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Incrementalism Evaluation

The Incrementalism Wikipedia page begins with a definition of incrementalism stating that incrementalism is a method of working by adding to a project using small incremental changes instead of a few large jumps. The page later is broken down into nine categories entitled Origin, Contrasts to other planning methodologies, related concepts, pros and cons, usage, examples, references, external links and a category entitled see also.

The article is easy to understand but the structure is bare and lacking details in many areas. The introduction does a good job of showing the readers different approaches to thinking about incrementalism but does not explore them in detail in their own sections.

The “origin” category attempts to explain how incrementalism was established by simply stating that it is “the natural and intuitive way to tackle everyday problems” but lacks historical origins and ideas of incrementalism. This section could benefit if Lindblom’s concepts of incrementalism were included.

The article then goes on to the “contrasts to other planning methodologies” category to explain the outlook on incrementalism when it comes to different projects. This sections needs to cover the methodologies mentioned in the intro including the “Muddling through”,”Logical incrementalism”, “rational actor model”, and “bounded rationality”.

The Pros and Cons section briefly discusses the effects on formal systems and rationality. Public policy has plenty of both and supports the lack of strategic planning that can be added to this section and references of these.

The small page touches on the related concepts the usage of incrementalism and is later followed by an example.The Usage section and the Example section can be combined to create a well rounded description of how incrementalism is used and show direct examples of the process. The examples should support the claims the Usage section makes.It is concluded with references and external links that will allow the reader to gain further knowledge. Although the small page does not contain much information it does a successful job at introducing the concept of incrementalism with a small number of sources and will need a lot of work to be an illuminating article

Article Outline

• Origin Section

  * Expand on the History
  * Include Origins of Logical Incrementalism
  * Add Lindblom’s theories‘Muddling through’“but a toolkit of loosely connected heuristics”
  * Expand on the “rational actor model” and “bounded rationality” mentioned in the introduction
  * Link to Innovation, Cognitive, Limitations, Decision Making, Political Constraints

• Contrasts to Planning Methodologies

  * Define Methodology
  * Link to Methodology
  * Contrast the theories mentioned in the Origins section
  * Provide more explanation and differences between methodologies

• Pros and Cons

  Pros

• Simplicity:This type of budgeting is very simple to understand. Compared to some of the other budgeting methods used in business, it is one of the easiest to put in practice. Therefore, you do not have to be an accountant or have much experience in business to use this form of budgeting. • Gradual change:With this type of budgeting, you will have a very stable budget from one period to the next. This allows for gradual change within the company. Many managers are intimidated by large budget increases from one period to the next. With this type of budget, you will not run into this problem because it is based on the previous period's budget. • Flexibility: This type of budgeting is very flexible. You can easily do it from one month to the next. This allows you to see change very quickly when you implement a new policy or budget. • Avoid conflict: Companies with many different departments often run into conflict between departments because of their different budgets. With this method of budgeting, it is easier to keep everyone on the same page and avoid conflicts between departments

Cons • Does not account for change: This method is based on the idea that expenses will run pretty much as they did before. However, in business, this is rarely the case. There are always variables. • No incentives--Such a simple method of budgeting really does not provide your employees with much reason to be creative. They have no incentive to innovate and come up with new ideas or policies because everything is limited. • Use it or lose it--Many employees view this as a "use it or lose it" system. They know that next year's budget is going to be incrementally based on this year's. Therefore, if they do not spend everything that is allocated to them, they may not have enough money to work with next year. This creates an environment where waste is encouraged.

• Usage Section

  * Link to Political economy of climate change,Politics of global warming
  * Create Public Policy Subsection “incremental and innovative change can occur simultaneously.”
  * Make Example section a subsection of the Usage section
  * Example subsection
  * Add and explain “The Plan 6 share-cost sharing” 
  * Add and explain how politics affects “Resource allocation in local authorities”
  * Reference “U.s. government budgeting practices” 
  *Reference “Climate change policy-making” 
  * All sources cited in References

• See also Section

  * Add Link
  * Adaptation, heuristics, Integrated Strategies, Methodology, conventional wisdom, Ipso facto, maladaptation, organization theory, gradualism 

• References

  * Micale, L. M. (1990). Policy change as innovation and incrementalism: The case of plan 6 cost-sharing (Order No. 1340711). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (303793098). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/303793098?accountid=5683
  * Williams, R. P. (1986). Incrementalism and the politics of resource allocation in local authorities (Order No. U602144). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1477359910). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1477359910?accountid=5683
  * Gray, R. E. (2014). An examination of the effects of incrementalism and annuality in U.S. government budgeting practices (Order No. 3618237). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1528557751). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1528557751?accountid=5683
  * Bendor, J. (2015). Incrementalism: Dead yet Flourishing. Public Administration Review, 75(2), 194-205. doi:10.1111/puar.12333
  * Knaggård, Å. (2014). What do policy-makers do with scientific uncertainty? The incremental character of Swedish climate change policy-making. Policy Studies, 35(1), 22-39. doi:10.1080/01442872.2013.804175 
  * Anderson, S., & Harbridge, L. (2010, June). Incrementalism in Appropriations: Small Aggregation, Big Changes. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  * Vladeck, B. (2001, February 1). Medicare and the Politics of Incrementalism. Retrieved October 2, 2015.

