User:Msingh209/sandbox
Everything I have done on my Wikipedia assignment is found below. When I first came across the article, there was only the one sentence at the top. I choose to leave it there to respect the original author and add my research (Approx. 2000 words) to the article
Relevance
[edit]
Convergent thinking is the the type of thinking that focuses on coming up with the single, well-established answer to a problem.[2] It is oriented toward deriving the single best, or most often correct answer to a question. Convergent thinking emphasizes speed, accuracy, and logic and focuses on recognizing the familiar, reapplying techniques, and accumulating stored information.[2] It is most effective in situations where an answer readily exists and simply needs to be either recalled or worked out through decision making strategies.[2] A critical aspect of convergent thinking is that it leads to a single best answer, leaving no room for ambiguity. In this view, answers are either right or wrong. The solution that is derived at the end of the convergent thinking process is the best possible answer the majority of the time.
Convergent thinking is also linked to knowledge as it involves manipulating existing knowledge by means of standard procedures.[2] Knowledge is another important aspect of creativity. It is a source of ideas, suggests pathways to solutions, and provides criteria of effectiveness and novelty.[2] Convergent thinking is used as a tool in creative problem solving. When an individual is using critical thinking to solve a problem they consciously use standards or probabilities to make judgments. [3] This contrasts with divergent thinking where judgment is deferred while looking for and accepting many possible solutions.
Convergent thinking is often used in conjunction with divergent thinking. Divergent thinking typically occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing manner, where many creative ideas are generated and evaluated.[3] Multiple possible solutions are explored in a short amount of time, and unexpected connections are drawn. After the process of divergent thinking has been completed, ideas and information are organized and structured using convergent thinking to decision making strategies are used leading to a single-best, or most often correct answer.[3] Examples of divergent thinking include using brainstorming, free writing and creative thinking at the beginning of the problem solving process to generate possible solutions that can be evaluated later.[4] Once a sufficient amount of ideas have been explored, convergent thinking can be used. Knowledge, logic, probabilities and other decision-making strategies are taken into consideration as the solutions are evaluated individually in a search for a single best answer which when reached is unambiguous.[3]
Convergent vs. Divergent Thinking
[edit]Personality
[edit]The personality correlates of divergent and convergent thinking have been studied. Results indicate that two personality traits were found to be significantly associated with divergent thinking. These traits, namely Openness and Extraversion, were found to facilitate divergent thinking production.[5] Openness assesses intellectual curiosity, imagination, artistic interests, liberal attitudes, and originality. [6]
The fact that Openness was found to be the strongest personality correlate of divergent thinking is not surprising, as previous studies have suggested that Openness be interpreted as a proxy of creativity.[7] Although Openness conceptualizes individual differences in facets other than creativity, the high correlation between Openness and divergent thinking is indicative of two different ways of measuring the same aspects of creativity. Openness is a self-report of one’s preference for thinking "outside the box”. Divergent thinking tests represent a performance-based measure of such.
No personality effects on convergent thinking were found, suggesting that the Big Five personality traits are a better predictor of divergent thinking than convergent thinking or that all types of individuals engage in convergent thinking regardless of their personality. [5]
Brain Activity
[edit]The changes in brain activity was studied in subjects during both convergent and divergent thinking. To do this, researchers studied Electroencephalography (EEG) patterns of subjects during convergent and divergent thinking tasks. Different patterns of change for the EEG parameters were found during each type of thinking. When compared with a control group who was resting, both convergent and divergent thinking produced significant desynchronization of the Alpha 1,2 rhythms.[8] Meanwhile, convergent thinking induced coherence increases in the Theta 1 band that was more caudal and right-sided. On the other hand, divergent thinking demonstrated amplitude decreases in the caudal regions of the cortex in Theta 1 and 2 bands. [8] The large increase in amplitude and coherence indicates a close iterations between both hemispheres in the brain.
