", kołem [ˈkɔwɛm] "in a circle") but also partners.
Music
[edit]Except for the music made for nobles, often composed by Chopin or other polish composers, traditional polish folk music is extremely old and has no confirmed origin past its general region. They can be either instrumental or singing-based, with sung verses often being shepherds songs, lullabies, or poetry, and discuss courting, love, loss and mourning. [1]Certain regions of Poland, particularly in Malopolska (southern Poland) and Goralskie (Highlander) region, feature the bialy glos (White voice) method of singing. White voice, also known as full or open voice, features singing with an open throat, almost like a controlled screaming or calling. It is known as a “worry-free” singing, and is very bright, loud and clear, intended to carry across fields or other open spaces when singing together on a field when working.
The most common instruments in Polish folk music are the violin, fiddle, cello, bass, accordion, clarinet, trumpet, friction drum, and rattle. They can also include more specific instruments such as the Ligawka, a wooden horn also used for calling cattle, and the vessel flute, an instrument similar to an ocarina that mimics the sound of a bird. Certain songs include instruments unique to their regions.[2]
Many modern performances of dances are accompanied by live bands that play the music on stage with the dancers.
National Dances
[edit]The Polish national dances are the Krakowiak, Kujawiak, Mazurek, Oberek, and Polonaise. These dances are classified as National, because almost every region in Poland has displayed a variety of these dances. Many of these dances were brought to the ballroom floor following Napoleon's expansion into Central and Eastern Europe, which brought French nobility imitating the Polish peasants style of dance, and adding flavors of ballet.
Krakowiak
[edit]The Krakowiak (pronounced [kraˈkɔvʲak]), also known as the Cracovienne, is a fast, syncopated Polish dance in duple time from the region of Kraków and Lesser Poland. The dance features several pairs, with the leading male dancer singing and indicating steps. In modern performances of the dance, there is often also a para ślubna (wedding pair), who are occasionally dressed in a white version of the costume, with the women wearing a special wreath, and have a solo during the performance, representing a wedding dance. [4]
Many performances of the dance begin with the dancers standing still or offstage while the Hejnal (St. Mary’s Trumpet Call) plays. This call represents the legend of the Trumpeter of Krakow, whose job was to stand at the highest tower of St. Mary’s Basilica in the center of Krakow and play the trumpet in case of danger. The legend goes that during the Tartar Invasion of Poland in ~1241, the trumpeter began to play to warn the citizens of the event, but was cut off halfway through a note when he was shot and killed by an arrow. Similarly to the legend, the trumpet call cuts off abruptly right before the beginning of the song.
Some iterations of the performance also feature the Lajkonik, another iconic symbol of Krakow. The legend of the Lajkonik also occurs during the Tartar Invasion where men, upon hearing the trumpet call, ran to the gates to fight. After a tense period of waiting, the army returned with the head of the detachment leading the way, dressed in the turban, garb, and sword of the Tartar Khan, displaying the victory of the army. This symbol became known as the Lajkonik, who is occasionally seen riding his horse around the dancers on stage.
This dance is traditionally performed in the classic Krakowiak costumes, which is one of the most widely recognized Polish folk costumes and is considered the national costume of Poland. The female dancers most often wear a multicolored skirt patterned with flowers, a tulle, embroidered apron, white blouse, a beaded and embroidered vest (called a gorset), a red beaded necklace, white tights, and sewed-up black boots. Traditionally, unmarried women wore a flower wreath atop their heads with multicolor ribbons tied to the back, while married women hid their hair in a patterned kerchief. In modern performances of the dance, the hair accessory does not necessarily pertain to the actual dancer’s material status, and is instead either uniform across all the dancers, or delegated based on another factor (such as height). The male dancers traditionally wear white and red striped pants, black boots, white shirt, a long blue vest with various embroidery and tassels, a belt, and a red hat decorated with a peacock feather. In some cases, they may also wear a tan overcoat with red trim. [5] [6]
Kujawiak
[edit]The Kujawiak [kuˈjavʲak] is a dance from the region of Kuyavia in central Poland. The most romantic of the national dances, the Kujawiak is a slow dance in 3
4 metre, danced with couples. It can be danced with multiple pairs on stage, or it can be danced as a more romantic solowka (solo dance), where only a singular couple dances on stage at a time. It is also often performed alongside the Oberek and Mazurek.
