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Italo-Dalmatian languages
[edit]| Italo-Dalmatian | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Italy, Corsica, Croatia |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | ital1286 |
The Italo-Dalmatian languages, or Central Romance languages, are a group of Romance languages of Italy, Corsica, and, formerly, the Dalmatian Coast of Croatia.
Italo-Dalmatian can be split into:[1]
- Italian Romance, which includes most Italian languages.
- Dalmatian Romance, which includes Dalmatian and Istriot.
The generally accepted four branches of the Romance languages are Western Romance, Italo-Dalmatian, Sardinian and Eastern Romance. But there are other ways that the languages of Italo-Dalmation can be classified in these branches:
- Italo-Dalmatian is sometimes included in Eastern Romance (which includes Romanian), leading to: Western, Sardinian, and Eastern branches.
- Italo-Dalmatian is sometimes included in Western Romance (which includes the Gallic and Iberian languages) as Italo-Western, leading to: Italo-Western, Sardinian, and Eastern branches.
- Italian Romance is sometimes included in Italo-Western, with Dalmatian Romance included in Eastern Romance, leading to: Italo-Western, Sardinian, and Eastern branches.
- Corsican (from Italo-Dalmation) and Sardinian are sometimes included together as Southern Romance, or Island Romance, leading to: Western, Italo-Dalmatian, Southern, and Eastern branches.
Language Summary
[edit]Based on mutual intelligibility, Dalby lists four languages: Corsican, Italian (Tuscan–Central), Neapolitan–Sicilian, and Dalmatian.[2] A more detailed account of the languages and dialects includes:
Dalmation Romance
[edit]- Dalmatian language, spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia. Became extinct in the 19th century.
- Regional varieties of Dalmation: Ragusan, Vegliot, Zara.
- Istriot, spoken on the Istrian peninsula of Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy.
Central-Southern Italian
[edit]- Tuscan: includes Standard Italian, and various forms of Regional Italian.
- Central Italian, or Latin-Umbrian-Marchegian: includes the varieties of Romanesco and Marchigiano.
- Southern Italian, spoken in central-southern Italy.
- Neapolitan, spoken in Naples, and the region of Campania.
- Abruzzese.
- Apulian.
- Basilicatan–Lucanian.
- Extreme Southern Italian:
Judeo-Italian
[edit]Judeo-Italian languages are varieties of Italian used by Jewish communities, between the 10th and the 20th centuries, in Italy, Corfu and Zante.
Northern Italian
[edit]The Gallo-Italic languages and the Venetian language are considered to be Northern dialects of the Italian language,[3] but they are also considered to be Western Romance languages.
- The Gallo-Italic languages of Emiliano-Romagnolo, Ligurian, Lombard and Piedmontese.
- Venetian language. Should not be included in Gallo-Italic.[4]
- Istriot, see Dalmation Romance.
Italian Dialects or Languages
[edit]The Italian Dialects are the different linguistic varieties of Italian spoken in Italy. Although they are labelled as dialects of Italian (It. dialetti), they can also be considered as individual languages, as they can differ widely from Standard Italian.[1] They correspond to the languages classified as being Italian Romance (or Italo-Romance). They do not include the Sardinian language of the Italian island of Sardinia; due to substantial differences, it is usually classified as being seperate from other Romance languages.
The meaning of the “Italian Dialects” is not that of merely cataloguing the different linguistic varieties spoken in Italy, but instead of cataloguing the linguistic varieties spoken in Italy that are considered to be Italian in nature. But there is no absolute judge of which varieties are Italian in nature, as there is no means of creating a clear consensus. But some varieties are not considered to be Italian varieties, but are instead considered as being non-Italian varieties which are traditionally spoken in Italy. This is often the case when languages originate from outside of Italy.
The Gallo-Italic languages, and the Venetian language, are considered to be Northern Italian Dialects.[3] But they are also considered to be Western Romance languages. So it is possible to classify them as being both Western Romance and Italian Romance.
Regional Italian has a different meaning: it is the varieties of Standard Italian, which is based on the Florentine dialect of Tuscan, spoken in different Italian regions, which have had influences from the traditional local Italian dialects. So they are similar to Standard Italian except for some local influences.