• External Links

Annotated Bibliography Change Management

Verhulst, E., & Lambrechts, W. (2015).Fostering the incorporation of sustainable development in higher education. Lessons learned from a change management perspective. Journal Of Cleaner Production, 106189-204. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.09.049 [Verhulst covers change management and what the human impact involved including the human factors resistance, communication, empowerment, involvement, and organizational culture. The article also goes into sustainable development integration process with the human factors in consideration, specifically in a higher education setting. Understanding the connection and how to deal with human factors in change management and integration in steps is the key. With the focus being on higher education the supporting of ambassadors for sustainability in the changing process. This article there can be much more scholarly studies done based on the integration process of sustainable development and why changes happen in this process. Change management is greatly affected by human factors and this article goes into depth on the issue.]

Kelley, J. (2015). Change your management mindset. Supervision, 76(10), 7-9. [This article entails the mindset needed to make a change into leadership position. This involves learning the difference of the supervisory management and leaderships roles. Kelley informs us how to rebrand one’s self to be the type of leader you want to be. This article also covers the importance of building social capital right at the beginning so that you can get the help needed when you’re in need. In Change management understanding the mindset it takes to get to manager is a good insight into change for the actual manager.]

Arnold, P. (2015). Evidence and leading indicators of change success. Strategic Direction, 31(10), 1-5. doi:10.1108/SD-08-2015-0128 [This article involves change management, corporate change, change strategies, and implementation. This article is aimed to help businesses and business leaders with change. Understanding the change initiatives and understanding that change is necessary and can be affected by the market place. Covering the challenge and importance of managing new technologies. The use of the change index to address an organization's progress. In Change management understanding change strategies and implementation.]

Obisesan, A. A. (1998). Quality management and system change in three suburban public school districts (Order No. 9839515). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (304424068). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/304424068?accountid=5683 [This article provides a systematic approach to problem-solving in the changing process and Quality management (QM). This includes communication, leader’s commitment to improvement, efficiency of operations, and productivity. The study specifically targets 3 public school districts going through systematic changes. They are monitored for quality management change an implementation. The 3 schools all used different implementation styles. QM concluded positive results for bringing education into the 21st century. Quality management is key in Change management for assuring the quality of and effectiveness.]

McGurk, P. (2011). The contingent role of management and leadership development for middle managers: Cases of organizational change from the public services (Order No. U638301). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1687704313). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1687704313?accountid=5683 [This article focuses on the middle managers contribution of management, leadership, and development (MLD). The strategy for change for the middle managers as well as the bigger picture of the change. This thesis focuses on public sector organizations and the need for development for greater flexibility and responsibilities. The consequences of bureaucracy divisionalised and the investment of middle managers. This article puts the reality of middle managers into perspective in organizational change.]

Annotated Bibliography Incrementalism

Micale, L. M. (1990). Policy change as innovation and incrementalism: The case of plan 6 cost-sharing (Order No. 1340711). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (303793098). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/303793098?accountid=5683 This thesis goes over the policy reform and political factors that affect change in the case of Plan 6 cost sharing. It involves the slow process of compromising the reform movement Plan 6 share-cost program which involved regulating storage components of the Central Arizona Project and dam safety components. The reform from a political and policy standpoint was changing incrementally with innovation. It was found that the innovation and the incrementalism were key factors in coming to create the full reform.

Williams, R. P. (1986). Incrementalism and the politics of resource allocation in local authorities (Order No. U602144). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1477359910). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1477359910?accountid=5683 This thesis looks at the differences of the incremental and rational of resource allocation in local authorities and goes into the basic concepts of incrementalism for the actions that took place. It covers the political incremental effects and variations that developed the rational. It outlines the small scale political effects that occurred.

Gray, R. E. (2014). An examination of the effects of incrementalism and annuality in U.S. government budgeting practices (Order No. 3618237). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1528557751). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1528557751?accountid=5683 This article runs with the concept that agents act in self-interest when looking at budgets. It’s a look at the incremental changes to the congressional budget and the agents behavior. The incremental changes push leaders to spend the budget to maintain their allocated funds. The article compares government to non-governmental agencies to compare their behaviors to see if the government regulations and rules creates inefficiencies and malpractice of budgeting.

Bendor, J. (2015). Incrementalism: Dead yet Flourishing. Public Administration Review, 75(2), 194-205. doi:10.1111/puar.12333 This article uses two theories to look at incrementalism a positive and a negative. ‘The Science of Muddling Through’ which is the theory of slowly changing but it’s a back and forth fight or disjointed incrementalism. The other is the conventional method is compared with first theory and precedes more so into today’s policy making. The examination of these theories is kept in the context of policy making and shows the effects and causes.

Knaggård, Å. (2014). What do policy-makers do with scientific uncertainty? The incremental character of Swedish climate change policy-making. Policy Studies, 35(1), 22-39. doi:10.1080/01442872.2013.804175 This article’s focus is on the scientific uncertainty in policy making and that the science did not play a large role in the actual making of the policy in Sweden. It shows how the politicians will go with the politically possible over any of the science involved with climate change. Politicians are making decisions against previous research because they believe that there needs to do be more empirical data.