This dance is most often performed in the traditional Lowicz costume. The womens’ costume features an undershirt appliqued with colorful flower patches (particularly on the shoulders), heavy velvet or wool dresses with colorful embroidery and beadery, velvet aprons with multicolored striped fabric, a white headscarf, red beads, white tights, and high black boots. Mens’ costumes often feature orange striped pants with green stripes, high black boots, linen shirts, black vests and thick felt hats with similar floral embroidery to accompany the womens’.[7] [8]
Mazur
[edit]The Mazur is a faster dance in which pairs glide across the floor. The dance is laced heavily with French influences and the dancers move with grace and speed. The Mazur was one of Chopin's biggest influences when composing his music.
This dance is most often performed in noble clothing, representing the individuals who first danced it, called the Szlachta. The men often wear a Żupan, a long lined undergarment, with a vividly-colored Kontusz, a long robe with split sleeves that can be tied back in warmer weather. The garment is tied together with a pas kontuszowy (a wide sash), and a fur hat adorned with a feather. The women often wear a noble dress that reaches their feet, or a female version of the kontusz, as well as a fur-lined hat adorned with a feather, matching the men.
Oberek
[edit]The Oberek is a fast, vivacious dance in 3
8 time, the fastest of the national dances. The word "oberek" is derived from "obrot" meaning, "to turn". Great leaps and feats of athleticism are demonstrated by the men. Certain moves also feature the strength of the women, with the female dancer picking up the man and lifting him above her head, or supporting his body so that he jumps higher. This dance is also often performed in Lowicz costumes, and is often danced alongside the Kujawiak.
Polonaise
[edit]The Polonaise is the most stately of the national dances. Danced in triple (3
4) metre, the Polonaise is often the first dance at large events. In Poland, the Polonaise is called the Polonez, or less often the Chodzony (literally, "walking dance"). This dance is also traditionally performed in noble clothing, but can be performed in any costume depending on situation and performance.
Regional Dances
[edit]Polish regional dances are ones specific to a given region or city.
Podhale
[edit]Southern Poland features the culture of the Gorals, Polish highlanders and people ethnic to the mountainous regions. These dances were brought by Vlach settlers in the 17th century. Very similar versions can be found at the Gorals in Slovakia and in Czech Republic. The rhythm of their music is different for the otherwise duple or triple-metre of the lowlands.
Dance from this region are composed of dancing various figures in different combinations dependant on the lively music played on live instruments. They are considered to be very technical to execute. These figures include: ozwodnom, bokem, zwyrtanom, wiecnom, drobnom, po dylu, obijanom, grzybowom, po razie, po dwa, and po śtyry.
The most popular dances include Juhaski, Góralski and Zbójnicki. These dances include parts where the pair dances together as well as apart. Many of these dances are performed for the men to show off to the women, and impress them with complicated footwork and athletic feats. A popular prop of the men’s dances is the ciupaga, a shepherd’s axe. It is used in dance to perform tricks such as jumping over the axe whilst holding it, dragging it around the floor for the other male dancers to jump over. The male dancers also hit their axes against each other, making tapping noises that synchronize to the music.