There are two major groups of Italian Dialects spoken in Italy: the Northern (Settentrionale) dialects; and the Central-Southern (Centro-Meridionale) dialects. They are divided by the La Spezia–Rimini Line, which is an isogloss, a geographical line that divides the Italian dialects in terms of linguistics. It roughly follows the divide between the Italian regions of Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna. The line can also be thought as dividing the Western Romance from the Central (Italo-Dalmation) Romance, Sardinian Romance and Eastern Romance, the main four groups of Romance languages.
Northern Italian Dialects or Languages
[edit]The Northern (Settentrionale) Italian dialects or languages are:[3]
- The Gallo-Italic languages of Emiliano-Romagnolo, Ligurian (Ligure), Lombard (Lombardo) (includes Milanese), and Piedmontese (Piemontese), the regional languages of the Italian regions of Emilia-Romagna, Liguria, Lombardy and Piedmont. These are usually thought of being Western Romance languages, often included in Gallo-Romance. But they are also considered to be dialects of Italian.[4] They have features of both Gallo-Romance languages and other Italo-Dalmation languages.
- The Venetian language (It. Veneto), the regional language of the Venice and the Veneto region of Italy. This language is usually considered as Western Romance, but is also considered to be a dialect of Italian.[3] It is sometimes placed in Gallo-Italic, but is more often thought as being seperate from Gallo-Italic.[4] It has features of the Italo-Dalmation languages Istriot and Tuscan.
- Istriot (It. Istriota), spoken on the Istrian peninsula of Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy. It is usually classified as Italo-Dalmation.[1] It has some similarity to the Venetian language.
Some other Romance languages are spoken in North Italy, but are not included in the Northern Italian Dialects, being seen as Gallic languages:[3]
- The Rhaeto-Romance languages of Northern Italy are: Ladin language varieties, of Trentino, South Tyrol and the province of Belluno; and the Friulian language of Friuli. They are either classified as Gallo-Romance, sometimes as a group called Gallo-Rhaetian; or as a seperate branch of Western Romance. They have a strong Gallic nature.
- The Gallo-Romance languages of French; and also Arpitan, also called Franco-Provençal, as the Valdôtain patois. They are spoken, mainly in the Aosta Valley. Arpitan shares features of both French and the Provençal dialect of Occitan.
- The Provençal dialect of Occitan, as Vivaro-Alpine, is spoken in the Occitan Valleys of Piedmont and Liguria. The Occitan language is a Occitano-Romance language, and is mainly spoken in Southern France.
Some Non-Romance languages, such as High German and Slovene varieties, are also spoken in Northern Italy. See the languages of Italy.
Central-Southern Italian Dialects or Languages
[edit]There are four main groups of Central-Southern (Centro-Meridionale) Italian dialects or languages:
- Tuscan and Corsican (It. Toscano e Corso): group of dialects spoken in the Italian region of Tuscany, and the French island of Corsica.
- Northern Tuscan dialects:
- Florentine (It. Fiorentino) is spoken in the the city of Florence, and was the basis for Standard Italian.
- Other dialects: Pistoiese; Pesciatino or Valdinievolese; Lucchese; Versiliese; Viareggino; Pisano-Livornese.
- Southern Tuscan dialects:
- Dialects of: Aretino-Chianaiolo; Senese; Grossetano.
- Corsican, spoken on Corsica, is thought to be descended mainly from Tuscan.[5]
- Northern Tuscan dialects:
- Central Italian, or Latin-Umbrian-Marchegian Dialects: mainly spoken in the regions of: Lazio (which includes Rome); Umbria; central Marche; a small part of Abruzzo and Tuscany.
- Romanesco: spoken in Rome, Lazio.
- Castelli Romani: spoken in the Castelli Romani, in the Provence of Rome, Lazio.
- Tuscia or Viterbo: spoken in the Province of Viterbo, Lazio.
- Ciociaro: spoken in Ciociaria, in the Province of Frosinone, Lazio.
- Umbrian (It. Umbro): spoken in Umbria.
- Central Marchigiano: spoken in central Marche.
- Sabino: spoken in the city of L'Aquila (Abruzzo) and the Province of Rieti (Lazio).
- Southern Italian, or the Neapolitan language, is spoken in: southern Marche; southern Lazio; Abruzzo; Molise; Campania (including Naples); Basilicata; and the north of both Apulia and Calabria.