The successful generation of the hypothesis during divergent thinking performance seems to induce positive emotions which, in part, can be due to the increase of complexity and performance measures of creative thinking, Psycho-inter-hemispheric coherence.[8] Finally, the obtained dominance of the right hemisphere and ‘the cognitive axis’, the coupling of the left occipital – right frontal in contrast to the right occipital – left frontal ‘axis’ characterizing analytic thinking, may reflect the EEG pattern of the unconscious mental processing during successful divergent thinking.[9]
Intellectual Ability
[edit]A series of standard intelligence tests were used to measure both the convergent and divergent thinking abilities of adolescents. Results indicate that subjects who classified as high on divergent thinking had significantly higher word fluency and reading scores than subjects who classified as low on divergent thinking.[10] Furthermore, those who were high in divergent thinking also demonstrated higher anxiety and penetration scores. Thus, those subjects who are high in divergent thinking can be characterized as having their perceptual processes mature and become adequately controlled in an unconventional way.[10] Their fantasy productions are free and active but not pathological.
Conversely, subjects in the high convergent thinking group illustrated higher grade averages for the previous school year, less difficulty with homework and also indicated that their parents pressed them towards post-secondary education.[10] These were the only significant relationships regarding the convergent thinking measures. This suggests that these cognitive dimensions are independent of one another. Future investigations into this topic should focus more upon the developmental, cognitive and perpetual aspects of personality among divergent and convergent thinkers, rather than their attitude structures.[10]
Creative Ability
[edit]Creative ability was measured in a study using convergent tasks, which require a single correct answer, and divergent tasks, which requires producing many different answers of varying correctness. Two types of convergent tasks used were, the first being a remote associates tasks, which gave the subject three words and asked what word the previous three words are related to. The second type of convergent thinking task were insight problems, which gave the subjects some contextual facts and then asked them a question requiring interpretation.[11]
For the remote associates tasks, the convergent thinkers correctly solved more of the five remote associates problems then did those using divergent thinking.[11] This was demonstrated to be significantly different by a one-way ANOVA. In addition, when responding to insight problems, participants using convergent thinking solved more insight problems than did the control group, however, there was no significant different between subjects using convergent or divergent thinking. [11]
For the divergent thinking tasks, although together all of the divergent tasks demonstrated a correlation, they were not significant when examined between conditions.[11]
Mood
[edit]With increasing evidence suggesting that emotions can affect underlying cognitive processes, recent approaches have also explored the opposite, that cognitive processes can also affect one's mood. Research indicates that preparing for a creative thinking task induces mood swings depending on what type of thinking is used for the task.[12]
The results demonstrate that carrying out a task requiring creative thinking does have an affect on one's mood. This provides considerable support for the idea that mood and cognition are not only related, but also that this relation is reciprocal.[13] Additionally, divergent and convergent thinking impact mood in opposite ways. Divergent thinking led to a more positive mood, whereas convergent thinking had the opposite effect, leading to a more negative mood.[12] This pattern suggests that thought processes and mood are systematically related.
This would fit the idea that mood and cognitive control are more tightly related than commonly thought.[13] Mood may thus not necessarily, or not only, be considered as a separable cause of particular control states, but, rather as the phenomenal expression of having such control states in place.[13]
Practical Use
[edit]
Convergent thinking can be used practically in many situations. The most obvious use for convergent thinking is when answering multiple choice questions on a test. When a student contemplates the possible answers available, they use convergent thinking to weigh alternatives within a construct. This allows one to find a single best solution that is measurable.[14] In this instance, convergent thinking assesses the available answers and compares them against each other in order to narrow all the options to one best solution.
Convergent thinking is a fundamental tool in a child's education. Today, most educational opportunities are tied to one's performance on standardized tests that are often multiple choice in nature.[14] Thus, it is necessary to promote convergent thinking from a young age, as this will lead children to develop the ability to deduce a single correct solution. Ways to promote convergent thinking in young children include: jigsaw puzzles that only go together one way or simple math questions that only have a single answer.[14] This will teach children the importance of deducting a single best answer to subjects requiring convergent thinking such as math or tests requiring multiple choice.