The most common costume of this region is the traditional góralskie outfit from Zakopane. tThe male outfit in particular is a living attire, meaning it is still worn by shepherds and other field workers today. Men wear white shirts, thick, wool pants with parzenice embroidered on the thighs, and kierpce, hand-made moccasins. A black, wide brimmed hat is also worn, with a red band embellished with shells. A single man often wears a feather on this hat. A more decorative version of this costume also features a wide belt and an embroidered cape. He also wields a ciupaga if the dance calls for it. The women often wear a patterned skirt, kierpce, a white blouse, embroidered corset tied with a red ribbon, red coral beads, and occasionally, a patterned scarf over their head or on their shoulder. [9][10]
Śląsk (Silesia)
[edit]Silesia was a German-controlled region at one point, with a thriving Polish majority in Upper Silesia. Its songs and dances are simpler, yet very similar to their southern counterparts; Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Silesian songs like Szła Dzieweczka (The Walking Girl) have been popularized in Poland and abroad thanks to state ensembles Śląsk Song and Dance Ensemble and Mazowsze (folk group).
The most popular dances in this region were Owięziok, Piłka, Szewc (shoemaker) and Masztołka. Wirowe (spinning) dances included Wrona (crow), Kowol (blacksmith), Łowczorz, Klaskany (clapping dance), Świniok (pig dance) and Zbój.Dances in individual pairs included Kołomajki, Rejna and Kucznierz. Trójkowe dances (dances done in groups of three) and zbiorowe dances (in groups) include Chustkowy, Błogosławiony and Czworok. There were also dances such as Żabiokor Zajązek, which were created for men to show off for the women.[12]
The most popular version of the costume is very colorful. Women wear a thick, vibrant skirt, apron either made of a flowered fabric or with flowers hand-painted on the fabric itself, tasseled corset, short-sleeved, embroidered blouse, red or orange beaded necklace, and a large wreath with ribbons tied to their back on their head. The men traditionally wear orange pants, black vest with a colorful belt, white undershirt, and a hat with a ribbon colored similarly to their belt. [13]
Żywiecczyzna
[edit]This Southern region of Poland is home to the Gorale Żywiecy (Żywiec highlanders). There are two different types of dances found in this region: Tańce Zbiorowe (group dances) and Tańce Parowe (dances in pairs). In the first type, there are different parts of the dance where sometimes pairs dance alone, while at other time they join other pairs to dance in a group. An example of this would be the dance called Koło (circle), Koń (horse), Krzyżok and Na Bon. The second type of dance in this region is simply pairs dancing independently. The most popular dances from this region are Obyrtka, Hajduk, Siustany and Tańiec Zbójnicki na Żywiecczyźnie.'
The costume worn in this region is similar to the goralskie costume. While the men still adorn wool pants, kierpce, and a wide belt, they also include a red or navy vest with tassels, and a modified hat. Women often wear a very similar outfit to the traditional goralskie costume.
Kaszuby
[edit]This Northern region in Poland has a variety dances, with various national influences due to the ports found on the ocean border in this region. Along with its rich culture, this region also has a local dialect called Kaszubski, which is still spoken today by a couple thousand of the regions' inhabitants. [17]
There many dances from this region. The names, with their variations across the region, can be found in the collapsible list titled "Kaszuby Dances".[18][19]
- Butnowi / oknowi / korkowi tuńc
- Biésowi / trzech biésów tuńc
- Buksola / Naspik
- Cepôrz
- Dzëk
- Glëmda ‘guzdrała, niedorajda’
- Kaszëbsczi polonézer
- Klepôcz / Wiwat klepóny / Wiwat zaproszenie / Wiwat traptôcz / Dzëk wiwat
- Kluczi tuńc
- Koséder
- Kozełk
- Kozy tuńc
- Krzyżnik / Krzëżôk / Kric-polka / Huzar-polka / Lelôk / W noga
- Kuchniowëch tuńc
- Lësy groch ‘lisi groch’
- Marëszka
- Mulszka
- Na dłëdżi len
- Naszô Koza
- Naszô Nënka
- Okrac so wkół
- Owczarz / szeper / miotlarz
- Rëbôcczi tuńc / kuflôrz
- Skwôrz
- Szewc
- Szôlony tuńc
- Wele Wita
- Wiém jô wiém
- Wôłtôk / Wetrójnik
- Wróżbë
- Zac
- Żokowé tuńce
The Kaszuby region features several different costumes, depending on the status of the individuals. However, the most popular costume features men wearing a dark blue cloth coat, red belt, yellow pants, and black boots and hat. The women wear a blue patterned dress with a red collar, a white lace apron, and an embroidered bonnet. [20] [21]