- Campano dialects of Neapolitan (It. Napolitano), Irpino, Southern Laziale: spoken in Naples and Campania; and southern Lazio.
- Abruzzese-Southern Marchigiano: spoken in the Abruzzo region and southern Marche region.
- Molisan (It. Molisano): spoken in the Molise region.
- Lucanian (It. Lucano): spoken in the region of Basilicata, also known as Lucania.
- Pugliese, or Apulian: spoken in the northern region of Apulia (It. Puglia).
- Cosentino, also known as or Northern Calabrian (It. Calabrese Settentrionale):[6] spoken in the Province of Cosenza, in northern Calabria.
- Extreme Southern Italian, or the Sicilian language (It. Siciliano), is spoken on the island of Sicily; and in the south of both Calabria and Apulia; and some of Campania.
- Sicilian: dialects spoken on the island of Sicily: Western Sicilian; Central Metafonetica; Southeast Metafonetica; Ennese; Eastern Nonmetafonetica; Messinese.
- Sicillian dialects on other islands: Isole Eolie, on the Aeolian Islands; Pantesco, on the island of Pantelleria.
- Calabro,[6] or Central-Southern Calabrian (It. Calabresi Centrale e Meridionale):[6] dialects are spoken in the central and southern areas of the region of Calabria.
- Salentino: spoken in the Salento region of southern Apulia.
- Cilentan (It. cilentano) (sometimes classified as a Campano dialect): spoken in Cilento, which is southern Province of Salerno, in the Campania region.
In addition, some Gallo-Italic languages are spoken in Central-Southern Italy:
Non-Italian languages spoken in Central-Southern Italy include: Sardinian (Sardinia); varieties of Catalan (Sardinia), Greek, Albanian and Serbo-Croatian. See languages of Italy.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Hammarström, Harald & Forkel, Robert & Haspelmath, Martin & Nordhoff, Sebastian. 2014. "Italo-Dalmatian" Glottolog 2.3. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ David Dalby, 1999/2000, The Linguasphere register of the world’s languages and speech communities. Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press. Volume 2. Oxford.[1]
- ^ a b c d e Carlo Tagliavini, Le origni delle lingue neolatine, Bologna, Pàtron, 19726, p. 396. «Col nome di dialetti settentrionali o alto-italiani intendiamo i dialetti gallo-italici, il Veneto e l'Istriano [lege: Istriot language].»
- ^ a b c Lorenzo Renzi, Nuova introduzione alla filologia romanza, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1994, p. 176 «I dialetti settentrionali formano un blocco abbastanza compatto con molti tratti comuni che li accostano, oltre che tra loro, qualche volta anche alla parlate cosiddette ladine e alle lingue galloromanze [...] Alcuni fenomeni morfologici innovativi sono pure abbastanza largamente comuni, come la doppia serie pronominale soggetto (non sempre in tutte le persone)[...] Ma più spesso il veneto si distacca dal gruppo, lasciando così da una parte tutti gli altri dialetti, detti gallo-italici.»
- ^ Harris, Martin; Vincent, Nigel (1997). Romance Languages. London: Routlegde. ISBN 0-415-16417-6.
- ^ a b c Calabrian in Italian: Calabrese (pl. Calebresi). Synonyms: Calabro, Calabra, Calabri, calabre (m., f., m.pl., f.pl.). Sicilian: calabbrìsi, calavrìsi. See: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calabrese https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calabro
Italo-Western
[edit]| Italo-Western Romance | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Italy, France, Iberia |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | ital1285 |
 | |
Italo-Western is, in some classifications, the largest branch of the Romance languages. It in comprises two of the branches of Romance languages: Italo-Dalmatian and Western Romance. It excludes the Sardinian language and Eastern Romance.
Based on mutual intelligibility, Dalby lists four languages: Corsican, Italian (Tuscan–Central), Napolitan-Sicilian, and Dalmatian.[1] [2]
Dalmatian Romance
[edit]- The Dalmatian language was spoken in the Dalmatia region of Croatia. It became extinct in the 19th century.
- The Istriot, spoken on the Istrian peninsula of Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy.
Central-Southern Italian
[edit]- The Tuscan language: includes Standard Italian, and various forms of Regional Italian.