Critiques
[edit]The idea of convergent thinking has been critiqued by researchers who claim that not all problems have solutions that can be effectively ranked. Convergent thinking assigns a position to solution over another. The problem is that when one is dealing with more complex problems, the individual may not be able to appropriately rank the solutions available to them.[15] In these instances, researchers indicate that when dealing with complex problems other variables, such as, one’s gut feeling or instinctive problem solving abilities also have a role in determining a solution to a given problem.[15]
Furthermore, convergent thinking has also been said to devalue minority arguments.[16] In a study where experimental manipulations were used to motivate subjects to engage in convergent or divergent thinking when presented with either majority or minority support for persuasive arguments. A pattern emerged under the convergent thinking condition where majority support produced more positive attitudes on the focal issue. Conversely, minority support for the argument had no effect on the subjects.[16]
This demonstrates the researchers concerns that convergent thinking can stray individuals too far into only searching for the single best answer, causing the dismissal of minority opinion. The convergent thinkers are too focused with selecting the best answer that they fail to appropriately evaluate minority opinion and could end up dismissing accurate solutions.[16]
References
[edit]- ^ Nielsen, Bayard (2008). "Conceptual versus experimental creativity: Which works best on convergent and divergent thinking tasks?". Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. 2 (3): 131–138. doi:10.1037/1931-3896.2.3.131. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ a b c d e Cropley, Arthur (2006). "In Praise of Convergent Thinking". Creativity Research Journal. 18 (3): 391–404. doi:10.1207/s15326934crj1803_13. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d Lundsteen, Sara. "Critical Thinking in Problem Solving: A Perspective for the Language Arts Teacher". Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ "Strategies of Divergent Thinking". University of Washington. Retrieved 2009-08-06.
- ^ a b Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas (2008). "Effects of Personality and Threat of Evaluation on Divergent and Convergent Thinking". Journal of Research in Personality. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.12.007.
- ^ McCrae, R (1987). "Creativity, divergent thinking and Openness to Experience". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 52 (6): 1258–1265. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1258.
- ^ King, L (1996). "Ceativity and the Five-Factor Model". Journal of Research in Personality. 30: 189–203. doi:10.1006/jrpe.1996.0013.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Razoumnikova, Olga (2000). "Function Organization of Different Brain Areas During Convergent and Divergent Thinking: an EEG Investigation". Cognitive Brain Research. 10: 11–18. doi:10.1016/S0926-6410(00)00017-3.
- ^ Squire, L (1993). "The Structure and Organization of Memory". Annual Reviews in Psychology. 44: 453–495. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.002321.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d Clark, Charles (1985). "Convergent and Divergent Thinking Abilities of Talented Adolescents". Journal of Educational Psychology. 56 (3): 157–163. doi:10.1037/h0022110.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d Nielsen, Bayard (2008). "Conceptual Versus Experimental Creativity: Which Works Best on Convergent and Divergent Thinking Tasks?". Psychology of Awsthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. 2 (3): 131–138. doi:10.1037/1931-3896.2.3.131.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Chermahini, Soghra (2011). "Creative mood swings: divergent and convergent thinking affect mood in opposite ways". Psychological Research. doi:10.1007/s00426-011-0358-z.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Bar, M (2009). "A Cognitive Neuroscience Hypothesis of Mood and Depression". Trends in Cognitive Science. 13: 456–463. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.08.009.
- ^ a b c Hommel, B (2011). "Bilingualism and creativity: benefits in convergent thinking come with losses in divergent thinking". Frontiers in psychology. 2: 273. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00273.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Csikszentmihaly, Mihaly. "The Creative Personality". HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ a b c De Drue, Carsten (1999). "Convergent and divergent processing of majority and minority arguments: effects on focal and related attitudes". European Journal of Social Psychology. 29: 329–348. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199903/05)29:2/3<329::AID-EJSP930>3.0.CO;2-6.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
Convergent Thinking Sources