Lublin
[edit]The Lublin area is one of the more colorful of all the Polish regions, with costumes made with a variety of different coloured materials and ribbons. [22] There are a variety of dances found in this region that may also be found in different regions across Poland. These dances include waltzes, oberki and chodzone (pronounced "hod-zon-e", meaning walking dance) with a time signature of ¾, and various fast-paced polkas (Link) such as Polka Podlaska ("Podlachian Polka") with a time signature of 4/4.[23]
Though some dances are shared across regions with slight variations, Mach (pronounced "mah"), Osa ("wasp"), Cygan, Pożon, Reczka (Hreczka) are some region specific dances from Lublin.[24]
Dancing games were also very popular and considered as part of the dancing culture. Śpiuch, Wałach, Weksel and Mietlorzare a few of the popular games from this region.[24]
Opoczno
[edit]The costumes in this region are very colourful with many variations for both men and women, the silhouette slightly similar to the Lubelskie costumes. Oberek is the most popular dance in this region; however, polkas, waltzes and Mazurki are very common in this region as well. Strong accents and stomping of the feet by men are very characteristic features of the dances from Opoczno. Other dances found in this region include Tramblanka, Polka Drygana, Polka Staroświecka, Chdodzony (walking), Kowol (blacksmith), Szewiec (shoesmith), Krzyżok and Mietlorz.[25]
Rzeszów
[edit]The songs and dances from the Rzeszów region are fast-paced and very energetic. There are two different types of dances found in this region: Tańce Zbiorowe (group dances) and Tańce Pojedynczych Par (dances in pairs). In the first type, there are different parts of the dance where sometimes pairs dance alone, while at other time they join other pairs to dance in a group. An example of this would be the dance called Ułan. The second type of dance in this region is simply pairs dancing independently.[26]
Dances from this region which are still often practiced and performed by Polish Folk Dancing groups include Polka bez nogi (Polka without one leg), Polka w lewo (Polka to the left), Trampolka, Chodzonego (pronounced "hod-zon-e-gogh", meaning walking dance), Oberek, Sztajerek and Waltz.[27] These dances can also be found in the surrounding areas with slight modifications. Other dances from this region include Z Powódka, Polka z Boku (Polka on the side), Drobny z Krzemienicy, Polka z Kropką (Polka with a dot), Polka Uginana (Polka with bent legs), Polka Kucana (squatting Polka), Polka Dzwon, Wolny (slow), Powröz and Kulawka.[26]
Female dancers typically wear a single-colored skirt, a white apron with embroidery at the bottom, a black, embroidered corset, white tights, black boots, and an embroidered white kerchief in their hair. Male dancers typically wear a blue vest and pants with red decals, black boots, and black, wide brimmed hat. [28]
Warmia
[edit]This Northern region, which has borders along the sea and lakes, has songs and dances which were popular with sailors, fishermen and merchants. The more popular dances in the region included walce równe (an even waltz) and Podcinacze. Polkas from this region included Polkas called Drobnymi, Polka Mazurka, Polka Warmińska, Polka z Knikzsemczy and Polka Hasana. Other dances included Wilk (wolf), Baran (sheep), Pofajdok, Szot, Kosejder, Baba (old lady), Puszczany, Lowiska, Szewc (shoemaker), Kowal (blacksmith), Kłaniany (Bowing), Puszczany, Kozak, Biwat Obchodny (walking) and Kłaniany (bowing), Krakowiaczek and Rozpuszczak.[29][30]
Some of the newer dances were called Okrągłymi (round). They were called as such because they involved everyone dancing in a circle performing the same dance movement.[29]
Dancing games were also very popular and a part of dance. Dancing games from this region included: A nogami drap, drap, drap (Step, step, step with your legs); Dwa Gołębie, Hejduk and Żabka (little frog).[29][30]
Women of this region typically wore a plain skirt or dress with colored trim at the bottom, an apron, beaded necklace, and an embroidered bonnet. The men had varying costumes but typically wore a red vest with red ribbon tied around their collar, yellow striped pants, and black boots. [31]
Other Regions
[edit]There are many regions in Poland with unique regional dances worth noting. They include include Łowicz, Lachy Sądeckie, Kujawy, Kurpie and, Wielkopolska, and Beskid; however it is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list.