- The Corsican language is related to Tuscan. Has dialects of Gallurese and perhaps Sassarese.
- The Central Italian languages, or Latin-Umbrian-Marchegian, includes the varieties of Romanesco and Marchigiano.
- Southern Italian is spoken in Central-Southern Italy.
- The Neapolitan language is spoken in Naples, and the region of Campania.
- The Abruzzese dialect.
- The Apulian dialect.
- The Basilicatan–Lucanian dialect.
- Extreme Southern Italian:
- The Sicilian language is spoken in Sicily; a small portion of southern Campania; central and southern Calabria; and the Salento peninsular of southern Puglia.
Northern Italian
[edit]The Gallo-Italic languages and the Venetian language are considered to be both Italian Romance and Western Romance languages.
- The Gallo-Italic languages of Emiliano-Romagnolo, Ligurian, Lombard and Piedmontese.
- The Venetian language. Should not be included in Gallo-Italic.
Judeo-Italian languages are varieties of Italian used by Jewish communities, between the 10th and the 20th centuries, in Italy, Corfu and Zante.
Based on mutual intelligibility, Dalby lists a dozen languages: Portuguese, Spanish, Asturian-Leonese, Aragonese, Catalan, Gascon, Provençal, Gallo-Wallon, French, Franco-Provençal, Romansh, and Ladin.[1]
Gallo-Romance includes:
- The Langues d'oïl, or Oïl languages. These include Standard French, Picard, Walloon, Lorrain and Norman.
- The Arpitan language, also known as Franco-Provençal. It shares features of both French and the Provençal dialect of Occitan. Sometimes included in the Oïl languages.
Gallo-Romance can include:
- The Rhaeto-Romance languages. They include Romansh of Switzerland, Ladin of the Dolomites area, Friulian of Friuli. Rhaeto-Romance languages can be classified as Gallo-Romance, or as a independent branch of the Western Romance languages.
- The Occitano-Romance languages of Southern France and East Iberia, includes Occitan and Catalan. Occitano-Romance languages can be classified as Gallo-Romance, Iberian-Romance, or as an independent branch of the Western Romance languages.
- The Occitan language, or langue d'oc, has dialects such as Provençal dialect, and Gascon-Aranese dialect.
- The Catalan language has standard forms of Catalan and Valencian. Can be classified as East Iberian.
- The Gallo-Italic languages. They include Piedmontese, Ligurian, Lombard, Emiliano-Romagnolo, Gallo-Italic of Sicily and Gallo-Italic of Basilicata. Gallo-Italic languages can be classified as Gallo-Romance or as Northern Italian dialects. The Venetian language is sometimes included in Gallo-Italic, but it has several characteristics that set it apart from it.
The Oïl languages, Arpitan and Rhaeto-Romance languages are sometimes called Gallo-Rhaetian.
- The West Iberian languages:
- The Castilian languages: includes Spanish and Judaeo-Spanish.
- The Galician-Portuguese languages: includes Portuguese, Galician, Fala and Uruguayan Portuñol.
- The Astur-Leonese languages: they are, from east to west, Cantabrian, central-eastern Asturian and Leonese proper. Going from north to south, they are Leonese proper, Mirandese, Extremaduran and Barranquenho.
- The Pyrenean–Mozarabic languages: includes Aragonese, and the extinct Mozarabic. Can be classified as West Iberian.
- The East Iberian language, or Catalan language: usually classified as part of Occitano-Romance, see Gallo-Romance above.
References
[edit]- ^ a b David Dalby, 1999/2000, The Linguasphere register of the world’s languages and speech communities. Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press. Volume 2. Oxford.[2] [not specific enough to verify]
- ^ Carlo Tagliavini, Le origni delle lingue neolatine, Bologna, Pàtron, 19726, p. 396. «Col nome di dialetti settentrionali o alto-italiani intendiamo i dialetti gallo-italici, il Veneto e l'Istriano [lege: Istriot language].»