[edit]I also posted this in the talk page of Convergent Thinking;
Akbari Chermahini, S., & Hommel, B.(2011). Creative mood swings: divergent and convergent thinking affect mood in opposite ways. Psychological Research. Retrieved from bernhard-hommel.eu/Creative%20mood%20swings.pdf
Ashton-James, C.E., & Chartrand, T.L. (2009). Social cues for creativity: The impact of behavioral mimicry on convergent and divergent thinking.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45 (4), 1036-1040. Retrieved from http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.proxy1.lib.uwo.ca:2048/resolve/00221031/v45i0004/1036_scfctimocadt
Ballard, E.J., Suedfeld, P., & Landon, B.P (1983). Effects of Reduced Stimulation on Divergent and Convergent Thinking. Environment and Behavior, 15 (6), 727-738. Retrieved from http://eab.sagepub.com.proxy2.lib.uwo.ca:2048/content/15/6/727
Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Reichenbacher, L. (2008). Effects of personality and threat of evaluation on divergent and convergent thinking. Journal of Research in Personality, 42 (4), 1095-1101. Retrieved from http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.proxy2.lib.uwo.ca:2048/resolve/00926566/v42i0004/1095_eopatoeodact
Claridge, G., & McDonald, A. (2009). An investigation into the relationships between convergent and divergent thinking, schizotypy, and autistic traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 46 (8), 794-799. Retrieved from http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.proxy2.lib.uwo.ca:2048/resolve/01918869/v46i0008/794_aiitrbdtsaat
Clark, C., Veldman, D.J., & Thorpe, J.S. (1965). Convergent and divergent thinking abilities of talented adolescents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 56 (3), 157-163. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy2.lib.uwo.ca:2048/docview/614266518/1356AD4F97EF3FB20C/7?accountid=15115
Cropley, A. (2006). Convergent Versus Divergent Thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 24 (12), 8-9. Retrieved from https://www-lib-uwo-ca.proxy2.lib.uwo.ca:2443/cgi-bin/ezpauthn.cgi/docview/200505295?accountid=15115
Dewhurst, S.A., Thorley, C., Hammond, E.R., & Ormerod, T.C. (2011). Convergent, but not divergent, thinking predicts susceptibility to associative memory illusions. Personality and Individual Differences, 51 (1), 73-76. Retrieved from http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.proxy2.lib.uwo.ca:2048/resolve/01918869/v51i0001/73_cbndtpstami
Goncalo, J. (2006). Past success and convergent thinking in groups: The role of group‐focused attributions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24 (12), 8-9. Retrieved from https://www-lib-uwo-ca.proxy2.lib.uwo.ca:2443/cgi-bin/ezpauthn.cgi/docview/200505295?accountid=15115
Hommel, B., Colzato, L., Fischer, R., & Christoffels, I.K. (2011). Bilingualism and creativity: benefits in convergent thinking come with losses in divergent thinking. Frontiers in psychology, 2, 273. Retrieved from http://www.frontiersin.org.proxy2.lib.uwo.ca:2048/Cognition/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00273/abstract
Lloyd, B., & Howe, N. (2003). Solitary play and convergent and divergent thinking skills in preschool children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 18 (1), 22-41. Retrieved from http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.proxy2.lib.uwo.ca:2048/resolve/08852006/v18i0001/22_spacadtsipc
Lloyd-Bostock,S.M. (1979). Convergent-divergent thinking and arts-science orientation. British Journal of Psychology, 70 (1), 155. Retrieved from http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.proxy1.lib.uwo.ca:2048/resolve/10400419/v18i0003/391_ipoct
Maggie, K. (2004). Nursing through the genetics lens: convergent thinking on education and professional development. Nurse education today, 24 (1), 1-3. Retrieved from http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.proxy2.lib.uwo.ca:2048/resolve/02606917/v24i0001/1_nttglctoeapd
Meyerhoff, M. (2008). In Praise of Convergent Thinking. Pediatrics for Parents, 18 (3), 8-9. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.proxy2.lib.uwo.ca:2048/ehost/detail?sid=76526a7f-a126-4246-8a1b-b034cacd42cb%40sessionmgr11&vid=1&hid=119&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=bth&AN=5698220
Nielsen, B.D., Pickett, C.L., & Simonton, D.K. (2008). Conceptual Versus Experimental Creativity: Which Works Best on Convergent and Divergent Thinking Tasks?. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2 (3), 131-138. Retrieved from http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.proxy1.lib.uwo.ca:2048/resolve/19313896/v02i0003/131_cvecwwocadtt
Vidler, D. (1974). Convergent and Divergent Thinking, Test-Anxiety, and Curiosity. The Journal of Experimental Education, 43 (2), 79-85. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.proxy2.lib.uwo.ca:2048/openurl?volume=43&date=1974&spage=79&issn=00220973&issue=2&
--Msingh209 (talk) 06:04, 12 March 2012 (UTC)