Folk groups
[edit]There are many Polish Folk Song and Dance groups (in Polish: Zespół Pieśni i Tańca or ZPiT) located in every country with a Polish population, not just in Poland. These groups intend to uphold polish culture through dance by performing in weddings, non-profit events, operas, and festivals all over the world.
State Folk Ensemble of Song and Dance 'Mazowsze’
[edit]Mazowsze (folk group) is one of the most well-known Polish song and dance groups. It is located in Otrębusy, a village outside Warsaw, Poland. The ensemble was founded in 1948 by Tadeusz Sygietyński in an effort to preserve Polish folk culture. The current director of the ensemble is Jacek Boniecki.
The ensemble has made appearances in multiple films, and the songs the ensemble performed and recorded continue to be used in performances to this day.
Śląsk Song and Dance Ensemble
[edit]Śląsk Song and Dance Ensemble was founded in 1953 by Stanisław Hadyna, and is located in the palace of Koszęcin, located in a village between Częstochowa and Katowice. The ensemble is currently made up of over 300 people. The current director is Zbigniew Cierniak.
Harnam Folk Dance Ensemble
[edit]Harnam Folk Dance Ensemble is the oldest folk dance group in Poland, founded in 1947 by Jadwiga Hryniewiecka. The ensemble meets in the White Factory in Łódź, Poland.
Lajkonik Polish Folk Ensemble
[edit]Lajkonik Polish Folk Ensemble was founded in 1991 by Ewa and Marek Kus, established in the Polish Mission Holy Trinity Church in Chicago. It currently has over 120 dancers, and is directed by father Andrzej Totzke. [32]
Wici Song and Dance Theater
[edit]Wici Song and Dance Theatre is one of the oldest Polish dance groups in Chicago. It was founded in 1972 by director Magdalena Solarz, a dancer from Poland. The company currently holds over 60 dancers of all age groups.
In 2017, Wici Song and Dance Theatre performed the Mazur national dance for a ballroom scene in the famous Polish opera Straszy Dwor (The Haunted Manor) in the Copernicus Center in Chicago. They have also collaborated with the Twin Cities Ballet and DuPage Ballet for multiple productions. [33]
Polonia Polish Folk Song & Dance Ensemble
[edit]Polonia Polish Folk Song & Dance Ensemble is a Chicago-based ensemble founded in 1984. It currently has over 200 dancers. The founder and current director of Polonia is Cecylia Roznowska, a former dancer at Wici Song and Dance.[34]
Wesoly Lud Polish Folk Dance Company of PRCUA
[edit]Wesoly Lud Polish Folk Dance Company is a Chicago-based dance company under the Polish Roman Catholic Union of America. It was founded in 1977. [35]
While the highest density of Polish folk dance groups are in Poland and Chicago, groups exist anywhere there's a Polish population. Groups are also located in Arizona, San Francisco, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Hawaii in the United States, as well as countries such as Australia, the UK, Canada, the Czech Republic, Ukraine, and more.