The Fountain (2006) 10/10* Casino (1995) 10/10* Memento (2000) 10/10* Heat (1995) 10/10*
Like Father, Like Son (2013) 10/10 Wild (2014) 10/10 West Side Story (1961) 10/10 Carlos (2010) 10/10 The Babadook (2014) 10/10 Mr. Turner (2014) 10/10 A Bridge Too Far (1977) 10/10 The Gangs of New York (2002) 10/10 Body of Lies (2008) 10/10 The Man Who Fell to Earth (1976) 10/10 The Matrix (series) 10/10 The Conversation (1974) 10/10 Wild Tales (Relatos salvajes) (2014) 10/10 12 Years a Slave (2013) 10/10 Room (2015) 10/10 Cabaret (1972) 10/10
Les combattants (Love at First Fight) 9/10 Sideways (2004) 9/10 Suffragette (2015) 9/10 Northwest (Nordvest) (2013) 9/10 Stories We Tell (2012) 9/10 Blue Is the Warmest Color (La vie d'Adèle) (2013) 9/10 Tangerines (Mandariinid) (2013) 9/10 The Kids Are All Right (2010) 9/10 The King of Comedy (1983) 9/10 Young Guns II (1990) 9/10 Sexy Beast (2000) 9/10 Poetry (Shi) (2010) 9/10 The Warrior (2001) 9/10 Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979) 9/10 The Addams Family (1991) 9/10 Intruders (2011) 9/10 Rescue Dawn (2006) 9/10 Ivan's Childhood (Ivanovo detstvo) (1962) 9/10 Moneyball (2011) 9/10 Spring in a Small Town (1948) 9/10 The Others (2001) 9/10 Legend (2015) 9/10 Murder on the Orient Express (1974) 9/10 The Way Back (2010) 9/10 Café de Flore (2011) 9/10 Lost in Translation (2003) 9/10
Four Corners (2013) 8/10 God's Pocket (2014) 8/10 The Company Men (2010) 8/10 Anna (Mindscape) (2013) 8/10 Red State (2011) 8/10 Concussion (2015) 8/10 Labyrinth (1986) 8/10 Venus in Fur (La Vénus à la fourrure) (2013) 8/10 The Survivalist (2015) 8/10 Our Brand Is Crisis (2015) 8/10 What Doesn't Kill You (2008) 8/10 The Second Mother (2015) 8/10 Blood Diamond (2006) 8/10 The Iceman (2012) 8/10 Long Way North (Tout en haut du monde) (2015) 8/10 Theeb (2014) 8/10 The Players (Les infidèles) (2012) 8/10 Solaris (1972) 8/10 Stalker (1979) 8/10 A Field in England (2013) 8/10 The Brand New Testament (Le Tout Nouveau Testament) (2015) 8/10 Tokyo Tribe (2014) 8/10 Deliverance (1972) 8/10 The Fighter (2010) 7/10 Moon (2009) 8/10
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Dallas Buyers Club (2013) 6/10 The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2013) 6/10 In the Heart of the Sea (2015) 6/10 Solomon Kane (2009) 6/10 The Train (1964) 6/10 A Time to Kill (1996) 6/10 Macbeth (2015) 6/10 Shame (2011) 6/10 The Andromeda Strain (1971) 6/10 Thor (2011) 6/10 State and Main (2000) 6/10 Summertime (La Belle Saison) (2015) 6/10 10 Cloverfield Lane (2016) 6/10 Lesson of the Evil (2012) 6/10 The Physician (2013) 6/10 The Danish Girl (2015) 6/10 Bronson (2008) 6/10 The Burning (El Ardor) (2014) 6/10 The Devil's Advocate (1997) 6/10 The Forgotten Kingdom (2013) 6/10 SA film Gentlemen (2014) 6/10 When Animals Dream (2014) 6/10 Eyes Without a Face (1960) 6/10 Things to Come (L'Avenir) (2016) 6/10 Vertical Limit (2000) 6/10 The Autopsy of Jane Doe (2016) 6/10 Arrival (2016) 6/10 Valley of Love (2015) 6/10 Casa Grande (2014) 6/10 Airplane! (1980) 6/10 Carrie (1976) 6/10
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Crimson Peak (2015) 4/10 Hail, Caesar! (2016) 4/10 Wuthering Heights (1992) 4/10 8 1/2 (1963) 4/10 Boy Meets Girl (1984) 4/10
Part:
Stoker (2013) Boyhood (2014) Cub (Welp) (2014) Thunderball (1965) Nostalgia (1983) D-Day the Sixth of June (1956)
Other:
Brother (2000) King Charles III (2017) 7/10
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014)