Many of these groups come together to perform at international festivals every year. Rzeszow, Poland is the host of one of the biggest Polish festivals, Światowy Festiwal Polonijnych Zespołów Folklorystycznych (International Festival of Polish Folklore Ensembles), a four-day festival that occurs every three years in the city. The 19th festival occurred in 2023, and featured 20 groups. [36]
After the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February of 2022, the groups based in Chicago (Wici, Lajkonik, Polonia, Wesoly Lud) participated in the charity event “Razem Dla Ukrainy” (Together For Ukraine) in Copernicus Center. [37]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Repertoire". Syrena Polish Folk Dance Ensemble. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ Kepa, Marek (2015). "8 Most Unusual Polish Folk Instruments". CulturePL. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ "Polish Folk Musical Instruments". Polish Folk Musical Instruments. 2014. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ "Repertoire". Syrena Polish Folk Dance Ensemble. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ "Repertoire". Syrena Polish Folk Dance Ensemble. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ Forbes, Phil (2023). "The Rich History & Style of Traditional Polish Clothing". Expats Poland. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ "Repertoire". Syrena Polish Folk Dance Ensemble. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ Forbes, Phil (2023). "The Rich History & Style of Traditional Polish Clothing". Expats Poland. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ "Repertoire". Syrena Polish Folk Dance Ensemble. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ Forbes, Phil (2023). "The Rich History & Style of Traditional Polish Clothing". Expats Poland. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ Dziadowiec, Joanna (2010). "Góralskie Reprezentacje, Czyli Rzecz o Podhalanach i Ich Kulturze" (PDF). Core. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Tomczyk, Dawid (2013). "Tańce Górali Beskidu Śląskiego". Mały Śląsk. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Forbes, Phil (2023). "The Rich History & Style of Traditional Polish Clothing". Expats Poland. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ Akademicki Zespół Pieśni i Tańca Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego we Wrocławiu. "Beskid Żywiecki". Jedliniok. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ "Typowe Tańce Na Żwieccyźnie". Karpackie Zbóje. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Jurasz, Jadwiga (2018). "Tańce Górali Żywieckich". Etno Zagroda. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie. "Krótka historia języka kaszubskiego". Zrzeszenie Kaszubsko-Pomorskie. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Unknown. "Tańce Ludowe". Folklor na Kaszubach. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Szefka, Paweł (February 23, 2004). "Tańce kaszubskie". archive.today. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Forbes, Phil (2023). "The Rich History & Style of Traditional Polish Clothing". Expats Poland. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ Koscielny, Anna. "Polish Folk Costumes". Perfekt. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ "Stroje ludowe Lubelszczyzny". Muzeum Lebelskie. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ "Lubelskie". Połoniny. 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ a b "Etnografia Lubelszczyzny - taniec w tradycjach muzycznych Lubelszczyzny". Ośrodek „Brama Grodzka ‐ Teatr NN”. 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Tomczyk, Dawid (2013). "Tańce Opoczyńskie". Mały Śląsk. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ a b "Tańce regionu rzeszowskiego". Inter Klasa. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ "Folklor Rzeszowski". Połoniny. 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Koscielny, Anna. "Polish Folk Costumes". Perfekt. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ a b c Kwapień & Pawłowską, Ewelina & Magdaleną. "Folklor Warmii". Dialekty i gwary polskie. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ a b "Tańce Warmińskie". Mały Śląsk. 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
- ^ Koscielny, Anna. "Polish Folk Costumes". Perfekt. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ "History". Lajkonik. 2015. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ "Wiki". Wici Song and Dance. 2006. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ "Polonia". Polonia Song and Dance. 2017. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ Sawczuk, Elzbieta (2020). "Wesoly Lud 43rd Anniversary". PRCUA Life. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ "SFPZF Rzeszow". Echoes of Poland Song and Dance. 2023. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help); Check date values in:|access-date=(help) - ^ date=2022. "Razem dla Ukrainy". Copernicus Center. Retrieved November, 2024.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|access-date=(help); Missing pipe in:|last=(help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)